APUSH ID terms chapters 39-42

Feminine Mystique

- (1963) Best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan. This work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would become second-wave feminism. - discussed the frustration of many women in the 1950's and 1960's who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker.

Civil Rights Act

- 1964 - banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment - enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation - this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal - no discrimination on color, race, religion, sex, or national origi

Richard Nixon

- 1969-1974 - Republican - Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement - economy: took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy) - created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing - SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union - President of the United States from 1969 to 1974 who followed a foreign policy marked by détente with the Soviet Union and by the opening of diplomatic relations with China. In the face of likely impeachment for the Watergate scandal, he resigned. - 37th President of the United States (1969-1974). - Known for his successes in foreign policy: bringing U.S. troops home from Vietnam, re-opening U.S. relations with China, détente with the USSR, shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East which helped lead the Camp David Accords during the Carter Administration, etc. - Forced to resign in 1974 because of his involvement with the Watergate Scandal. - he was elected to be US President after Johnson decided to not to run for US president again. - He promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soliders from South Vietnam (Vietnamization)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

- A governmental organization signed into law by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment. The creation of the EPA marked a new-found commitment by the federal government to actively combat environmental risks and was a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement. - an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment - (RN), 1970 an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

Detente

- A period of relaxed tension between the U.S. and the two main communist nations of the world, China and the U.S.S.R., during the 1970s that was brought about by the Nixon Administration and which continued throughout the Ford Administration and into the Carter Administration. - first part of Nixon-Kissinger Grand Strategy - 1972-1979

SALT II

- A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty. - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty agreement between Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and American president Jimmy Carter. Despite an accord to limit weapons between the two leaders, the agreement was ultimately scuttled in the U.S. Senate following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. - Additional arms limitations signings in 1979 which places limits on long-range missiles, bombers and nuclear warheads.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

- Declared full constitutional equality for women. Although it passed both houses of Congress in 1972, a concerted grassroots campaign by anti-feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly persuaded enough state legislatures to vote against ratification. The amendment failed to become part of the Constitution. - Equal Rights Amendment. "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." Proposed in 1972 and approved by 35 states but defeated in 1982 - three states shy of ratification. - A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures. - She pointed out that the amendment would eliminate the men-only draft requirement and guarantee the possibility that women would be subject to conscription and be required to have military combat roles in future wars.

Rachel Carson

- Environmental writer whose book Silent Spring helped encourage laws like the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act. - "Silent Spring", sparked a real environmentalist movement: which introduced the adverse environmental effects of DDT and the fact that it would kill the enviornment and there would be no birds to sing.- a silent spring - United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964)

Kent State University

- Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. - In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence. - Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people. Increased anti-war sentiment across the country. - Kent State was the location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment.

Vietnamization

- Military strategy launched by Richard Nixon in 1969., The plan reduced the number of American combat troops in Vietnam and left more of the fighting to the South Vietnamese, who were supplied with American armor, tanks, and weaponry. - A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". - President Nixon's strategy gradually to withdraw the 540,000 U.S. soldiers from Vietnam and turn the fighting over to ARVN. In order to do this, he felt it was necessary first to destroy the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia and Laos that was being used to supply the Viet Cong. By 1973, the withdrawal of U.S. forces was complete. - A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization".

OPEC

- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. - Imposed an embargo on oil sales to the U.S. in 1973 to punish the U.S. for support of Israel. - In 1974, they lifted the embargo but nearly quadrupled the price of crude oil, thereby causing an energy crisis in the U.S. - Economy started going down because the U.S couldn't get easy access to cheap raw materials. - Caused inflation that made the economy bad through the 1970s. Operated as an informal bargaining unit for the sale of oil by 3rd World Nations. - In the 1970s it began to use oil as a political weapon and economic tool. - During the Yom Kippur War, Arab members of OPEC announced that they would no longer ship petroleum to nations supporting Israel. - They also rose prices 500%. - U.S suffered the first fuel shortage crisis since WWII. - Crisis ended a few months later, the price of energy continued to skyrocket. - An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

Nixon Doctrine

- President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam. It stated that the U.S would honor its existing commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without the support of American troops. This means that they are taking themselves out of the 3rd world developing countries foreign affairs.

Iran-Contra Affair

- President Reagan authorized the off-the-books sale of stolen weapons from the Pentagon to Iran in order to fund the Nicaraguan Contras - Congress had forbidden him to use government funds to support the Contras - helped keep Iraq from winning the Iraq-Iran War (did not want a Middle Eastern superpower) - very illegal (Iran was considered a terrorist state) and almost caused Reagan to be impeached.

Ronald Reagan

- President of the United States from 1981-1989. - Served as Governor of California before he was President. Sometimes called the "Teflon President" because no matter what bad things happened in his administration, none of it would stick to him. - Survived an assassination attempt on March 6, 1981. - Promoted supply-side economics. - Favored massive defense spending. - Some credit him with ending the Cold War because he increased pressure on the Soviet Union and then had some important meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev, the new leader of the USSR. - led a conservative movement against détente with the Soviet Union and the growth of the federal government - some people credit him with America's victory in the Cold War while others fault his insensitive social agenda and irresponsible fiscal policies. - Why important: implemented sweeping new political and economic initiatives. His supply-side economic policies, dubbed "Reaganomics", advocated reducing tax rates to spur economic growth, controlling the money supply to reduce inflation, deregulation of the economy, and reducing government spending

Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

- President of the United States who was a peanut farmer and former governor of Georgia - he defeated Gerald Ford in 1976. - he arranged the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel in 1978 but saw his foreign policy legacy tarnished by the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis in 1979. - Domestically, he tried to rally the American spirit in the face of economic decline, but was unable to stop the rapid increase in inflation. - After leaving the presidency, he achieved widespread respect as an elder statesman and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. - he stressed human rights and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow - President of the United States from 1977-1981. - He won the presidency in large part because he was an outsider who had absolutely no connection to the Watergate Scandal. - His outsider status hurt him when he had to work with the insiders in Washington. - His biggest foreign policy success was working-out the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel. - He made a treaty to return the Panama Canal to Panama by 2000. - He issued an amnesty for Vietnam War draft evaders.

Energy Crisis

- Refers to the surge in gas and energy costs during the 1970s. Prompted President Carter to propose the establishment of the cabinet-level Department of Energy. Carter encouraged people to turn down the thermostat and pushed for a nationwide 55-mph speed limit. - when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis. - Occured when many Arab countries created embargo against U.S. for support of Isreal in Yom Kippur War, then the Iran Revolution caused U.S. to not have enough oil supplies for energy

Roe vs. Wade

- Seen as a victory for feminism and civil liberties by some, the decision provoke a strong counter-reaction by opponents to abortion, galvanizing the Pro-Life movement. - (1973) Supreme Court case legalizing abortion in the United States. The Court said that abortion is protected by a right to privacy that grows out of the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. - the U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.

Watergate (1972)

- Series of scandals that resulted in President Richard Nixon's resignation in August 1974 amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the 1972 election. - Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down - Scandal involving the abuse of power by the Nixon Administration. - The scandal gets its name from the Watergate Office Complex in D.C. where the Democratic Party had its national headquarters during the 1972 Election. - Nixon and his associated engaged in an elaborate cover-up. - When it appeared that Nixon was involved, the House of Representative began impeachment proceedings against him but he resigned on August 9, 1974, before the House voted on the charges. - 5 men working for CREEP were arrested for burglary and were caught having electronic bugging equipment. They were caught in Watergate apartment office complex in Washington which was a Democratic Headquarters. Nixon tried to cover up.

Clean Air Act

- Set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants - 1970 reaction to Rachel Carson in her 1962 in Silent Spring, It describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution in general. The legislation forced the country to enforce clean air standards to improve health and showed that American was moving towards certain environmentalist measures. - set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants

War-Powers Act

- The law, passed in reaction to the secret Cambodia bombing, that restricted presidential use of troops overseas without congressional authorization. - requires president to notify congress of military action before it actually occurs - Requires the pres. To get congressional approval before committing U.S troops to an armed struggle - 60 day limit on Presidential commitment of US troops w/o Congress's approval

Reaganomics

- Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth - Term used to refer the idea that if you cut taxes (especially on the wealthy) it will spur the growth of spending and improve the economy. It is sometimes called "supply-side economics" or "trickle-down economics." During the 1980 campaign, George H.W. Bush referred to it as "voodoo economics" - but that was before Reagan chose him as a running mate. - The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

SALT I

- Treaty signed on May 26, 1972 between the U.S. and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries. - SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers - the first treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks - SALT I was a series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. on the issue of nuclear arms reduction. The talks helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two.

Espionage Act (1917)

- United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found in Title 50 of the U.S. Code (War) but is now found under Title 18, Crime. - United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory.

Pentagon Papers

- a classified study of the Vietnam War that was carried out by the Department of Defense - An official of the department, Daniel Ellsberg, gave copies of the study in 1971 to the New York Times and Washington Post. - The Supreme Court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents. - In response, President Richard Nixon ordered some members of his staff, afterward called the "plumbers," to stop such "leaks" of information. - The "plumbers," among other activities, broke into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, looking for damaging information on him. - Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, revealed among other things that the government had drawn up plans for entering the war even as President Johnson promised that he would not send American troops to Vietnam. - Secret U.S. government report detailing early planning and policy decisions regarding the Vietnam War under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Leaked to the New York Times in 1971, it revealed instances of governmental secrecy, lies, and incompetence in the prosecution of the war

Vietnam War

- a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States - US supported a democratic South against a Communist North: Lost the war - "American War" Vietnam was split into North Vietnam (Ho and communists) and South Vietnam (non communists). South Vietnam avoided elections and prevented the spread of communism but discontent of the people caused guerrilla warfare. America stepped in a spreaded the war into Cambodia along causing the war to end in a draw. This war was ended by the Paris Peace Accord but that did little to stop hostility between the sides

Alien and Sedition Acts

- were four bills that were passed by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798, the result of the French Revolution and during an undeclared naval war with France, later known as the Quasi-War. - 1798 - Acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government