APUSH Unit 5
America in the World - Explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the
Cause: The Union had many distinct advantages, such as manpower, industry and political structure. Some of the main contributing factors are superior industrial capabilities, more efficient logistical support, greater naval power, and a largely lopsided population in favor of the Union. Emancipation Proclamation → Thousands of African Americans aided the Union side Victories at Battle of Gettysburg and Vicksburg Ulysses Grant as commander William T. Sherman campaign→increase in Union morale and the insurance of Lincoln's reelection Military conscription→ suspended habeas corpus (controversial) → imprisonment of 15,000 Confederate supporters without trial Effect: T he war lasted 4 years and resulted in the abolishment of slavery.
America in the World - Explain the causes and effects of the Mexican- American War
Cause: The main cause of the war was the westward expansion of the United States. All through the 19th century Americans believed it was their right to expand westward. At the time they believed they could conquer the people already living on the land and take it for the United States. Also, Texas gained its independence from Mexico in 1836. Initially, the United States declined to incorporate it into the union, largely because northern political interests were against the addition of a new slave state. Effect: The Mexican-American war (1846-1848) changed the slavery debate. It almost doubled the size of the United States and began a debate, between Northerners and Southerners, over what to do with the newly acquired land.
American and National Identity - Explain how and why Reconstruction resulted in continuity and change in regional and national understandings of what it meant to be American.
Continuity: Minor v. Happersett: Fourteenth Amendment does not extend national voting rights to women. Battle of Little Bighorn: Fighting between the Americans and Native Americans (1876) because the government wanted to get ownership over the Black hills. This was a Native American victory. (Great Sioux War). Massacre at Wounded Knee- Several hundred women and Children killed by American soldiers (Great Sioux War). Black Codes - Released by southern states in order to limit black people's rights. (1865). Dred Scott v. Sanford - slaves were property, not citizens and Congress could not legislate slavery in the territories. Plessy v. Ferguson - separate but equal. The KKK and the racism which led to great violence (Emmett Till). Jim Crow laws. Change: John Brown's Raid on Harper Ferry - Abolitionist slave revolt right before the civil war which started the change for views over the slaves (1859). Wyoming grants women's suffrage allowing for other states to follow in the future and starts the beginning of the equal rights movements for women. Freedmen's Bureau - gave aid to those who needed it following the Civil War. Hiram Revels - African American minister who was elected to serve in the Senate, one of the first African Americans to serve in the Senate. Susan B. Anthony - an early leader for women's suffrage. Popular sovereignty - letting the people of a territory determine whether or not the state should be a slave state or a free one.
Politics and Power - Explain the effects of government policy during Reconstruction on society from 1865 to 1877.
Johnson replaced Lincoln after his assassination. Johnson was a white Southerner, so his reconstruction made the south look a lot like it did before the Civil war, especially with sharecropping. Congress was not happy with how things were going so they passed the civil rights bill to give all equal rights. Government policy was torn, some of it, like Johnson's, was conservative and did not favor change or equality. But overall most legislation allowed for change, such as the creation of the freedmen's Bureau. Society changed a great deal, becoming more equal in opportunity for people of color. An example could be the increased number of African American's in government. But at the same time, it changed very little. There was still a great divide between North and South, and the South had a deep rooted white superiority complex.
Geography and the Environment - Explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877
Manifest destiny and the desire for westward expansion led thousands to migrate to new territories in the west. Believing they had a god given right to spread democracy, American ideals, and capitalism from the East coast to the Pacific ocean. Many sought new opportunities, chasing the gold rush or moving to areas with cheap land, leaving the overpopulation and failing markets in the east after the panic of 1819. Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis, American democracy was truly spread and kindled with the expanding frontier. Americans discover individuality and freedom but pioneering westward. The expansion of slavery into new territories in the West became one of the defining policy debates that would occur within US politics, foreshadowing the civil war. The Kansas-Nebraska Act reinforced the notion of popular sovereignty or having the states decide on the status of slavery. It became such a violent issue however as voters clashed over slavery especially in Kansas, leading to Bleeding Kansas and lots of violence between the North and South. The Compromise of 1850 was a series of bills meant to appease the issue of slavery. It made California a free state and introduced popular sovereignty and an end to the slave trade in many states and territories. It also introduced the fugitive slave act, overturning the Missouri compromise and not dealing with slavery directly setting up future strife and the civil war. The Republican Party was created in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska act as they opposed the spread of slavery all together. They supported classical liberalism while enlisting former whigs and free soil democrats to gain a majority in many Northern states. Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president.
America and Regional Culture - Explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877.
Mexican American War-California and Texas and New Mexico. Gold Rush in California- charged a fee that drove many Latinos and Asians out of gold mining territory. Irish immigrants-lived in tight urban areas, not treated well. While immigrants boosted the economy many native born Americans were worried about the economy, and their stake in it. Nativism was born-protecting native born people first (Nativists turned against forgein born residents).
Politics and Power - Describe the effects of Lincoln's election
Overwhelming need for a Civil War Caused the state of South Carolina to call a state convention in favor of secession from the North Later abolishment of slavery
American and National Identity - Explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican-American War.
Regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican-American War as the US added large territories in the West through their victory in the War and diplomatic negotiations. By doing so it raised questions about the stauts if slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in newly acquired lands. US government interactions/conflicts increased with Mexican Americans and American indians in regions newly taken, altering their cultures and economic self-sufficiency. The Texas and California boundaries became a dispute with Mexico, because both countries were settling the areas. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching to Oregon, the ocean, embracing california. The total expansion was about 1/2 of Mexico and the US agreed to pay $15 million for the land and to assume the claims of its citizens against Mexico in the amount of $3,250,000. The Mexican War fulfilled the goal of Manifest Destiny, but it ignited a dispute over the expansion of slavery. Any law that was against slavery was threatened with the South's secession. Southern leaders feared the North's growing political dominance. The North held the majority of the House of Representatives, but the equal 15:15 ratio enabled the Southern states to maintain a veto power in the Senate.
Context - Explain the context in which sectional conflict emerged from 1844 to 1877
The South was heavily dependent on the slave economy (slave use and the cotton gin). The North was still dependent on mercantilism, trade, and an overall more diverse economy. Slave use in the South was controversial, particularly in the North, as it caused economic diversity throughout the United States. The domestic slave trade boosted the Southern economy, while the North was left to catch up in other ways the gag rule was repealed in 1944 which heavily regulated if not completely forbid the ability for women to control their bodies Irish potato famine of 1945. 1846 is when the Mexican-American war started.
Politics and Power - Explain the political causes of the Civil War.
The government was fighting to keep the states together but southern states began to succeed. The south heavily relied on slaves to continue their farming while the North began moving away from that idea. Southern states felt the federal government had too much control and was stripping them of their rights. South began fearing they would lose their power as we moved westward and the conflict over whether or not new states should be slave states. Bleeding Kansas took place over the Kansas Nebraska act. Collapse of Whig party and formation of Republicans. Increased opposition to slavery. Overbearing political power of the north. Conflict over slave/free states (Kansas-Nebraska Act, Wilmot Proviso, Compromise of 1850)
American and National Identity - Explain how Lincoln's leadership during the Civil War impacted American ideals over the course of the war.
Union Draft: New York City Draft Riots- A bloody violent riot from working men discontent with the draft as they did not want to fight the war. Lincoln was a strong republican candidate who didn't support the spread of slavery. Lincoln-Douglas debates forced Americans and the American government to consider where and where not to allow slavery. This led to many battles, such as Bleeding Kansas and then the Kansas Nebraska Act Brought about fear in the south that Lincoln had the power to abolish slavery permanently. Resulted in the Confederate States of America (1861) which brought about one of the most difficult decisions throughout Lincoln's presidency. Lincoln initially fought the war to try and preserve the Union, but ended up seeking to end slavery (Empancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address). Sharecropping - allowing slaves and poor white men limited opportunities following the war - resulted in an easier transition back into "life". The Union ultimately prevailed in the war due to improvements in leadership and strategy (Grant and the "Anaconda Plan"). Key Victories including: Gettysburg, Antietam Greater resources - more factories and railroads, along with the South's infrastructure being destroyed. The Republican Party (free soil platform): Lincoln's beliefs allowed many Americans to question whether or not slavery was constitutional - and concluded in the prevention of slavery. Due to the fact that the US was becoming more and more progressive and expansionist, the country sought out many foreign opportunities. As a result, after the Union victory, there were options for the South outside of America. Following the war a group called the Radical Republicans formed, challenging Lincoln's compassion towards the South. Lincoln's leadership changed American ideals towards equality, slavery, and bondage in general - all men are created equal.
Social Structures - Explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War.
economic differences between the two led to different opinions on many things but caused lots of tension over slavery Northern regional differences: not enough resources to have large plantations, rather they had small farmsteads instead large booming cities with factories, factory workers consisted of immigrant laborers rather than slaves eventually easier and more common transportation at hand Southern regional differences: large plantations that needed a lot of workers to sustain produced many raw materials for domestic and foreign use less of a mix of social classes, there were more wealthy people that wanted to stay wealthy