APUSH Midterm
The most controversial and divisive component of the Compromise of 1850 was the
passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act
The map above shows the United States immediately following the
passage of the Missouri Compromise
In adopting the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress was primarily concerned with
protecting legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves
The most important factor in Andrew Jackson's successful bid for the presidency in 1828 was his
reputation as a hero of the War of 1812
Members of the American (Know-Nothing) Party of the 1850s typically supported
restrictions on Catholics' holding public office
Which of the following provisions of the Compromise of 1850 provoked the most controversy in the 1850's?
The Strength Fugitive Slave Law
Which of the following factors contributed most directly to the end of slavery in the United States?
The Union victory in the Civil War led to the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.
The position expressed by Clay in the excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following?
The acquisition of new territories created disputes over the expansion of slavery.
Andrew Jackson supported all of the following
-Indian Removal The removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States -annexation of new territory use of the presidential veto power
"We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. . . . "We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death. "In our own native land, in defense of the freedom . . . , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it—for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms." Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to challenge the assertion in the excerpt that British attacks on the colonists had been "unprovoked"?
A series of popular boycotts, mob protests, and violence against royal officials
The main goal of the American Colonization Society was to promote colonization in
Africa by free Black persons and former slaves
During Reconstruction, which of following was a change that took place in the South?
African Americans were able to exercise political rights
"After [the Confederate surrender at] Appomattox the South's political leaders saw themselves entering an era of revolutionary changes imposed by the national government, which many viewed as an outside power. Continuing a long pattern of American . . . behavior, many whites found an outlet for their frustration by attacking those deemed responsible for their suffering: white Republicans and blacks. . . . "Frustrated at their inability to bring their states back to Democratic control, some southerners turned to the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations, using terrorism to eliminate opposition leaders and to strike fear into the hearts of rank-and-file Republicans, both black and white. . . . "[Violence] in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina exposed the impotence of the Republican party in the South and the determination of Democrats to defeat their opponents by any means necessary. The final triumph of the counterrevolution awaited the withdrawal of northern Republican support from the so-called 'carpetbag regimes' in 1877. The inconsistency of federal Reconstruction policy and the strength of southern resistance seem to have doomed the Reconstruction experiment to inevitable collapse. Although Americans have often been loathe to concede that violence may bring about [political] change, terrorism in the Reconstruction era was instrumental in achieving the ends desired by its perpetrators." George C. Rable, historian, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, published in 1984 "In its pervasive impact and multiplicity of purposes, . . . the wave of counterrevolutionary terror that swept over large parts of the South between 1868 and 1871 lacks a counterpart . . . in the American experience. . . . "By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan . . . had become deeply entrenched in nearly every Southern state. . . . In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. . . . "Adopted in 1870 and 1871, a series of Enforcement Acts embodied the Congressional response to violence. . . . As violence persisted, Congress enacted a far more sweeping measure—the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 1871. This for the first time designated certain crimes committed by individuals as offenses punishable under federal law. . . . If states failed to act effectively against them, [these offenses could] be prosecuted by federal district attorneys, and even lead to military intervention. . . . "Judged by the percentage of Klansmen actually indicted and convicted, the fruits of 'enforcement' seem small indeed, a few hundred men among the thousands guilty of heinous crimes. But in terms of its larger purposes—restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of Southern Republicans, and enabling blacks to exercise their rights as citizens—the policy proved a success. . . . So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . National power had achieved what most Southern governments had been unable, and Southern white public opinion unwilling, to accomplish: acquiescence in the rule of law." Eric Foner, historian, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, published in 1988 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to modify Foner's main argument in the second excerpt?
After 1877 Democrats in the South legislated restrictions on the ability of African Americans to vote.
As originally ratified, the United States Constitution provided for
An electoral college
The data in the tables indicate which of the following?
Confederate armies lost a greater proportion of its soldiers than did the Union.
In the decade following the publication of the image, which of the following groups expressed the most opposition to the exercise of power by the national government?
Democratic-Republicans
"Since the surrender of the armies of the confederate States of America a little has been done toward establishing the Government upon true principles of liberty and justice; and but a little if we stop here. We have broken the material shackles of four million slaves. We have unchained them, from the stake so as to allow them locomotion, provided they do not walk in paths which are trod by white men. . . . But in what have we enlarged their liberty of thought? In what [ways] have we taught them the science and granted them the privilege of self-government? . . . "Unless the rebel states, before admission, should be made republican in spirit, and placed under the guardianship of loyal men, all our blood and treasure will have been spent in vain. . . . There is more reason why [African American] voters should be admitted in the rebel states. . . . In the states they form the great mass of the loyal men. Possibly with their aid loyal governments may be established in most of those states. Without it all are sure to be ruled by traitors; and loyal men, black and white, will be oppressed, exiled, or murdered. "I believe, on my conscience, that on the continued ascendency of [the Republican] party depends the safety of this great nation. [If there is not African American suffrage] in the rebel states then every one of them is sure to send a solid rebel representative . . . to Congress, and cast a solid rebel electoral vote. . . . I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel state. . . . every man, no matter what his race or color; every earthly being who has an immortal soul, has an equal right to justice, honesty, and fair play with every other man; and the law should secure him those rights." Thaddeus Stevens, member of Congress, speech to the House of Representatives, 1867 Which of the following developments could best be used as evidence to support Stevens' claim about African American suffrage in the last paragraph of the excerpt?
Democrats dominated the Southern states after suppressing African American voting rights.
The Compromise of 1850 did which of the following?
Enacted a stringent fugitive slave law.
The Northwest Ordinances did which of the following?
Established the terms for settlement and admission of new states.
Which of the following achievements of the "carpetbag" governments survived the "Redeemer" administrations?
Establishment of a public school system
"It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, . . . yet some differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of one country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. . . . But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs. Thus the . . . feudal system of England originated terms which formed . . . a necessary part of the language of that country; but, in the United States, many of these terms are no part of our present language,—and they cannot be, for the things which they express do not exist in this country. . . . The institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms or to new applications of old terms, unknown to the people of England; which cannot be explained by them and which will not be inserted in their dictionaries, unless copied from ours. . . . No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate, and assembly, court, [etc.] for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country." Noah Webster, "Preface," An American Dictionary of the English Language, 1828 The national identity described in the excerpt most strongly reflects the influence of which of the following?
European precedents along with an American national culture
The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of the
Expansion of federal power
"[God's] wrath towards you burns like fire; He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire . . . you are ten thousand times more abominable in His eyes, as the most hateful and venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended Him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince. And yet, it is nothing but His hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment." The quote above is an example of the rhetoric from the
Great Awakening of the 1730s
"I conceive there lies a clear rule... that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it. "If any come to my house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have I to put them away?" "The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God." Anne Hutchinson, 1630s The excerpts from Anne Hutchinson best represent which of the following developments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s?
Growing challenges by dissenters to civil authorities
Which of the following statements best summarizes the views of Andrew Johnson on Reconstruction?
He believed that Reconstruction was an executive branch matter and sought the rapid restoration of the former Confederate states to the Union.
"The Vigilance Committee of Boston inform you that the MOCK TRIAL of the poor Fugitive Slave has been further postponed.... Come down, then, Sons of the Puritans: for even if the poor victim is to be carried off by the brute force of arms, and delivered over to Slavery, you should at least be present to witness the sacrifice, and you should follow him in sad procession with your tears and prayers, and then go home and take such action as your manhood and your patriotism may suggest. Come, then, by the early trains on MONDAY, and rally.... Come with courage and resolution in your hearts; but, this time, with only such arms as God gave you." Proclamation addressed "To the Yeomanry of New England," Boston, 1854 The issuing of documents such as the proclamation generally had which of the following effects?
Increasing the visibility of organized opposition to slavery
Prior to the Civil War, a transformation occurred in the workforce of the New England textile mills as New England farm girls were replaced by
Irish immigrants
The first attempt to apply the doctrine of popular sovereignty in determining the status of slavery occurred in
Kansas
Members of the Hudson River School were best known for their paintings of
Landscaped
Under the Articles of Confederation the United States central government had no power to
Levy taxe
"I am filled with deep emotion at finding myself standing here in the place . . . from which sprang the institutions under which we live. . . . I have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. . . . It was not the mere matter of the separation of the colonies from the mother land; but something in that Declaration giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of all men. . . . "Now, my friends, can this country be saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it can't be saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. "Now, in my view of the present aspect of affairs, there need be no bloodshed and war. . . . And I may say in advance, there will be no blood shed unless it be forced upon the Government. . . . "My friends, this is a wholly unprepared speech. I did not expect to be called upon to say a word when I came here. . . . I may, therefore, have said something indiscreet, but I have said nothing but what I am willing to live by, and, in the pleasure of Almighty God, die by." President-elect Abraham Lincoln, speaking at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, February 22, 1861 The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments?
Lincoln sought to avoid violence over the issues that divided the country.
Which of the following ideas contributed most directly to the territorial changes shown in the map?
Manifest destiny
"In the time of the late war, being desirous to defend, secure, and promote the Rights and Liberties of the people, we spared no pains but freely granted all the aid and assistance of every kind that our civil fathers [political leaders] required of us. "We are sensible also that a great debt is justly brought upon us by the War, and we are as willing to pay our share towards it as we are to enjoy our shares in independency. . . . "But with the greatest submission we beg leave to inform your Honors that unless something takes place more favorable to the people, in a little time at least one half of our inhabitants in our opinion will become bankrupt. . . . When we compute the taxes laid upon us the five preceding years, the State and County, town, and class taxes, the amount is equal to what our farms will rent for. Sirs in this situation, what have we to live on: No money to be had; our estates daily posted and sold. . . . Surely your Honors are no strangers to the distresses of the people but do know that many of our good inhabitants are now confined in jail for debt and for taxes. . . . Will not the people in the neighboring states say of this state: although the Massachusetts [people] boast of their fine Constitution, their government is such that it devours their inhabitants? ". . . If your Honors find anything above mentioned worthy of notice, we earnestly pray that . . . [the state legislature] would point out some way whereby the people might be relieved." Petition from the town of Greenwich to the Massachusetts state legislature, 1786 Which of the following evidence used in the petition supports the claim that the Massachusetts government "devours their inhabitants"?
Many Massachusetts farmers were held in debtor's prison.
"From infancy I was taught to love humanity and liberty. Inquiry and experience have since confirmed my reverence for the lessons then given me, by convincing me more fully of their truth and excellence. Benevolence towards mankind excites wishes for their welfare, and such wishes endear the means of fulfilling them. Those can be found in liberty alone, and therefore her sacred cause ought to be espoused by every man, on every occasion, to the utmost of his power. . . . "These being my sentiments, I am encouraged to offer you, my countrymen, my thoughts on some late transactions, that in my opinion are of the utmost importance to you. . . . "If the BRITISH PARLIAMENT has a legal authority to order, that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here, and to compel obedience to that order; they have the same right to order us to supply those troops with arms, clothes, and . . . to compel obedience to that order also. . . . What is this but taxing us at a certain sum, and leaving to us only the manner of raising it? How is this mode more tolerable than the STAMP ACT?" John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, 1768 Which of the following would have been most likely to agree with the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?
Merchants in New England
Which of the following describes a trend shown in the graph of the regional distribution of the slave trade before the American Revolution?
More enslaved Africans were brought to the Carolinas and Georgia than to Virginia and Maryland.
Which of the following statements about African American soldiers during the Civil War is correct?
More enslaved Africans were brought to the Carolinas and Georgia than to Virginia and Maryland.
"Barbarians [are] . . . , in the proper and strict sense of the word, dull witted and lacking in the reasoning powers necessary for self-government. They are without laws, without king, etc. For this reason they are by nature unfitted for rule. "[Some] barbarians . . . have a lawful, just, and natural government. Even though they lack the art and use of writing, they are not wanting in the capacity and skill to rule and govern themselves. . . . Thus they have kingdoms, communities, and cities that they govern wisely according to their laws and customs. . . . ". . . It does not necessarily follow that [Native Americans] are incapable of government and have to be ruled by others, except to be taught about the Catholic faith and to be admitted to the holy sacraments. They are not ignorant, inhuman, or bestial. Rather, long before they had heard the word Spaniard they had properly organized states, wisely ordered by excellent laws, religion, and custom. They cultivated friendship and . . . lived together in populous cities in which they wisely administered the affairs of both peace and war justly and equitably, truly governed by laws that at very many points surpass ours. . . . ". . . [Was] the war of the Romans against the [ancient] Spanish justified in order to free them from barbarism? . . . Do you think that the Romans, once they had [conquered] the wild and barbaric peoples of Spain, could with secure right divide all of you [Spaniards] among themselves [in encomiendas] . . . ? And do you then conclude that the Romans could have stripped your rulers of their authority and consigned all of you, after you had been deprived of your liberty, to wretched labors, especially in searching for gold and silver [mines]. . . ? Is this the way to impose the yoke of Christ on Christian men?" Bartolomé de Las Casas, Spanish Catholic religious leader, In Defense of the Indians, circa 1550 Which of the following claims in the first and second paragraph of the excerpt did Las Casas use to support his overall argument about the capabilities of Native Americans
Native American societies did not meet the definition of "barbarian."
"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union....To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes.... Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project." Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848 Based on the excerpt, Calhoun would also be most likely to support which of the following
Proslavery arguments
The goal of the American Colonization society was to
Return freed slaves to Africa
All of the following groups of non-English colonists migrated into the British North American colonies in large numbers throughout the eighteenth century EXCEPT
Russians
The emphasis on personal salvation, which Hutchinson articulated in the 1630s, was most strongly echoed in which later movement?
Second Great Awakening in the 1830s
Which of the following best explains why Massachusetts Bay officials banished Anne Hutchinson?
She challenged gender roles and Puritan orthodoxy.
"With regard to the northwestern States, to which the ordinance of 1787 was applied—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan—no one now believes that any one of those States, if they thought proper to do it, has not just as much a right to introduce slavery within her borders as Virginia has a right to maintain the existence of slavery within hers. "Then, if in this struggle of power and empire between the two classes of states a decision of California has taken place adverse to the wishes of the southern States, it is a decision not made by the General [federal] Government; it is a decision respecting which they cannot complain to the General Government. It is a decision made by California herself, and which California had incontestably a right to make under the Constitution of the United States. . . . The question of slavery, either of its introduction or interdiction, is silent as respects the action of this [federal] Government; and if it has been decided, it has been by a different body—by a different power—by California herself, who had a right to make that decision." Senator Henry Clay, speech in the United States Senate, 1850 Evidence in the excerpt best corroborates which of the following broader historical contexts?
Southern states sought more proslavery seats in the United States Congress.
"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The provision above overturned the
Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford
Which of the following most directly addressed reservations about the process depicted in the image?
The addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution
"You will, no doubt, be hard on us rioters tomorrow morning—but that 300-dollar law has made us nobodies, vagabonds and cast-outs of society, for whom nobody cares when we must go to war and be shot down." The statement above refers to conscription during which conflict?
The Civil War
The data in the first table most directly indicate which of the following about the professions of soldiers in the Civil War?
The Confederacy relied more heavily on agricultural workers to fill its armies than did the Union.
Which statement is true of the United States Constitution?
The Constitution's checks and balances helped establish a stable government.
Which of the following factors best explains the territorial expansion of slavery in the middle of the nineteenth century?
The Mexican-American War incorporated extensive new lands into the United States.
"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a coherent region at all. . . . In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics. . . . "Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-regional and international commerce, and its strategic importance in imperial competition. It was a region organized around extensive inland waterways, which gave merchants an almost unparalleled access to the American interior, building upon trade routes that pre-dated European settlement. . . . "Perhaps the most important argument for the coherence of the mid-Atlantic as a region is the extent to which those colonies shared a common history. . . . "The most often-noted characteristic of the region was the diversity of its peoples. . . . The society of the Middle Colonies surely was 'America's first plural society.' . . . There were two principal sources of the growing diversity of the European settlements. One was historical: New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were all conquered colonies, with Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, and many other populations already resident at the time of English conquest. The other was the consolidation that occurred as the colonies of six European nations along the Atlantic coast in the early seventeenth century were reduced to two by century's end, those of [Protestant] England and those of [Catholic] France. The result was that [diverse] European Protestants heading for the New World were concentrated within English colonies, a situation that virtually mandated some form of toleration. . . . Toleration and pluralism, it turns out, were not based solely on enlightened benevolence." Ned C. Landsman, historian, Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America, published in 2010 Which of the following describes Landsman's overall argument in the excerpt?
The Middle Colonies faced similar challenges in governing diverse colonists after they became English.
Which of the following describes a piece of evidence for Las Casas' claim in the fourth paragraph about the similarity between ancient Spanish people and Native Americans?
The ancient Spanish had a right to their own freedom.
"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government." Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 Addams' ideas expressed in the excerpt have most in common with which of the following historical views about women?
The belief of some mid-nineteenth-century reformers that women could act as the moral voice in society
"Threatened by popular political victories [in the states] and widespread resistance, many elite Pennsylvanians launched an effort to remake the state and national governments so that they were less democratic. . . . Popular policies and resistance . . . threatened elite ideals. . . . Popular calls for a revaluation of war debt certificates, bans on for-profit corporations, progressive taxation, limits on land speculation, and every other measure designed to make property more equal promised to take wealth away from the elite. . . . It was also threatening that popular politics frightened off potential European investors. . . . [They] were alarmed by the Pennsylvania legislature's 1785 [cancellation] of the Bank of North America's corporate charter. . . . . . . The push for the Constitution was based in part on the belief that state governments across the new nation had been too democratic and, as a result, had produced policies . . . that threatened elite interests. Most of the men who assembled at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 were also convinced that the national government under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to counter the rising tide of democracy in the states." Terry Bouton, historian, Taming Democracy: "The People," the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution, 2007 The relationship established between the federal government and the states under the United States Constitution was a long-term response to which of the following earlier developments?
The claims of parliamentary authority over colonial legislatures
Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to refute Stevens' claim in the excerpt that the Union had done little for formerly enslaved people by 1867?
The creation of schools by the Freedmen's Bureau for formerly enslaved people
"To the Commanders of armed vessels belonging to the United States: "WHEREAS it is declared by the act entitled 'An act for the protection of the commerce and seamen of the United States, against the Tripolitan cruisers,' That it shall be lawful fully to equip, officer, man, and employ such of the armed vessels of the United States, as may be judged requisite by the President of the United States, for protecting effectually the commerce and seamen thereof, on the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas: and also, that it shall be lawful for the President of the United States to instruct the commanders of the respective public vessels, to subdue, seize, and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey [Sultan] of Tripoli [in North Africa], or to his subjects. "THEREFORE, And in pursuance of the said statute, you are hereby authorized and directed to subdue, seize, and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey of Tripoli, or to his subjects, and to bring or send the same into port, to be proceeded against and distributed according to law. "By command of the President of the United States of America." Thomas Jefferson, 1802 The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following?
The creation of the Monroe Doctrine
"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 Which of the following aspects of life in the United States in the early nineteenth century most likely influenced Adams' recollection of Revolutionary events?
The development of a national culture and national identity
The rise in manufacturing beginning in the early 1800s eventually resulted in which of the following by 1848?
The emergence of a larger middle class in the North
"Free should the scholar be,—free and brave. . . . We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. . . . We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence. . . . A nation of men will for the first time exist." Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcendentalist writer, 1837 Emerson's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century?
The emergence of a national culture
"I have heard it asserted by some, that as America hath flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, that the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more fallacious [untrue] than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is admitting more than is true, for I answer roundly, that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power had any thing to do with her. . . . "But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families. . . . Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 Paine's argument best provides evidence for which of the following developments resulting from the American Revolution?
The emergence of a unique American national identity separate from that of Europe
Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt?
The expansion of participatory democracy in the Progressive Era
The proclamation most clearly provides evidence for which of the following?
The failure of the Compromise of 1850 to lessen sectional tensions
"Not far from this time Nat Turner's insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . . "It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . . "I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . . "It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection." Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century Which of the following statements would an abolitionist claim supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt?
The immorality of slavery had a widespread corrupting effect on Southern culture.
Which of the following best describes the situation of freedom in the decade following the Civil War?
The majority entered sharecropping arrangements with former masters or other nearby planters.
Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is supported by the map above?
The most densely populated regions of North America would eventually become part of New Spain.
Which of the following contributed most directly to the change in the number of Africans transported to the New World after 1800?
The outlawing of the international slave trade by Great Britain and the United States
Anti-immigrant nativism of the 1840s and 1850s had the most in common with which of the following earlier developments?
The passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), which limited rights for foreign-born residents
Which of the following was a serious constitutional question after the Civil War?
The political and legal status of the former Confederate states
"The creation of a home market is not only necessary to procure for our agriculture a just reward of its labors, but it is indispensable to obtain a supply of our necessary wants. . . . Suppose no actual abandonment of farming, but, what is most likely, a gradual and imperceptible employment of population in the business of manufacturing, instead of being compelled to resort to agriculture. . . . Is any part of our common country likely to be injured by a transfer of the theatre of [manufacturing] for our own consumption from Europe to America? ". . . Suppose it were even true that Great Britain had abolished all restrictions upon trade, and allowed the freest introduction of the [products] of foreign labor, would that prove it unwise for us to adopt the protecting system? The object of protection is the establishment and perfection of the [manufacturing] arts. In England it, has accomplished its purpose, fulfilled its end. . . . The adoption of the restrictive system, on the part of the United States, by excluding the [products] of foreign labor, would extend the [purchasing] of American [products], unable, in the infancy and unprotected state of the arts, to sustain a competition with foreign fabrics. Let our arts breathe under the shade of protection; let them be perfected as they are in England, and [then] we shall be ready . . . to put aside protection, and enter upon the freest exchanges." Henry Clay, speaker of the House of Representatives, speech in Congress, 1824 The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following in the early 1800s?
The political debates over economic development
"The American Republicans of the city and county of Philadelphia, who are determined to support the NATIVE [White, Protestant] AMERICANS in their Constitutional Rights of peaceably assembling to express their opinions on any question of Public Policy, and to SUSTAIN THEM AGAINST THE ASSAULTS OF ALIENS AND FOREIGNERS are requested to assemble on MONDAY AFTERNOON, May 6th, 1844 at 4 o'clock, at the corner of Master and Second street, Kensington [a section of Philadelphia], to express their indignation [anger] at the outrage on Friday evening last, which was perpetrated by the Irish Catholics." Text from a poster announcing a meeting of the American Republican Party, later renamed the American Party, Philadelphia, 1844 Which of the following historical situations can best be used to explain how the excerpt would have been interpreted at the time?
The rise in immigration to the United States
Which of the following best explains a change in migration in United States society during the early 1800s?
The rise in manufacturing in the North coincided with an increase of immigration from abroad to these urban areas.
Which of the following statements best characterizes the activists who attended the Seneca Falls Convention?
They called for expanded women's rights.
By the end of the seventeenth century, which of the following was true of women in New England?
They were a majority in many church congregations.
Which of the following statements about African American soldiers during the Civil War is correct?
Which of the following statements about African American soldiers during the Civil War is correct?
The acquisition of territory in the southwestern region shown in the map intensified controversies in the United States about
allowing slavery in the new territories
In 1735 the New York City trial of editor John Peter Zenger helped establish the principle that
an editor could not be punished for seditious libel if the editor's words were accurate
As originally ratified, the United States Constitution provided for
an electoral college
The Federalist papers were written in order to
attain ratification of the Constitution
The United States House of Representatives responded to abolitionist agitation in the 1830s by
banning discussion of antislavery petitions
The concept of republican motherhood includes the idea that women should
be educated to raise their children to be good citizens
Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637 because she
challenged the religious beliefs of the colony's leaders
The issuing of the declaration in the excerpt best serves as evidence of the
efforts of colonists to protect their rights as English subjects
An important consequence of the "tariff of abominations" (1828) is that it led to the
enunciation of the doctrine of nullification
An implication of Las Casas' argument is that a major cause of the decline of the native populations in the Americas after 1492 was the
epidemics brought to the Americas by Europeans
The Union's victory at Gettysburg was significant because it
halted the last major Confederate invasion of the North
The concept of republican motherhood, which historians have used to describe the roles of women in the early nineteenth century, emphasized the
importance of women in local political decision making
After the Civil War, women reformers and former abolitionists were divided over
legislation that ensured the voting rights of African American males
The majority of White families in the antebellum South owned
no slaves
The government under the Articles of Confederation consisted of
only a unicameral legislature
"The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year.... [I]t would seem... that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race.... [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs... that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola." Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552 In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to
organize and regulate Native American labor
During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the
spread of sharecropping
When the Emancipation Proclamation was issued at the beginning of 1863, its immediate effect was to
strengthen the moral cause of the Union
The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established
that suffrage cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous servitude
The territorial changes shown in the southwestern region of the map most directly resulted from
the Mexican-American War
The belief by some Americans that the Civil War was "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight" was reflected in
the draft riots in New York City
Historians have argued that all of the following were causes of the Civil War EXCEPT
the growing power of poor Southern Whites who resisted planter dominance and sought to abolish slavery
The Wilmot Proviso specifically provided for
the prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War
The Compromise of 1877 resulted in
the withdrawal of federal troops from the South
The American Colonization Society was established in the early nineteenth century with the goal of
transporting African Americans to Africa
The American Colonization Society was established in the early nineteenth century with the goal oftransporting African Americans to Africa
transporting African Americans to Africa
After the Revolution, the concept of the "republican mother" suggested that
women would be responsible for raising their children, especially their sons, to be virtuous citizens of the young republic