APUSH Labor Unions and Tariffs
Commonwealth v. Hunt
1842 case that said labor unions are legal as long as they are peaceful
Hawmarket Square Riot
1886 riot that saw Knights of Labor members be accused of throwing a bomb into a crowd, led to decline of Knights of Labor
Wagner Act
1934 legislation that said labor unions can collectively bargain with management
Fair Labor Standards Bill
1938 legislation that set a minimum wage, maximum hour standards, and did not allow workers under 16 years old
WTO (World Trade Organization)
A 148-nation organization that facilitates and monitors trade
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)
Attempt at lowering McKinley Tariff, but failed, angered Progressives
Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
Crazy high protective tariff, highest ever, foreign retaliation hurts the economy
Tariff of Abominations
Established under JQA, designed to protect Northern Textile Industry, the South is furious
Triangle Shirtwaist
Fire in 1911 that killed 150 girls because the doors were locked
Tariff of 1789
First tariff, made by Hamilton, a revenue tariff to help pay for central government
Knights of Labor
Formed in 1869 by Terrence Powdery, open to EVERYONE, but failed because it was divided between skilled and unskilled workers. Declined after Haymarket Square Riot.
Kennedy Round (1963-1967)
GATT talks aimed at tariff reduction in EU and America
Trade Expansion Act (1962)
Gives president authority to negotiate tariffs, primarily aimed at soon-to-be EU
Emergency Tariff (1921)
Helped dig the US out of a mini-recession after WWI, only temporary
McKinley Tariff (1890)
Highest Tariff so far, 48%! Boosted to higher levels on some products with Wilson-Gorman and Dingley tariffs,
Tariff of 1842
Hike in tariff % under Tyler in order to alleviate panic of 1837 failures
Civil War Tariffs
Increased protective tariffs to help Union industry (since South was not represented in Congress, they didn't oppose)
Tariff of 1833
Jackson agrees to lower Tariff levels down to levels in 1816 over time, South is happy, North is not
Hull Trade Pacts (1934)
Lowered international tensions during Great Depression by both nations lowering tariffs to stimulate trade
Tariff of 1824
Makes tariffs even higher after Tariff of 1816, South is starting to get upset
Tariff of 1832
Moderate decline in Tariff of Abominations, but South is still pissed, leads to nullification by John C Calhoun
National Labor Union
More so a federation, it was the first major labor union. Although never gaining much ground due to the Panic of 1873, it did create an 8 hour workday for federal employees
Tariff of 1816
Protective tariff established by Henry Clay and John C Calhoun as part of the American System
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)
Raises Tariffs from 27%-35%, creates Tariff Commission to advise President
CIO (Committee for Industrial Organization)
Started by John Lewis, a segment of the AFL splits into this organization in, wins many cases against General Motors and US Steel Co
AFL
Started by Samuel Gompers in 1886, it was a federation of many unions that only had skilled laborers, labeled the "Labor Trust"
AFL-CIO
The 1955 merger between the AFL and CIO
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (1948)
UN organization that created an attempt at lowering tariffs amongst nations
NAFTA
USA, Canada, and Mexico make almost 0% tariff
Tariff of 1857
Under Buchanan, tariffs are lowered almost to a free-trade level
Tariff of 1872
Under Grant, reduced rate on some manufactured goods to try and reform from Civil War
Tariff of 1875
Under Grant. Continued downward revision, almost to 10%!
Walker Tariff
Under Polk, a Democratic-controlled Congress lowers tariffs so that the West can sell grain easier
Underwood Tariff (1913)
Under Wilson, one measure taken in his attack on the Triple Wall of Privilege, lowered Tariffs
