apush semester one final!!
effects of the glorious revolution
Despite the Glorious Revolution, mercantilist policies remained in force. In the 18th century, there were more English officials in the colonies than in any earlier era. Restrictions on colonial trade, though poorly enforced, were widely resented and resisted.
enclosure movement
Division or consolidation of communal lands in Western Europe into the carefully delineated and individually owned farm plots of modern times. Before enclosure, farmland was under the control of individual cultivators only during the growing season; after harvest and before the next growing season, the land was used by the community for the grazing of livestock and other purposes.
The most significant consequence of the French and Indian Was was that?:
England and the colonies began to distrust each other.
English immigrants
English settlers continued to come to the American colonies, but with fewer problems at home, their numbers were relatively small compared to others, especially the Germans and Scotch-Irish.
Benjamin Franklin's concept of the "ideal American" differed from John Winthrop's in which of the following ways?:
Franklin valued individualism; Winthrop valued the submission of individual will to the good of the community.
General Charles Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown resulted largely from the?:
French fleet winning control of the Chesapeake Bay.
frances earliest claims to land in the new world
Giovanni da Verrazano. were slow to develop land in the new world. first permanent settlement was in 1608 in quebec. the dutch also had some claims in the new world. tlike the spanish, the french were trying to convert native people to catholicism, but were more likely to spread diseases such as smallpox than convert them. also trying to find natural resources and a shortcut to asia. had a much lighter impact on natives than the spanish and the english. few settlers came to america, but the ones that did were single men who intermarried.
slave laws
In 1641, Massachusetts became the first colony to recognize the slavery of "lawful" captives. Virginia in 1661 enacted legislation stating that children automatically inherited their mother's slave status for life. By 1664, Maryland further locked African slaves into perpetual bondage by declaring that baptism did not affect the slave's status, and that white women could not marry African-American men. It became customary for whites to regard blacks (whether slave or free) as social inferiors. Thus, both racism and slavery became an integral part of American colonial society.
delaware
In 1702, Penn granted the lower three counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, this act created Delaware as a separate colony even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvania's until the American Revolution.
new england confederation
In the 1640s, the various New England colonies were constantly faced with the threat of attack from the Native Americans, the Dutch, and the French. Because of the civil war then being fought in England, the colonists could expect little assistance. Therefore in 1643, four New England colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven) formed a military alliance known as the New England Confederation. The confederation was directed by a board comprised of two representatives from each colony. It had limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealings with the Native Americans. The confederation lasted until 1684, when colonial rivalries and renewed control by the English monarch brought this first experiment in colonial cooperation to an end. It was important because it established a precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose. it had no real power, but it offered advice to the northeastern colonies when disputes arose among them. gave colonists a way to discuss issues.
the great awakening
In the first decades of the 18th century, sermons in Protestant churches tended to be long intellectual discourses and portrayed God as a benign creator of a perfectly ordered universe. There was less emphasis than in Puritan times on human sinfulness and the perils of damnation. In the 1730s, however, a dramatic change occurred that swept through the colonies with the force of a hurricane. This was the Great Awakening, a movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people. The movement was at its strongest during the 1730s and 1740s
glorious revolution
James II did not remain in power for long. His high-handed attempts at asserting his royal powers led to an uprising against him. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 succeeded in deposing James and replacing him with two new sovereigns, William and Mary. James' fall from power brought the Dominion of New England to an end. Massachusetts Bay, New York, and the other colonies again operated under separate charters.
king phillips war
Only a few years before its demise, the confederation helped the New England colonists cope successfully with a dire threat. A chief of the Wampanoags named Metacom—known to the colonists as King Philip—united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers, who were constantly encroaching on the Native Americans' lands. In a vicious war (1675-1676), thousands on both sides were killed, and dozens of towns and villages were burned. Eventually, the colonial forces managed to prevail, killing King Philip and virtually ending Native American resistance in New England. bloodiest english-native american conflict
sir william berkeley
Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia (1641-1652; 1660-1677), adopted policies that favored the large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf. He antagonized backwoods farmers on Virginia's western frontier because he failed to protect their settlements from Indian attacks.
what are some religious reasons that england was late to the colonizing game?
Spain, France, and Portugal all had religious unity, financial/military power, and centralized power which Britain lacked. Britain was protestant at the time, because of geographics (farther from italy and closer to germany). protestant reformation: revolt against the authority of the pope.
spain in florida, california, new mexico, and texas
Spanish settlements developed slowly, due to limited mineral resources and strong opposition from the Native Americans. Florida. After a number of failed attempts and against the strong resistance of the Native Americans, the Spanish in 1565 established a permanent settlement at St. Augustine. Today, St. Augustine is the oldest city in North America. New Mexico. Santa Fe was established as the capital of New Mexico in 1609. Harsh efforts to Christianize the Native Americans caused the Pueblo people to revolt in 1680. The Spanish were driven from the area until the early 1700s. Texas. After they were driven from New Mexico, the Spanish established a few small settlements in Texas. These settlements grew in the early 1700s as Spain attempted to resist French efforts to explore the lower Mississippi River. California. In response to Russian exploration from Alaska, the Spanish established permanent settlements at San Diego in 1769 and San Francisco in 1776. By 1784, a series of missions or settlements had been established along the California coast by members of the Franciscan order. Father Junı´pero Serra founded nine of these missions.
enforcement of the navigation acts
The British government was often lax in enforcing the acts, and its agents in the colonies were known for their corruption. Occasionally, however, the crown would attempt to overcome colonial resistance to its trade laws. In 1684, it revoked the charter of Massachusetts Bay because that colony had been the center of smuggling activity.
self government in the colonies
The government of each colony had a representative assembly that was elected by eligible voters (limited to white male property owners). Only in two colonies, Rhode Island and Connecticut, was the governor also elected by the people. The governors of the other colonies were either appointed by the crown (for example, New York and Virginia) or by a proprietor (Pennsylvania and Maryland).
Scott-Irish immigrants
This group of English-speaking people emigrated from northern Ireland. Originally, their ancestors had moved to Ireland from Scotland, and they were thus commonly known as the Scotch-Irish. Scotch-Irish immigrants had little respect for the British government, which had pressured them into leaving Ireland. They settled along the frontier in the western parts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. By 1775, they comprised 7 percent of the population
German immigrants
This group of non-English immigrants settled chiefly on the \rich farmlands west of Philadelphia, an area that became known as Pennsylvania Dutch country. They maintained their German language, customs, and religion(Lutheran) and, while obeying colonial laws, showed little interest in English politics. By 1775, people of German stock comprised 6 percent of the colonial population
how democratic were the early colonies?
While some of the English colonies were partly democratic, a sizable part of the colonial population was excluded from the political process. Only male property owners could vote for representatives. Those who were either female or landless had few rights; slaves and indentured servants had practically none at all. Also, many colonial governors ruled with autocratic or unlimited powers, answering only to the king or others in England who provided the colonies' financial support. Thus, the gradual development of democratic ideas in the colonies coexisted with antidemocratic practices such as slavery and the widespread mistreatment of Native Americans.
The international incident known as the XYZ Affair involved?:
a French foreign minister's demand for a bribe before he would meet with American envoys.
mercantilism
a government should seek to direct the economy so as to maximize exports.
trail of tears
a lot of them died, jackson forced them across mississippi river
half way covenant
a new generation had been born in the colonies. they were less religious and more interested in success. In an effort to maintain the church's influence and membership, a halfway covenant was offered by some clergymen to those who professed limited religious commitment. In other words, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal declaration of their total belief in Christ. only people who had not experienced gods grace were not allowed to vote.
dominion of england
a new king, james II took the throne in 1685. He wanted to impose more control over the colonies by making them into larger administrations and getting rid of their representative assemblies. In 1686, he combined New York, New Jersey, and the various New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England. Sir Edmund Andros was sent from England to serve as governor of the dominion. The new governor made himself instantly unpopular by levying taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles.
frederick douglass
abolitionist. championed equal rights for women and native americans.
how did the colonists feel about mercantilism
accepted and understood it, do their protests to the navigation acts and the boards of trade were less strenuous then their protests against the townshend acts and the stamp act would be. they did not protest aggressively against the navigation acts because they were completely dependent on england for trade and for military protection
The long-range purpose of the Albany Congress in 1754 was to?:
achieve colonial unity and common defense against the French threat.
how did the great awakening affect politics
affected every social class. they shared in a common experience for the first time. changed the way people viewed authority. common people could make their own religious decisions,
neolithic revolution
agricultural revolution. created sexism from the divided roles of men and women. revolutionized ways people obtained their food and made more stationary species
cult of domesticity/republican motherhood
american women could not vote, serve on juries, republican mother should be concerned with domestic, family, and religious affairs
In the Republican vision of America, education was essential because?:
an ignorant electorate could not be trusted to preserve democracy.
anne hutchinson
antinomianism, the belief that faith and gods grace, instead of moral law and performance of good deeds, suffice to earn one a place among the "elect". challenged puritan beliefs and the authority of the puritan clergy. many were turned against her.
declaratory act
asserted the british right to tax and legislate in all cases anywhere in the colonies.
colonial reaction to townshend acts
at first colonists did not strongly protest the taxes under these acts because they were indirect taxes paid by merchants at the ports (did not direct taxes on consumer goods). john dickingson, samuel adams, and james otis argued forcefully against the new duties. Letters from a farmer in pennsylvania written by dickinson, afreed that parliament could regulate commerce but because duties were a form of taxation, they could not be levied on the colonies without hteir consent. were the first taxes on goods imported directly from britian. this is not the same as mercantilism. created more vice admirality courts.
netherlands interaction with native americans
attempted to build a great trading empire, its settlements in north america soon fell to the english. one of the dutch settlements was new amsterdam (nyc)
women in colonial times
average women bore eight children. cooke, cleaned, made clothes, medical care. educated the children. divorce was legal, but rare. women had limited legal and political rights.
George Washington's primary goal as commander-in-chief of the continental Army was to?:
avoid decisive military losses.
texas
became lone star republic in 1836. jackson favored expansion but opposed admission to texas int hte union because of controversy over slavery
jacksonian principals
belief in the common man. expanded suffrage, nominating conventions replaced legislative caucuses. patronage, placing political supporters in office. opposition to priveleged elites.
deism
belief that god created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature. thoman jefferson and ben franklin believed that natural laws could be discovered by the use of human reason
republicanism
belief that government should be based on the consent of the people
perfectionism
belief that humans can use conscious acts of will to create communities based upon cooperation and mutual respect. brook farm, new harmony, oneida are examples
mercantilism
believed that economic power was rooted in a favorable balance of trade( exporting more than you import) and the control of specie. colonies were important mostly for economic reasons, and therefore they felt that the west indies colonies were more important. american colonies were seen primarily as markets but also as sources of raw materials. both france and spain also did this. made colonies self sufficient.
jacksons veto to bank
believed that the bank was a bastion of special privileges. argued that it wass beneficial to advocated of hard money and bad for the interests of the people who elected him.
who wrote poor richard's almanack`
benjamin franklin
how many native americans lived in america at the time of columbus' arrival?
between 1 million and 5 million people in modern canada and the united states. 20 million in mexico.
professions in early colonialism
between 1607-1707 christian ministry was the only respected religion. physicians, lawyers, press were professions
Great Awakening
between the 1730s and the 1740s, wave of religious revivalism. congregational minister jonathan edwards and methodist preacher george whitefield exemplify the period.
Thomas Paine's Common Sense?:
blamed George III for the colonies' problems and urged Americans to declare their independence.
The ideology of revolutionary republicanism?:
borrowed ideas from a variety of former Whig and Enlightenment thinkers.
intolerable acts (coercive acts)
boston tea party angered the king. 1) the port act closed the port of boston, prohibited trade in and out of the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for. 2) the massachusetts government act reduced the power of hte massachusetts legislature while increasing hte power of the royal governor.
salutary neglect
british treatment of the colonies during the french and indian war (7 years war). england regulated trade and government in the colonies, but did not interfere in colonial affairs much. england set up absentee custom officials and the colonies were left to self-govern, and sometimes england turned its back to the colonies violations of trade restrictions. this caused the colonies to develop a large decree of autonomy which helped fuel revolutionary sentiments. during this period the colonies developed full fledge economies.
why were the puritans also known as separatists?
broke all ties with the church of england
the economy in colonial times
by the 1760s, almost half of englands world trade was with its american colonies. english government only permitted limited kinds of colonial manufacturing. made flour and rum.
new jersey
charles II gave it to friends, who sold it to investors who were quakers.
pennsylvania
charles II gave william penn, a quaker, pennsylvania. penn established liberal policies toward religious freedom and civil liberties in his colony. was one of the fastest growing early colonies. he advertised the natural bounty. tried to treat native americans more fairly. attracted many tribes to the area but also europeans to bully them.
worcester v georgia 1831
cherokees tried to mount a court challenge to a removal order. united states supreme court supported the rights of the cherokee tribe to their tribal lands.
what did the jamestown area come to be known as?
chesapeake colony
A man's right to vote for governor and members of the General Court inn 17c Massachusetts was based on?:
church membership
anglicans
colonial members of the church of engladn tended to be prosperous farmers and merchants in new york and plantation owners in virginia and the carolinas.was viewed as a symbol of english control in the colonies
jonathan edwards
congregational minister. preached the severe, predetermined doctrines of calvinism and became famous for his depictions of hell. initiated the great awakening through a series of sermons (sinners in the hands of an angry god). invoked the old testament scriptures, argued that god was rightfully angry with human sinfulness. each individual could be saved by gods grace. his influence was largely limited to the new england colonies.
spains interactions with native americans
conquer and enslave them in the regions that it colonized. tried to convert them to catholicism. overwhelmingly male, and had many children with the native women.
beni landscape
controlled burns (showed that the native americans made an impact on the land)
One of the purposes for writing the Declaration of Independence was to?:
convince potential foreign allies of American determination to gain independence.
where did most blacks live>?
country side and in the south
The Federalists made a last gasp attempt to maintain power by?:
creating new federal courts and judges.
opposition to nullification
daniel webster rejected it. jackson opposed it, which enhanced his reputation as a strong president
southern advantages in civil war
defensive war, long coastline, cotton, experienced military leaders, economic relationship with britain.
the war of 18112 consequences
demise of the federalist party, nationalist feelings, promoted industrialization, advanced andrew jacksons career
doctrine of nullification
developed by john c calhoun. drew heavily on states rights arguments advanced in the kentucky and virginia resolutions. South Carolina Exposition and Protest, calhoun argued taht a state can refuse to recognize an act of congress that it considers unconstitutional
internal improvements
development of a national transportation system
why was it easier to have african slaves?
did not know the land, were far from their homes so were unable to communicate with others, easier to control than native americans, dark skin made it easier to see, saw them as inferior, so they could justify it. most people only had a substituent amount of slaves.
jacksons views on native americans (cherokees)
did not like them. did not like the ruling in worcester v georgia
why did europeans normally win the conflicts between them and native americans?
disease, especially smallpox.
separation of powers
division of power among legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government. alexander hamilton defended the principle of separation of pwoers.
what caused american colonists in the 1760's to become "more attentive to their liberties"?.
dramatic change in britain's colonial policy.
puritanism
during the sixteenth century, english calvinist protestant movement in england. desire to purify the anglican church of roman catholic practices. english monarchs of the early 1600s began to execute puritans, so they began to look for new places to practice their faith
colonial government
each colony had a governor that was appointed by either the king or the proprietor. the governor had powers similar to the kinds in england, he was dependent on colonial legislatures for money. he was essentially stranded in the new world. they were dependent on the cooperation of the colonists, and most governors ruled accordingly. except for pennsylvania, all the colonies had bicameral legislatures based off of the english parliament. lower house was directly elected, and the upper class was appointed. most were concerned with the interests of colonial landowners.
how is roger williams known
early champion of religious freedom
laissez faire economics
economic activities should be largely free of governmental interference, regulations, and restraitn.
what was family life like in the colonies
economic and social center of colonial life. since there was an expanding economy and ample food supply, people were marrying young and having lots of children. 90 % of people lived on farms.
what was the chief concern of most colonists in the early 1600s?`
economic survival. people did have time or resources to pursue leisure activities or make art or literature. one hundred years later, the population had flourished enough that arts and others things could flourish among the well to do
william lloyd garrison
editor of the liberator. founder of american antislavery society. called for immediate emancipation. supported womens rights
enlightenment
eighteenth century philosophy stressing that reason could be used to improve human condition jefferson was an enlightenment thinker, he stressed the idea of natural rights
new transportation developments
eire canal in 1825, steeamboats, railroads
The most important consequence of the Boston Tea Party was the?:
enactment by Parliament of the Coercive Act.
why did england want to go to the new world?
enclosure movement, protestant reformation
what changes occur that make england ready for the colonizing game?
end of the blackdeath, population increase, demand for supplies. rise of a powerful nation state, monarchies, ambitious monarchs. focus became worldly largely because of interest in trade. destructed the spanish armada.
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo
ended mexi war. united states gained california and new mexico and recognition of the rio grande as the southern boundary of texas. wilmot proviso called for prohibition of slavery in this acquired land, but it was not passed.
monetary system in colonial
english strategy to control the colonial economy was the limiting the use of money. the growing colonies were forced to use much of the limited hard money, gold and silver to pay for imports from england that increasingly exceeded colonial imports. many of the colonies issued paper money which led to inflation.
A problem with the Spanish entry into the American Revolution against Britain was that Spain?:
entered as a french ally rather than an american ally
dobyn's thesis
epidemic killed the natives, not force. europeans brought diseases in that the natives could not handle. population figures for the continent go up to 112 million more than in europe
consequences of transportation revolution
erie canal strengthened commercial and political ties beween great lakes and new york city. canals helped open the west to settlement and trade. steamboats increased river traffics, railroads enabled farmers easier access, had least impact on the south
hamiltons proposal
establish a national bank, adopt a protective tariff to raise revenue, fund the national debt, assume state debts, tax distilled liquor to raise revenue, expand domestic manufacturing, subsidize domestic manufactures
massachusetts bay colony
established by congregationalists (puritans who wanted to reform the anglican church from within) began the great puritan migration (1629-1642). led by governor john winthrop. developed along puritan ideals. "city on a hill". believed that they had a covenant with god. government was to be a covenant among the people. work was to be a communal ideal. puritan church must be served. did not tolerate religious freedom. strict calvinists. Massachusetts Bay Company (1629).. In the Massachusetts Bay Colony, there were limited but important democratic actions. All freemen—male members of the Puritan Church—had the right to participate in yearly elections of the colony's governor, his assistants, and a representative assembly.
According to the Whig ideology, the best defense against corruption and tyranny rested in the?:
eternal vigilance of the people
The Jay Treaty (1794) provided for?:
evacuation of English troops from their posts along the Great Lakes.
nativism
favored the interests of native born people of immigrants. the know nothings were the first nativist political party. they directed their hostility against irish and german catholic immigrants
anti feds
feared that a strong central government would become tyrannical. they drew their support from the rural areas. argued that the president would have too much power, feared that congress would levy high taxes, feared that the government would raise a standing army, believed that the states would be overwhelmed, argued that individual rights needed to be protected.
White residents in South Carolina and Georgia were more restrained in their revolutionary expressions than were counterparts in other colonies because they were?:
fearful that talk of rebellion would inspire slaves to revolt.
in 1754, what did the colonists feel about the english?
felt that they were still english subjects
why did people migrate to the chesapeake area?
financial reasons. overpopulation in england had led to widespread famine, disease, and poverty. many were attracted to the new world by the opportunity of indentured servitude.
stono rebellion
first and one of the most successful slave rebellions. 1739, twenty slaves met in stono river and stole gums and ammunition and killed people. liberated a number of slaves. went to florida where they hoped the spanish colonists would grant them their freedom. the colonial militia caught up with them and killed and attacked them. result: colonies passed more restrictive laws to govern the behavior of slaves. fear of slave rebellions increased.
sarah moore grimke
first women to support both abolition and womens rights
currency act
forbade the colonists to issue paper money.
proclamation of 1763
forbid settlement west of the rives running through the appalachians. this was too late. settlers had already moved west of the line. one effect was that it agitated colonial settlers who thought it was unwarranted british interference in colonial affairs. marks end of salutary neglect. first step on road to revolution.
The Molasses Act was intended to enforce England's mercantilist policies by?:
forcing the colonists to buy sugar from other British colonies rather than from foreign producers.
maflower compact
foundation for self government
frances interactions with native americans
friendlier relations. tended to ally with them and adopt native practices. french settlements were so sparsely populated that it would have been risky to mess with the natives.
aztec civilization
from the remains of the maya, the aztecs constructed the greatest city in the americas and established dominance over much of mexico using taxes and military
The new state constitutions adopted during the American Revolution?:
generally protected the people's civil liberties with a bill of rights.
who was king and prime minister after the seven years war>
george III, george grenville
spains control of the new world in the 15th century.
had an encomienda system where the crown granted colonists authority of a specified number of natives, they were obligated to protect those natives and convert them to catholicism. in exchange they would get the native's labor.
new england economy
had rocky soil and long winters, farming was limited to just substsitent levels. most work was done by family members. the descendents of the puritans profited from logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, and rum-distilling
why was england late to the colonizing game?
had small kingdoms, with a local outlook. had subsistence agricultural, and not much commerce. had dispersed power. feared spain. england was protestant.
southern colonies economy
had varied geography and climate, so the size of famrs ranged. cash crops were mainly tobacco in the chesapeake and north carolina, rice and indigo in south carolina and georgia. a lack of indentured servants led to the increased use of slaves. most plantations were self-sufficient. most were located on rivers
federalist papers
hamilton and madison wrote the federalist paers to support the ratification of the consitution of 1787. they asserted that a large republic offered the best protection of minority rights.
hamiltons controversy with jefferson
hamilton favored loose interpretation of the constitution. use the implied powers of the necessary and proper clause to justify his proposals.believed that what the constitution did not forbid, it permits. jefferson favored strict interpretation. believed that what the consitution does not permit it forbids
american system
henry clay. designed to unify the nation and strenghten its ecoonomy through protective tariffs, nationall bank, and internal imrpovements such as canals and new roads south benefited the least from internal improvements
sea dogs
how england got resources from other nations in the early days. one reason that england was late to the colonizing game.
cultural advances in education
hudson river school (art) first school of art
cult of domesticity
idealization of women in their roles as wives and mothers
why was there population growth in the eighteenth century?
in 1700 there were 250000 people on the Atlantic coast, and by 1775, there were 2500000. reasons: immigration of almost a million people and sharp natural increase.An abundance of fertile American land and a dependable food supply attracted thousands of European settlers each year and also encouraged the raising of large families.
protective tariffs
in order to guarantee a favorable balance of trade, britain encouraged manufacturing in england and placed protective tariffs on imports that may compete with english goods.
pontiacs rebellion
in response to treatment from english after french and indian war. ottawa the war chief pontiac rallied tribes in ohio valley and attacked colonial outposts
indentured servitude
in return for free passage, indentured servants would typically promise 7 years of labor, and then after they would receive their freedom. also would receive a small piece of property with their freedom, which would allow them to both survive and vote. in europe and america, voting rights were tied to the ownership of property, so this allowed working men to get property that wasn't available in europe. indentured servitude was hard and most people died before their seven years were up. more than 75% of the people who travelled to the chesapeake during the seventeenth century were indentured servants.
architecture in the 1700s`, painting, literature
in the 1740s and 50s georgian style of london was imitated in colonial houses and buildings. most authors wrote on religion and politics
before slaves, who satisfied labor requirements in the colonies?
indentured servants, and some enslaved native americans.
The Virginia Company attracted new settlers to its colony after 1609 by?:
indentured servitude
mayan civilization
independently created a written language, numbers calendar, agriculture system, and trade routes
keystone species
indians. (species that affected the survival and abundance of other species)
what crops were produced in the colonies?
indigo, rice, tobacco
jacksons veto's consequences
jackson supported the removal of federal deposits from the bank of the united states. caused an expansion of credit and speculation. the number of state banks increased. was important catalyst for the emergence of the two party system. the whigs hated jackson and supported henry clay and his american system
starving time
jamestown 1609-1610. happened because powhatan confederacy stopped supplying jamestown with food. 500 people died, which was 90% of jamestown. survivors abandoned the colony and travelled down and ran into an english ship containing supplies and new settlers.
captain john smith
jamestown. 'he who will not work, shall not eat", which improved things over time, but when he left the powhatan confederacy stopped supplying jamestown with food.
englands earliest claims to land in the new world
john cabot. but did not follow up with his discoveries.`
key border states
kentucky, maryland
weaknesses of the articles of confederation
lack of authority to tax, lack of authority to exercise authority directly over the states
While Chief Justice John Marshall presided over the Supreme Court, its decisions?:
laid the groundwork for a "broad" interpretation of the Constitution.
second great awakenign
led by charles finney and lyman beecher. finney achieved his sucess in new york "burned over district" made americans aware of moral issues posed by slavery
womens movement
led by middle class women promoted broad based platform of legal and educational rights it had close links with the antislavery and temperance movements followers only had conventions in north and midwest
The Wool Act of 1699, the Hat Act of 1732, and the Iron Act of 1750 were British attempts to?:
limit american manufacturing
Seventeenth century English settlers of New England differed from those in Virginia by?:
living in tightly clustered communities.
repealing the townshend act
lord north became prime minister urged them to repeal the acts because their effect was damaging trade and to generate not enough revenue. 1770. ended colonial boycott
mayflower compact
made by the pilgrims. agreement establishing a "body politic" and a basic legal system for the colony. important because it created a legal authority, and an assembly, said governments power derives from the consent of the governed and not god. in it the people agreed to be bound by the will of the majority.
A major weakness of the Articles of Confederation was that they?:
made it too difficult for the government to raise money through taxes and duties.
effect of the great awakening
major division within churches such as the congregational and presbyterian. new lights and old lights. `
religion in the colonies
majority of colonists were of the protestant denomination. many presbyterians in new england. people of dutch descent in new york attended services of the dutch reformed church. lutherans, memonites, and quakers were the most common protestants in pennsylvania.
southern society 1800s
majority of white adult males were small farmers rather than wealthy planters. majority owned no slaves. a small majority of planters who owned 20 or more slaves dominated the antebellum south. the cost of slave labor rose between 1800 and 1860
jamestown settlers
many of them were english gentlemen, they were ill suited to the many adjustments life in the new world required of them. they were much more interested in searching for gold than planting crops. within three months nearly half of them died from starvation or disease. the colony only survived because ships kept arriving with new colonists.
darmouth college v woodward
marshall ruled that a state cannot encroach a contract
Which of the following colonies required each community of 50 or more families to provide a teacher of reading and writing?:
massachusetts
The British response to the American claim of no taxation without representation was that?:
members of Parliament represented the interests of all people in the British Empire.
virtual representation
members of the parliament represented all british subjects regardless of who who elected them. otis' the rights of the british colonies asserted and proved was rooted in the theory of virtual representation
The American Constitutional Convention of 1787 was dominated by?:
men having large property holdings or commercial interests.
Colonial cities functioned primarily as?:
mercantile centers for collecting agricultural goods and distributing imported manufactured goods.
george whitefield
methodist preacher. preached a christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality, southern evangelism. ignited the great awakening with his rousing sermons of the hellish torments of the damned. stressed that god was all powerful and could save those who openly professed belief in jesus christ, those who did not would go to hell. ordinary people could understand the gospels withouth ministers
middle passage
middle leg of the triangular trade between europe, colonies, and africa. the journey was terribly inhumane. conditions in the new world were only slightly better.
roger williams
minister in the salem bay settlement, taught an number of controversial principles, said that the church and state should be separate. the puritans banished williams, who moved to rhode island and founded a new colony. the rhode island colony allowed for the free exercise of religion, did not require voters to be church members.
how did europe change politically in the 15th century
monarchs were gaining power and building nation states.
men in colonial times
most men did work, landowning was reserved to men who dominated politics. they had unlimited power in the home
The positions of loose construction and strict construction of the Constitution were first established in letters written by Hamilton and Jefferson to President Washington. The letters concerned?:
national bank
congressional actions during the civil war
national banking system to uniform currency railroad corporations homestead act of 1862 (land to ppeople who would settle the west) high tariffs
what did each of the colony groups focus on?
new england society focused on trade. middle colonies focused on fertile land and farming. lower south focused on cash crops like indigo and rice. chesapeake: were like lower south and the middle colonies.
differences between new england colony and the chesapeake colony
new england: entire families, tended to live longer and have larger families because of better weather. because they didnt have tobacco they had larger towns that were closer together, had a sense of community. more religious chesapeake: single males, smaller, more spread out farming.
education in the colonies
new england: puritans emphasis on learning the bible created the first tax-supported schools. Ma law states that in 1647 towns with over fifty families must have primary schools for boys middle colonies: schools were either church sponsored or private southern colonies: parents did it` harvard was first colonial college GA prompted the creation of new colleges
press in colonialism
newspapers had grown a lot by 1776. zenger case: if articles offended political authorities people could be arrested. john zenger was brought to trial, and his lawyer argued that he had published the truth. this case encouraged papers to take greater risks.
did native americans have limited impact on their environment?
no! often transformed the landscapes with fire.
was mercantilism neccessary
no. england would have been the colonies main trading partner anyways. any positive effects for england were offset by negative political effects.
Between 1650 and 1750, family life in the English colonies changed such that in?:
northern colonies it grew less patriarchal, while in southern colonies it grew more patriarchal.
relationship between jamestown and indians
not good
how effective were the navigation acts
not that effective because it was easy to smuggle goods in and out of the colonies
how were conditions in colonial cities?
not very good compared to those in the country. work could be found in cities so immigrants settled there. cities were places for progress and education
why did puritan immigration come to a halt between 1649 and 1660?
oliver cromwell was the Lord Protector of England. he represented the culmination of the English civil wars, which the puritans won. for a decade he ruled england as republic, complete with a constitution. the death of him i 1658 robed the puritans of their best leader, and by 1660 the stuarts won control again. between the time of two kings, the puritans had little motive to move to the new world because everything they wanted was available in england. after 1660 they once again immigrated to america, and brought republican ideals with them.
bacon's rebellion
on virginia's western frontier in 1676. because almost all coastal lands had been taken, newcomers who wanted farms were forced west into the back country. this made them subject to raids because they were on the indians lands. they tried to band together and drive the native tribes out of region. they were prevented by the jamestown government, who did not want to risk a full scale war. class resentment grew as frontiersmen, many of them indentured servants, began to suspect that eastern elites viewed them as human shields serving as a buffer between them and the natives. nathaniel bacon was a recent immigrant who arrived to late to settle on the coast. bacon demanded that governor berkeley grant the authority to raise a militia and attack nearby tribes. berkeley refused, but bacon did it anyway and attacked susquehannock and pamunkey tribes, who were allies of the english. then they attacked jamestown. early example of an uprising. the alliance of this was along class lines and not racial lines. this led to the development of black codes.
incan civilization
one of the first large scale empires in the americas. began ans a small tribe and branched out to encompass a huge area of south america
what did chief justice john marshall believe
opposed states rights. believed that a strong central government best served the nations interests. economic nationalist who promoted business enterprise
seneca falls convention 1848
organized by elizabeth stanton and lucretia mott.. "declaration of sentiments and resolutions" demanded greater rights for owmen. called for womens suffrage rights, right to retain property after marriage, greater divorce and child custody rights, equal educational opportunities
boston tea party
parliament passesd the Tea Act in 1773, in hopes of helping the British East India company out of its debt. made the price of this tea cheaper than that of the smuggled dutch tea.
In order to become a law, a bill in Congress must?:
pass both houses of Congress in identical form.
navigation acts
passed between 1651 and 1673. required the colonies to buy goods from only england, to sell certain of their products to only england, ad to import any non-english goods via english ports and pay a duty on those imports. prohibited the colonies from manufacturing a number of goods that england had already produced. sought to establish wide-ranging english control over colonial commerce.
transcendentalism
philosophical and literary movement of the 1800s that emphasized living a simple life and celebrating the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination. ralph emerson and henry thoreau were writers
comrpomise of 1850
players: douglas, webster, clay, calhoun (lincoln did not play a key role) admitted california as a free state abolition of slave TRADE in the district of colombia continued protection of slavery in the district of colombia passage of new fugitive slave act establishment of territorial governments in new mexico and utah
iroquois confederacy
political and linguistic differences hindered native americans as tehy attempted to respond to the threat posed by the european colonists. most important and powerful native american political alliance.
oregon
polk prommised to take all of it in 1844. reached a compromise that the northern boundary would be the 49th parralel.
Pequot War
population of Ma grew, so settlers began to look for new places to live one choice was connecticut valley, which was fertile and close to the sea for trade, but it was inhabited by the pequots, who resisted the english. attacked a settlement in wakefield and killed nine members of the massachusetts bay colony, so they fought backed and burned the main pequot village, killing many. almost destroyed the pequots.
popular sovereignty
principle that settlers of a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there. first test of this was in kansas senator douglas was leading proponent
purpose of hamiltons policies
promote economic growth, strengthen the nation's finances. give financial interests such as eastern merchants a stake in the new government.
kansas nebraska act
proposed that the territory of nebraska would be divided. popular sovereignty would decide slavery
maryland
proprietorship granted to cecilius calvert, lord baltimore. hoped to create a haven colony for catholics, who faced religious persecution in protestant england, but also wanted to make a profit off of tobacco. to populate his lands more quickly he offered religious tolerance for all christians, and protestants soon outnumbered catholics, recreating englands old tensions between the faiths. after a protestant uprising i england against the catholic king, maryland's government passed the Act of Toleration in 1649 to protect the religious freedoms of most christians, but it did not fix the situation in maryland, which turned into a civil war.
Connecticut founding
proprietorship( owned by one person, who usually received the land as a gift from the king) received its charter in 1635 produced the fundamental orders (first written constitution in british america)
carolina
propriety colony. in 1727 split into north carolina, settled by virginians and as a virginia-like colony, and south carolina, settled by descendants of barbados. these descendents from barbados had seen sugar slavery in barbados and they marked the first slave era in the colonies, even though slavery had existed in virginia since 1619.
In founding the colony of Pennsylvania, William Penn's primary purpose was to?:
provide a refuge for persecuted English Quakers.
Indentured servants were important to the development of the 17c Chesapeake because they?
provided a relatively cheap and abundant source of labor for Chesapeake tobacco planters.
northwest ordinance of 1787
provided for the orderly creation of territorial governments and new states (ohio was first state) excluded slavery north of the ohio river supported public education
edict of nantes (1598)
provided religious tolerance of the Huguenots (french protestants) who might have otherwise fled from france to the new world like the puritans did in the 1600s.
what was ogelthorpes main purpose in establishing georgia?
providing a refuge for english debtors
Colonial Committees of Correspondence were created to?:
publicize grievances against England.
Separatists
puritan group. thought church of england was incapable of being reformed so they had to abandon it. first went to the netherlands, but then went to the new world. set sail for virginia in 1620. went on the mayflower, which got off course and landed in massachusetts settled in plymouth. influenced by John Calvin's teachings, including that of predestination, the belief that God guides those who are to be saved. did not tolerate religious freedom. operated by virginia company of london. governor william bradford.
northern advantages in civil war
railroads, industsrious, superior navy, larger population, lots of food. did not have skilled military leaders, had divided populatioon
The Declaratory Act of 1766?:
raise money to reduce England's national debt.
pilgrims and native americans
received life saving assistance from local native americans. landed at the site of a patuxet village that had been wiped out by disease. helped by squanto.
England passed the Stamp Act in 1765 to?:
reduce englands debt
consequences of the kansas nebraska act
repealed the missouri compromise, heightened sectional tensions permitted the expansion of slavery beyond the southern states led to a divisive debate over the expansion of slavery into the territories ignited bloody contest in kansas split the democratic party sparked the formation of the republican party
The central compromise of the Constitutional Convention involved the issue of?:
representation of large and small states.
The Virginia House of Burgesses and the New England town meetings were similar in that they?:
represented colonial participation in government.
election of 1860
republicans accepted slavery where it stood but did not want to extend it. democratic party split. northern democrats supported stephen douglas and popular sovereignty. southern democrats supported breckenridge and slavery and annexation of cuba
jacksonian democracy
respect for the common sense and abilities of the common man, expansion of white male suffrage, appointment of political supporters to government positions to privileged eastern elites
committees of correspondence
response to the british implementing the part of the townshend acts that provided for colonial administrators to be paid from customs revenues. initiated by samuel adams. committee was used to trade ideas and inform others. worked to convince more citizens to take an active interest in the conflict gaspee: ship had been cathcing a lot of smugglers, the shiop rand off the shore of rhode island. they set fire to this.
sugar act of 1764
revenue act of 1764. placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries. chief purpose was to raise money for the crown, and a companion law also provided for a stricter enforcement of the navigation acts to stop smuggling. the people accused of smuggling were tried in admiralty courts without juries. lowered the duty on molasses coming into the colonies from the west indies
middle colonies economy
rich soil attracted farmers from eurpe and produced an abundance of wheat and corn to export to europe and the west indies. farms of up to 200 acres were common. often indentured servants and hired laborers worked with the farm family. iron making developed
new york
royal gift to james, the kings brother. the dutch was the largest commercial power during the 1600s and an economic rival of the british. they had established a settlement in Albany, called New netherland, and a fort at the hudson river. the fort was new amsterdam.. in 1644, charles II of england waged a war against the dutch to capture new netherland. they surrendered peacefully. james became the duke of york, and when he became king in 1865, he named new york a royal colony. dutch were allowed to stay in new york.
how did king charles II feel about quakers
same as most anglicans, he thought that the egalitarian quakers were dangerous radicals
American Tories believed that?:
separation from Britain was an illegal act that would ignite an unnecessary war.
Great Migration
settlement of the Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other colonies.
The greatest legislative achievement under the Articles of Confederation was the establishment of
settling the west
The main purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts was to?:
silence and punish critics of the Federalists.
slave society
slaves maintained social networks. dramatic increase in the souths slave labor was due to natural population increase of slaves. free african americans were able to accumulate some property. made their own culture. slave revolts were infrequent
dred scott case
slaves=property invalidated northwest ordinance and missouri compromise widened the gap between north and south
amazon landscape
soils testing reveals that native farming and selective growth may have created the rainforests
why did European immigrants come to America?
some came to escape religious persecution and wars. some came for the abundance of fertile land, some came to be merchants. most immigrants settled in the middle colonies (Pennsylvania, new york, new jersey, Delaware, Maryland) and on the western frontier of the southern colonies (Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia). ). In the 18th century, fewer immigrants headed for New England because the lands in this region were both limited in extent and under Puritan control.
key principles of republicanism
sovereignty comes from the people. representation should be apportioned. preferable to monarchy because it establishes a small limited government that is responsible to the people standing armies are dangerous and should be avoided agrarian life is desirable and virtuous
who was in control of the new world in the 15th century? where were their presences?
spain. had coastal towns in central and south americas and in the west indies.
spanish armada
spanish navy, very powerful. kept other european powers from establishing much of a foothold in the new world. in 1588, english navy defeated the armada and consequently, english and french colonization of america became much easier.
conquistadors
spanish. in the west indies where they collected and exported as much of the areas wealth as they could. made spain the richest nation and most powerful in europe
most of the thirteen original coloneis
started as proprietary colonies and became royal colonies by the 1750s.
john rolfe
starving time survivor. married pocahontas which eased tension between the settlers and the indians. pioneered the practice of growing tobacco, which had been cultivated by the native americans for a long time. he then exported the tobacco back to england. tobacco became popular in england, which brightened the prospects for english settlement in virginia.
nullification
state has the right to invalidate any federal law that the state deems unconstitutional. john c calhoun was the foremost proponent of the doctrine of nullification. south carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 to be unconstitutional
congregationalists
successors to the puritans, found mainly in new england.
republican motherhood
suggested that women woulld be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new american republic
checks and balances
system in which each branch of government can check the power of the otehr branches. the president can veto a bill passed by congress, but congress can override the veto.
lowell
textile mills relied heavily on a labor force of womenn and children mostly young unmarried women irish immigrants began to replace farm girls
In the election of 1796?:
the Federalist party divided when southern Federalists refused to support Adams.
mcculloh v maryland
the court struck down a maryland law taxing the baltimore branch of the national bank
king cotton
the invention of the cotton gin, rich new farm land in deep south, rise of textile manufacturing in england
One of the reasons for Roger William's banishment from Massachusetts Bay was his belief that?:
the king of England had no right to give away land belonging to the Indians.
english interaction with native americans
the other three needed native americans for slave power, allies, or trading partners. but, england tried to exclude them as much as possible. the english had entire families coming to america rather than just young men, so intermixing between settlers and natives were rare. when conflict became inevitable, england launched wars of extinction. (powhatan confederacy was destroyed by english "indian fighters" in the 1640's.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions argued that the right to determine the constitutionality of a law passed by Congress rested in?:
the states
judicial review
the supreme court can strike down an act of congress by declaring it unconstitutional. marybury v madison
The Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 provided for?:
the tolerance of most Christian churches.
Which of the following resulted from King William's and Queen Anne's Wars?:
the wars heightened Anglo-Americans' sense of British identity and made them feel dependent on the mother country for protection.
politics in colonialism
there were eight royal colonies with governors appointed by the king, in three proprietor colonies governors were appointed by the proprietors. only connecticut and rhode island had popular vote for governors. the legislatures consisted of two houses, upper and lower.
Some Indian nations joined the British during the Revolutionary War because?:
they believed that a British victory would restrain American expansion into the West.
massachusetts bay colony beliefs
they had a special covenant relationship with God. their colony should be a moral example to the entire world, especially to England. migrating to America was the best way to reform England. god would reward their obedience
why was enslaving native americans difficult?
they knew the land so they could escape and also were hard to find. in some tribes cultivation was considered women's work, so gender was another issue. also europeans killed most indians because of disease, so they turned to africans for labor.
The group most likely to approve of the Articles of Confederation would be?:
those who feared the dangers of unrestrained democracy.
how did george III and george grenville think about the colonists paying?
thought that colonists should help pay for the debt caused by the french and indian war. reasoned that the colonists had been beneficiaries of the war, and their tax burden was relatively light compared to that of the taxpayers in egnland.
who were the real first americans?
thought that people arrived in america 40,000 years before columbus. waves of immigrants arrived from siberia to alaska across a land bridge that is now submerged by the bering sea.
In the Rush-Bagot Treaty, Great Britain and the United agreed?:
to limit their naval forces on the Great Lakes.
in colonial times what were colleges meant for?
to train the ministers
how did jamestown survive?
tobacco
how did tobacco change jamestown?
tobacco requires vast acreage and ruins fields, so it required expansion. this also lead to the introduction to plantation slavery.
how did the english victory in the seven years war affect the native americans
trouble, because they used to use french and english disputes to their advantage. they would negotiate their allegiances in return for land, goods, and the rights to be left alone. the native americans did not like the english because expansionism was disruptive. the english raised the price of goods sold to the native americans and ceased to pay rent for the western forts.
The CHIEF significance of the Great Awakening was that it?:
unified colonists
battle of antietam
union victory persuaded england and france to stay neutral. enabled lincoln to issue emancipation proclamation
opponents of the stamp act
united people in different colonies.in virginia, patrick herny drafter the virginia stamp act resolves, protesting the tax and asserting the colonists right to a large measure of self government. sons of liberty, protest groups formed throughout the colonies. they were so effective that one of the royal appointed people assigned to take taxes were willing to do their job. boycotts against british imports were most effective protest Representatives from nine colonies met in New York in 1765 to form the so-called Stamp Act Congress. They resolved that only their own elected representatives had the legal authority to approve taxes.
supreme court opposition to states rights
upheld the supremacy of federal legislation over state legislation.
the revolution of 1800
victory of jefferson and the democratic republicans marked the end of what was called the federalist decade. was a revolution because the party in power gave up power peacefully.
king williams war
war against french and indians on the canadian border in the colonies, created anxieties
whashington farewell adress
warned americans about the dangers of foreign entanglements.
transportation in colonial times
water was better for travel, boston, new york, philly, and charleston were on harbors. overland travel by horse and stage became more common in the eighteenth century.
the second great awakening
wave of religious enthusiasm that spread across america between 1800 and 1830. middle class women played an important role by making americans aware of the moral issues posed by slavery
the first great awakening
wave of religious revivals in the 1730s and 40s.
boards of trade
way to strengthen the navigation acts. meant to better regulate colonial commerce. reviewed colonial legislation, revoking laws that conflicted with british law, and administered government appointments.
vice-admiralty courts
way to strengthen the navigation acts. military style courts, where defendants were not entitle to a jury, to try violations of the navigation acts. british considered this change necessary because most colonial jurors sided with the colonists and not with the crown.
what happened to most of the proprietary colonies?
were converted to royal colonies, and therefore the king exerted greater control over their governments. only connecticut, rhode island, pennsylvania, and maryland were not royal colonies.
relationship between 17th century new england and the west indies
were interdependent because the sugar islands could not feed themselves or supply their own lumber, and New England relied on the Caribbean to purchase its surpluses.
Which of the following was a major market for New England goods in the late 17c?:
west indies
virginia company
who founded jamestown. bought the rights to establish new world plantations from the king. named after elizabeth 1.
women in colonial america
women lost control of her property when she amrried, they had no separate legal identity apart from her husband. singles and widows could own property
dorothea dix
worked to reform the treatment of people with mental and emotional disabilities. not involved in womens rights movement
american colonization society
worked to return freed slaves to africa mostly led by middle class
negative effects of the navigation acts on the colonies
(1) Colonial manufacturing was severely limited. (2) Chesapeake farmers received low prices for their crops. (3) Colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods from England.
positive effects of the navigation acts on the colonies
(1) New England shipbuilding prospered. (2) Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in England. (3) English military forces protected the colonies from potential attacks by the French and Spanish.
christopher colombus
(1492) . From Spain began exploration of Americas; exploitation of natives; began trans-Atlantic slave trade; Columbian exchange. his arrival marked the beginning of the contact period.
why did colonists support the revolutionary war
1) believed that george III was a tryat 2) believed that parliament wanted to control the colonial internal affairs without the consent of the colonists 3) convinced that british government had a corrupting influence on the colonists 4) wanted greater political participation in policies affecting the colonies 5) resesnted the troops because of quartering act 6) wanted to preserve their local autonomy and way of life from british interference
articles of confederation
1) writers were cautious about giving the new government powers they had just denied parliament 2) the most important accomplishment was the northwest ordinace of 1787
jeffersonian democracy
1) yeomen farmers best exemplify virtue and independence from the corruption of cities, bankers, industrialists. 2) the federal government must not violate the rights of the states. 3) freedom of speech and the press are essential righs since governments must be tightly watched 4) the scope and activities of the federal government should be reduced. the president should practice republican simplicity
french american alliance and the battle of saratoga
1)battle was important because it convicned the french government to declare war on great britian and openly help the american cause 2) french military and financial assistance helped colonies win war 3) french leaders were not motivated by a commitment to republican ideals. motivation was to weaken the british empire 4) french american alliance influenced the british to offer generous peace terms in the treaty of paris
why was there an increased demand for slaves
1. Reduced migration: Increases in wages in England reduced the supply of immigrants to the colonies. 2. Dependable work force: Large-plantation owners were disturbed by the political demands of small farmers and indentured servants and by the disorders of Bacon's Rebellion . They thought that slavery would provide a stable labor force totally under their control. 3. Cheap labor: As tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. To grow such crops successfully required both a large land area and a large number of inexpensive, relatively unskilled field hands.
georgia, why did england want another southern colony?
13th colony, in 1732. was the last british colony and was the last one to receive direct financial support from the london government. First, Britain wanted to create a defensive buffer to protect the prosperous South Carolina plantations from the threat of invasion from Spanish Florida. Second, thousands of people in London and other cities were being imprisoned for debt. Wealthy philanthropists thought it would relieve the overcrowded jails and prison ships if debtors could be shipped to an American colony to start life over. James Oglethorpe founded Savannah in 1733. they had very strict regulations, but the colony did not prosper because of threats from spain. georgia then became a royal colony. tried to be a plantation colony, but by the time of the revolution, it was the smallest and poorest colony.
What was england's first attempt to settle north america?
1587. Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored a settlement of Roanoke Island. by 1590, the colony disappeared, becoming known as the lost colony. did not try again until 1607 in jamestown
when was jamestown founded? how was it founded?
1607. founded by a joint-stock company, a group of investors who bought the right to establish new world plantations from the king. virginia company was allowed by king james 1
headright system
1618, virginia colony used this as a means of attracting new settlers to the region and to address the labor shortage created by the emergence of tobacco farming which needed lots of workers. Was a tract of land, about 50 acres, that were granted to people. men already settled in virginia were given 100 acres, and new settlers were given 50. became the basis for an emerging aristocracy in virginia. one reason for the difficulty of democracy in the region. infringed upon the rights of native americans.
house of burgesses
1619 virginia. any property holding white male could vote. all decision made by the house of burgesses had to be approved by the virginia company. he Virginia Company sought to encourage settlement in Jamestown by guaranteeing colonists the same rights that they had had in England, including the right to be represented in the lawmaking process. In 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the House of Burgesses.
when did the virginia colony first use slaves?
1619 when african americans who came to be indentured servants were used. there was a mixture of slaves and indentured servants to do the tobacco labor.
salem witch trials
1692. new england, more than 100 people were tried. the region had just endured the control of the dominion of new england. mass hysteria: dominion of new england, halfway covenant, glorious revolution, king williams war
queen annes war
1702-1713, english launched expeditions to capture quebec, but they failed. native americans supported by the french burned english frontier settlements. ultimately england prevailed and gained both nova scotia from france and trading rights in spanish america.
king georges war`
1744-1748, british were under attack by french and spanish. in george, james oglethorpe led a colonial army that manage to repulse the spanish attacks. in the north new englanders capture louisburg, a major french fort. in peace treaty ending war, britain agreed to give louisburg back to the french in exchange for political and economic gains in india.
albany plan of union
1754, representatives from seven colonies met in albany, new york to consider this plan. developed by ben franklin. the plan provided for an intercolonial government and a system for collecting taxes for collecting tazed for the colonies defense. franklin also tried to negotiate a treaty with the iroquois. franklins efforts to unite the colonies failed to gain the approval of a single colonial legislature. the plan was rjected because the colonists did not want to relinquish control of their right to tax themselves, and were not ready to unite as a single legislature. JOIN OR DIE CARTOON
seven years war
1754-1763. inevitable result of colonial expansion. english settlers moved into ohio valley and the french tried to stop them by building forts strategically. the french were trying to protect their fur trade and their control of the region. george washington fought in this war. war was declared officially in 1756. most native americans sided with the french because they had better relations and they thought the french would win. when the war was over england was the undisputed colonial power of the continent. treaty gave england control of canada and almost everything east of mississippi valley. the french only kept two sugar islands, but france valued the islands more. many americans served in the english army, and came into long contact with the english soldiers. the english did not make a good impression. this sparked the beginning of anti british sentiments, particularly in new england.
stamp act `
1765. first, it was a tax specifically aimed at raising revenue, thus awakening the colonists to the likelihood that even more taxes could follow. demonstrated that the colonies tradition of self taxation was unjustly being taken by parliament. was broad bases and covered all legal documents and licenses. effected lawtyers. the rights of the british colonies asserted and proved, was by james otis and against the tazes. "no taxes without representation". otis did not advocate for secession, but rahter for representation or self government. it was a tax on goods produced within the colonies
quartering act
1765. stationed large numbers of troops in america and made the colonists responsible for feeding and housing them. even after the townshend acts were repealed the soldiers remained, they were sent for peace but made tensions worse. the soldiers competed for jobs.
was the stamp act repealed?
1766 parliament repealed it because the colonists were protesting british imports. george III also replaced george grenville, who the colonists hated with Lord Rockingham who oversaw this repeal and the passage of the declaratory act
massachusetts circular letter/ reactions to townshend acts
1768, james otis and sam adams wrote this and sent copies to every colonial legislature. asked all other assemblies asking that they protest the new measures in unison. the britain government made it worse because htey asked the assemblies not to discuss this letter, which made it all anyone would talk about. governors of colonies that talked about it in legislature would get rid of the assemblies which angered colonists. the colonists had rallies and boycotts and for the first time sought the support of commoners. colonial women were vital to supplying the goods that they had imported from britain.
boston massacre
1770. bostonians resented troops. the colonists harrassed them and the guards killed five people. john adams defended the soldiers. the period right after this was calm for two years.
treaty of paris
1783. established americas new boundaries. the united states stretched west to the mississippi, north the the great lakes, and south to spanish florida america agreed that loyalists would not be futher persecuted
shays rebellion
1786. rebellion was sparked by the economic frustrations of MA farmers who were losing their farms because they could not pay debts in hard currency. sought changes: end to farm foreclosures, end to imprisonment for debt, relief from oppressively high taxation, increased circulation of paper money did not try to overhtrow the government of MA helped convince key leaders that the articles were too weak and that the united states needed a stronger central government
federal constitution
1787.result of a series of compromises that created a government acceptable to large and small states, as well as to free and slave states, 1) separation of powers, three branches 2) authority of congress to declare war 3) a guarantee about the legality of slavery 4) creation of eloctoral college 5) provision for impeachment of the presidnet 6) provision for the ratifying the consitution 7) bicameral legislature 8) enumerations of the powers of congress 9) 3/5s compromise
marbury v madison
1803. established judicial review.
the louisiana purchase
1803. jefferson desired to acquire the port of new orleans to provide an outlet for western crops. the failure of the french government to suppress a slave revolt in ahiti motivated napolean to sell the territory purchasing this violated jeffersons belief in strict interpretation of the constitution jefferson hoped to perpetuate agricultural society by making abundant lands available.
the missouri compromise
1820. settled the first major 1800 conflict over slavery. maine entered the union as a free state.missouri entered as a slave state. closed the territory above the 36 30 line to slavery.
monroe doctrine
1823. unilateral declaration of principles that asserted american independence from europe in foreign policy. warned european nations against further colonial ventures into the western hemisphere. promised that the united states would not interfere in the internal affairs of european nations. was successful because of the power of the british navy.
tariff of abominations
1828. tariffs passed between 1816 and 1828 were the first tariffs in american history whose primary purpose was protection. forced john c calhoun to formulate his doctrine of nullification
mexican war
1846-1848. polk justified the war by claiming that mexican troops had illegally crossed into american territory. whigs (thoreau and lincoln) opposed the war
Where did the vast majority of colonists live?
90% live in rural areas
religious toleration in the colonies
All of the colonies permitted the practice of different religions, but with varying degrees of freedom. Massachusetts, the least tolerant, excluded non-Christians and Catholics, although it accepted a number of Protestant denominations. Rhode Island and Pennsylvania were the most liberal.
why did the chesapeake colony became a royal colony?
Although it made profits from tobacco sales, the Virginia Company made unwise decisions that caused it to fall heavily into debt. The bankrupt company's charter was revoked in 1624, and the colony, now known as Virginia, came under the direct control of King James I. Thus, Virginia became England's first royal colony
What was the role of African-Americans in the American Revolution?:
Americans generally avoided arming blacks, but the British eagerly recruited runaway slaves.
Anne Hutchinson's teaching threatened to undermine the spiritual authority of the established clergy because she?:
Anne Hutchinson's teaching threatened to undermine the spiritual authority of the established clergy because she?:
what were economic problems in the early colonies?
Beginning in the 1660s, low tobacco prices, due largely to overproduction, brought hard times to the Chesapeake colonies, Maryland and Virginia. When Virginia's House of Burgesses attempted to raise tobacco prices, the merchants of London retaliated by raising their own prices on goods exported to Virginia.
Townshend acts
British still needed new revenues, so Charles Townshend proposed these acts. 1767. new duties to be collected on tea, glass, and paper. the revenues paid would be used to pay crown officials in the colonies, making them independent of the colonial assemblies that had previously paid their salaries. acts also provided for the search of private homes for smuggled goods. All that officials would need to search would be a writ of assistance, rather than a judges warrant. suspended new york assembly for their defiance of the quartering act.
by 1750, how many people were slaves
By 1750, half of Virginia's population and two thirds of South Carolina's population were slaves.
Africans in colonial society
By 1775, the African-American population (both slave and free) made up fully 20 percent of the colonial population. An overwhelming majority—90 percent—lived in the southern colonies in a state of lifelong bondage. African Americans formed a majority of the population in South Carolina and Georgia and significant minorities in North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. Outside the South, thousands of African Americans worked at a broad range of occupations, some as slaves and others as free wage earners and property owners. In every colony, from New Hampshire to Georgia, there were laws that discriminated against African Americans and placed limits on their rights and opportunities.
