FSHN EXAM 2
refined sugar contains calories but lacks
fiber and other nutrients
name some monosachrides
glucose, galactose, fructose
name some disachrides
maltose, sucrose, lactose
what is a polypeptide?
many amino acids bonded together to form a bond.
complex carb=polysachride
many monosachrides formed together
what is glycogen?
the storage form of glucose in animals and humans
how to calculate RDA of protein
0.8g protein/kg of body weight.
what are carbs made up of?
C, H, and O
what chemical elements are in amino acids?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
fiber recommendations
m-38 g/day w-25 g/day
examples of digestable fiber
monosachrides, disarchrides, starch
what is a simple carbohydrate?
monosacrides= fructose, glucose, galactose
What is meant by foods having complementary amino acid patterns?
multiple amino acids that can be use eachothers peaces to complete the patterns
What distinguishes this building block, amino acids, chemically, from nutrients?
nitrogen
name major functions of protein in the human body
- structual materials -energy (4 kcal/g -enzymes/hormones -fluid balance -acid-base regulators -antibodies for immunity
functions of carbohydrates
-supplies energy -protein sparing -laxative
what is the total kcal percentage of protein recommended
10-35%
How many different amino acids are found in the proteins in the human body? How many are considered to be essential amino acids? Why are they essential?
20 or 21. 9 are essential because our bodies cannot manufacture them.
how many kcal/g for sugar alcholocs
2kcal/g
where are proteins digested
Stomach and small intestine Protein digestion starts in the stomach, then the small intestine completely digests it.
T/f= Disachrides are simple carbohydrates
T
what is the building block of proteins?
amino acids
how are the chemical elements in an amino acids different from carbs and lipids?
amino acids contain nitrogen.
What factors influence protein quality? List examples of high quality protein sources and low quality protein sources.
animal protein is high plant protein excluding soy is low
ways to classify carbohydrates
avilabe/digestable= can we get energy from them?
soluble fiber
can be dissolved in water, forms gel, easilydigested by bacteria in the colon
about dietary fiber
complex carb that is not digested in stomach and small intestine
classify complex vs. simple
complex=polysachrides (glycogen, starch, fiber) simple- monosachrides, disachrides
insoluable fiber
does not dissolve in water, does not form gel, less readily fermented
whole grains contain all the parts of the grain but refined grain only contains ______________
endosperm
what affects alcohol metabolism?
enzzymes, total body water, race, gender weight
complex carbohydrates
glycogen, starches, fiber (cellulose)
Describe protein balance (negative and positive). Who might likely be in positive protein balance? Negative protein balance?
healthy person who is using as much protein as he is dishing out, body builders and pregnant woman maybe in postive balence and drug users vegans and people with enzymn deffiencies maybe in negative.
how solutary fiber aids in health
help protect against heart disease by lowering blood pressure. protects against diabetes by lowering blood sugar levels.
where is glycogen stored?
in the muscles and liver
why does insulin have to be injected instead of taken orally?
insulin is a hormone and if taken orally, acid in the stomach would destroy it.
What is Protein-Energy Malnutrition? What are the two forms of PEM? How do they differ?
kwashiorkor- swollen belly marasmus- so skinny you can see bones, depletion of fat cells
what is a disachride
pairs of three monosachrides
most carbohydrates are derived from
plant-derived
how insoluable fiber aids in health
promotes bowel functions and alleviates constipiation
the name of the digestive protein enzyme
protease
Bariactric surgery, such as gastric bypass surgery how?
reducing the ammount of food a person can eat in one meal, and decreasing the absorbtion of nutrients
what function does the liver have on regulating glucose control?
regulates glucose that enters the bloodstream
what function the panceras have on glucose control?
releases insulin and glucagon. maintains homeostastis
functions of proteins
structual materials, enzymes/hormones, transport, fluid balance, acid/base regulator, fights antibodies
11. What are the various types of vegetarian diets and how do they differ in the protein sources that they do not consume?
vegan, vegetarian, they dont consume animal proteins either and may have harder time reaching there RDA however they can still reach there RDA by supplementing and using plant source proteins in diet
note about calculating protein
weight in kg multipled by 0.45=weight in lbs
sources of fiber
whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables
how many kcal/g does digestable carbs have?
4 kcal/g
what is the AMDR of total energy for the day?
45-65% for carbohydrates
how many amino acids are semi-essential, being that the body cannot make these in sufficient quantities.
6
How are proteins digested- organs, enzymes, other secretions?
Proteins must be digested before their amino acids can be absorbed into the body. The chemical digestion of protein begins in the acid environment of the stomach. Here, hydrochloric acid denatures proteins, opening up their folded structure to make the polypeptide chains more accessible for breakdown by enzymes. Stomach acid also activates the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin, which breaks some of the peptide bonds in the polypeptide chains, leaving shorter polypeptides. Most protein digestion occurs in the small intestine, where polypeptides are broken into even smaller peptides and amino acids by protein-digesting enzymes produced in the pancreas and small intestine. Single amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides are absorbed into the mucosal cells of the small intestine.
What causes food allergies? What does protein digestion have to do with allergies?
When a protein from the diet is absorbed without being completely digested, it can trigger a food allergy. The first time the protein is consumed and a piece of it is absorbed intact, it stimulates the immune system. When the same protein is consumed again, the immune system sees it as a foreign substance and mounts an attack, causing an allergic reaction (see Chapter 3). Allergic reactions cause symptoms throughout the body and can be life threatening. The proteins from milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, and shellfish are common causes of food allergies
why cant body fat be lost quickly?
fat loss requires a long-term negative calorie balance, fat tissues contain a high concentration of energy, a highly negative energy balance causes the loss of protein and glycogen, not just fat.
example of nondigestable
fiber
examples of polysachride
glycogen
RDA for carbohydrates
less than 130g/ day
What are the effects of excessive protein intake? How much protein do you need? Calculate your own protein RDA based upon your body weight.
stress on kidneys, stored as fat and excreted in urea. 172/2.2= 78x.8= 62.4 i eat 3300 kcal/perday so my lower tolerable limit would be 3300kcal/10=330/4kcal per gram =82.5 ul=3300/35=1155/4= 288 I should consume between 82.5 and 288 grams of protein each day
which statement describes amino acids best?
the amino group contains nitrogen