apush midterm

"Joseph Smith... came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide....In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon....He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight." The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following? a. The increased acceptance of Catholics b. The ideal of republican motherhood c. The abolitionist movement d. The Second Great Awakening

The Second Great Awakening

"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . ." "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." - Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 Which of the following was a major difference in economic development between the Northeast and the South in the first half of the 1800s? (A) Southern exports had a far lower value than exports from the Northeast. (B) Banking and shipping grew more rapidly in the South than in other regions. (C) The South relied much less on wage labor than the Northeast. (D) The South had few commercial connections with other regions of the United States.

The South relied much less on wage labor than the Northeast.

"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection - never of incorporating them into our Union. . . . To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. . . . Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race. . . . [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States, I protest utterly against such a project." Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed by Senator Calhoun in the speech?

The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . . "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." - Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the first half of the 1800s? (A) The sharp increase in the number of workers making goods for distant markets (B) Women's acquisition of new legal rights independent of their fathers and husbands (C) The emergence of a larger and more distinct middle class (D) Many women's embrace of the idea of separate spheres

The sharp increase in the number of workers making goods for distant markets

"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland....In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and America." Europeans most typically explained the process described in the excerpt in which of the following ways?

Viewing it as proof of the higher level of civilization among Europeans

"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland....In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and America." American Indian societies most commonly reacted to the changes described in the excerpt by....

Adapting European material goods while attempting to preserve cultural autonomy

"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice..... On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." — William Lloyd Garrison, first issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 The excerpt was likely to have found the most support among which of the following groups? A) Immigrants from Ireland B) Members of Congress C) Justices on the Supreme Court D) Advocates for women's rights

Advocates for women's rights

The major pattern on the map best supports which of the following statements? (volume and direction of the trans-atlantic slave trade)

British colonies in North America typically had a lower demand for slave labor than did the colonies of other European countries.

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others...Here too is the design and end of government, Freedom and Security."-Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Forms of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness."-Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 The excerpts were written in response to the...

British government's attempt to assert greater control over the North American colonies

"The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land, . . . Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth." What was the most significant impact of the South's expansion described in the excerpt?

Conflict over the future of slavery

"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . . "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." - Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 Robinson's assertion that she and the other workers were "well off " would be challenged during the second half of the nineteenth century by which of the following? (A) The growing corporate need for clerical workers that brought many women into office jobs (B) Declining household incomes of working families as a result of businesses' unwillingness to employ children (C) The expanded access to company-sponsored pensions and healthcare for most employees (D) Confrontations between unions and factory management over wages and working conditions

Confrontations between unions and factory management over wages and working conditions

"[George] Washington's gratitude was genuine . . . but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role.... Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historian has termed 'General Washington's Sewing Circle.'"Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women's efforts with wry condescension. . . . The women, on the other hand,... could reflect proudly that 'whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil.'"Mary Beth Norton, historian, "The Philadelphia Ladies Association," American Heritage, 1980 What could best be used to support the argument in the excerpt?

Correspondence between husbands and wives involved in Revolutionary politics

What directly contributed to British colonies in North America having a lower demand for slave labor than did the colonies of other European countries?

Demand for crops produced in the Americas

"The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land, . . . Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth." The economic growth of the South relied primarily on the export of goods to....?

Europe

"In colonial New England, two sets of human communities which were also two sets of ecological relationships confronted each other, one Indian and one European. They rapidly came to inhabit a single world, but in the process, the landscape of New England was so transformed that the Indians' earlier way of interacting with the environment became impossible. The task before us is not only to describe the ecological changes that took place in New England but to determine what it was about Indians and colonists-in their relations both to nature and to each other-that brought those changes about." During the colonial era, which of the following was a widespread effect of the interaction between European colonists and American Indians described in the excerpt?

Increased intensity of warfare between the two groups.

"Forces committed to restoring White supremacy launched a ruthless, bloody campaign of terror and intimidation against freedpeople and their White allies in the South. As young southern units of the Republican Party broke under those blows and the Republicans of the North retreated and grew more conservative, Reconstruction collapsed. With it went many . . . gains. A resurgent southern elite once again set about imposing White supremacy and tyrannical labor discipline while stripping freedpeople of many of their civic and political rights." Bruce Levine, historian, The Fall of the House of Dixie, 2013" For many poor Whites throughout the South, Jim Crow laws alone could not ease their most persistent fear. In regions like northern Louisiana, with little but pine trees rising from its barren soil, White men found themselves competing with [formerly enslaved people], and during the dozen years of Reconstruction they had not known which race would prevail."Such men had dropped away from the Ku Klux Klan after President Grant's crackdown, but their simmering resentments had grown. With control of the South passing again to the Democrats, powerless Whites were joining plantation owners to ensure that Black workers remained without their basic rights." A. J. Langguth, historian, After Lincoln, 2014 Which of the following claims is supported by the arguments made by both Levine and Langguth?

Local political tactics served to deny African Americans their rights.

"Forces committed to restoring White supremacy launched a ruthless, bloody campaign of terror and intimidation against freedpeople and their White allies in the South. As young southern units of the Republican Party broke under those blows and the Republicans of the North retreated and grew more conservative, Reconstruction collapsed. With it went many . . . gains. A resurgent southern elite once again set about imposing White supremacy and tyrannical labor discipline while stripping freedpeople of many of their civic and political rights." Bruce Levine, historian, The Fall of the House of Dixie, 2013 "For many poor Whites throughout the South, Jim Crow laws alone could not ease their most persistent fear. In regions like northern Louisiana, with little but pine trees rising from its barren soil, White men found themselves competing with [formerly enslaved people], and during the dozen years of Reconstruction they had not known which race would prevail." Such men had dropped away from the Ku Klux Klan after President Grant's crackdown, but their simmering resentments had grown. With control of the South passing again to the Democrats, powerless Whites were joining plantation owners to ensure that Black workers remained without their basic rights." A. J. Langguth, historian, After Lincoln, 2014 Levine's argument about Reconstruction in the excerpt differs from that of Langguth in that Levine argues.....

Northern Republicans gradually withdrew their support for Reconstruction policies

"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union....To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes.... Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project." Based on the excerpt, Calhoun would also be most likely to support which of the following? A)Proslavery arguments B) Policies favoring immigration C) Expanded United States federal authority D) United States sale of disputed territory

Proslavery arguments

"Joseph Smith... came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide... In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon...He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight." The goals of the Mormons, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups? a. Puritans in New England b. Planters in the Chesapeake region c. French missionaries in the Great Lakes region d. Spanish settlers in California

Puritans in New England

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. .. . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . .""Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion... that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." - Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 Efforts by Republicans such as Schurz to establish a base for their party in the South after the Civil War ultimately failed because...

Republicans grew weary of pressing their Reconstruction agenda in a hostile environment

"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland...In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and America." The process described in the excerpt most affected Europeans through....

Significant population growth and economic development in many parts of Europe

Which of the following was a common justification in the United States for the trend through 1783-1853? a. The interest in greater access to trade with the British colonies in the Americas b. The desire for better relations with Mexico c. The intention to assimilate Plains Indians into White society d. The belief in American cultural and political superiority

The belief in American cultural and political superiority

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. .. . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . .""Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion... that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." - Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 The attitudes of White Southerners described by Schurz contributed to which of the following developments in the last quarter of the nineteenth century?

The establishment of sharecropping throughout the South

"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . . "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." - Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt? (A) The concept of republican motherhood after the American Revolution (B) Large-scale immigration from southern and eastern Europe (C) The expansion and increased organization of industrial production (D) The wartime need for women to fill jobs previously held by men

The expansion and increased organization of industrial production

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others...Here too is the design and end of government, Freedom and Security."-Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Forms of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness."-Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 The principles expressed by Paine and Jefferson best account for which features of the United States during and immediately after the American Revolution?

The growth of conflict between the wealthy and the poor.

"[George] Washington's gratitude was genuine . . . but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role.... Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historian has termed 'General Washington's Sewing Circle.'"Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women's efforts with wry condescension. . . . The women, on the other hand,... could reflect proudly that 'whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil.'"Mary Beth Norton, historian, "The Philadelphia Ladies Association," American Heritage, 1980 During and immediately after the Revolutionary era, which of the following resulted most directly from the efforts of women such as those described in the excerpt?

The ideal that women would teach republican values

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others...Here too is the design and end of government, Freedom and Security."-Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Forms of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness."-Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 The ideas about government expressed by Paine and Jefferson are most consistent with....?

The ideas of the Enlightenment

"[S]ince a report had been made to the king on the fertility of the soil by [Sieur de Monts] and by me on the feasibility of discovering the passage to China, . . . his Majesty directed Sieur de Monts to make a new outfit, and send men to continue what he had commenced. . . . He was also influenced by the hope of greater advantages in case of settling in the interior, where the people are civilized,... than along the sea-shore, where the [natives] generally dwell. From this course, he believed the king would derive an inestimable profit; for it is easy to suppose that Europeans will seek out this advantage rather than those of a jealous and intractable disposition to be found on the shores." French exploration of North America, as reflected in the excerpt, most directly contributed to....

The ongoing shift from feudalism to capitalism in western Europe

"The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land, . . . Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth." What contributed most directly to the population movement described in the excerpt?

The over cultivation of the soil

"Forces committed to restoring White supremacy launched a ruthless, bloody campaign of terror and intimidation against freedpeople and their White allies in the South. As young southern units of the Republican Party broke under those blows and the Republicans of the North retreated and grew more conservative, Reconstruction collapsed. With it went many . . . gains. A resurgent southern elite once again set about imposing White supremacy and tyrannical labor discipline while stripping freedpeople of many of their civic and political rights." Bruce Levine, historian, The Fall of the House of Dixie, 2013 "For many poor Whites throughout the South, Jim Crow laws alone could not ease their most persistent fear. In regions like northern Louisiana, with little but pine trees rising from its barren soil, White men found themselves competing with [formerly enslaved people], and during the dozen years of Reconstruction they had not known which race would prevail."Such men had dropped away from the Ku Klux Klan after President Grant's crackdown, but their simmering resentments had grown. With control of the South passing again to the Democrats, powerless Whites were joining plantation owners to ensure that Black workers remained without their basic rights." A. J. Langguth, historian, After Lincoln, 2014 Which of the following arguments about Reconstruction policies would both authors most likely disagree with?

With Republicans in retreat, Southern Democrats grew more supportive of Reconstruction policies.

"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." — William Lloyd Garrison, first issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 A person who agreed with Garrison's views expressed in the excerpt would most likely have advocated A) paying slaveholders to gradually free enslaved people B) encouraging free Black people to migrate to Africa C) the preservation of the Missouri Compromise D) immediate emancipation of enslaved people

immediate emancipation of enslaved people

The trends from 1783-1853 led most directly to which of the following? a. A decreasing gap in wealth because land ownership increased among White citizens b. Decreasing tensions between White settlers and Native Americans because expanded United States territory undercut competition c. Increasing divisions between North and South because of questions about the status of slavery in new territories d. Increasing legal immigration for Asians because the United States became a Pacific Rim country

increasing divisions between north and south because of the questions about the status of slavery in new territories

"As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the... basis for social improvement.... Through sale of its enormous landholdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Which of the following most directly made possible the ideas described in the excerpt?

innovations including textile machinery. steam engines, and interchangeable parts

In the mid-nineteenth century, the process in 1783-1853 was advocated by supporters of which of the following ideologies? a. Republicanism c. Progressivism b. Abolitionism d. Manifest Destiny

manifest destiny

"As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the... basis for social improvement.... Through sale of its enormous landholdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." based on the excerpt, which of the following groups would have been most likely to oppose henry clays ideas?

members of the democratic party

"As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the... basis for social improvement.... Through sale of its enormous landholdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." the ideas described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

more americans producing goods for national market

Joseph Smith... came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide....In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon....He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight." Based on the excerpt, the westward migration by the Mormons in the 1830s and 1840s was most likely motivated by the.... A) interest in establishing law and order in the newly acquired territories B) desire to religiously convert American Indians C) declining threat of hardship on the overland trails D) need to take refuge from persecution

need to take refuge from persecution

"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." — William Lloyd Garrison, first issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 Opponents of Garrison's ideas expressed in the excerpt would most likely have argued that A) slavery was a positive social institution and should not be changed B) Garrison was too conservative in his vision of social change C) new discoveries about racial equality had made Garrison's ideas obsolete D) African Americans were already guaranteed basic rights

slavery was a positive social institution and should not be changed

"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland....In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and America." This excerpt describes the effects of....

the Columbian Exchange

"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." — William Lloyd Garrison, first issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 The type of views expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from which of the following trends? A) Growing nativism B) Opposition to industrialization C) The Second Great Awakening D) Support for the idea of Manifest Destiny

the second great awakening

"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection - never of incorporating them into our Union. . . . To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. . . . Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race. . . . [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States, I protest utterly against such a project." - Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848 The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century?

westward expansion