APUSH Unit 5
Reclamation (Newlands) Act (1902)
-Created the Reclamation Service -Bring irrigation to Western cities
Little Big Horn/Custer's Last Stand at Little Big Horn
-Custer pursued Indians after not knowing that the 3-pronged attack had failed (w Reno and Benteen) -Montana
De Lome Letters
-De Lome about Mckinley
Willmington, NC (1898)
-Declared Colonel Waddell the new mayor
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
-Defined unfair trade practices
Ida M. Tarbell
-Dissolved Standard Oil Co.
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
-Divided tribal land into 160 acres -Plot of land given to each head of family
William Jennings Bryan
-Dominant populist Democrat -Fought against gold standard with "Cross of Gold Speech" -Ran for president 3x (failed)
Panic of 1893
-Dramatic decrease of crop prices
The Great Railroad Strike (1877)
-Due to Financial Panic of 73 - Sandlot meeting in California - Workers end up going back to work
Angel Island
-Ellis Island of the West -Rejected 30% of arrivals
Treaty of Paris (1898)
-Ended Span-Am war
Bidlack Treaty
-Established Columbian rule over Panama
American Railway Union (1893)
-Eugene V. Debs -Pullman Strike
Keating-Owen Act (1916)
-Excluded any goods manufactured by children younger than 14 in interstate commerce
Smith-Hughes Act (1917)
-Extends agricultural education in high schools
Warehouse Act (1916)
-Farmers can store their crops in federal warehouses in exchange for loans
Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)
-Federal Farm backs (12) Long term longs at low interest rate
Smith-Lever Act (1914)
-Federal agents educate agrarians
Federal Highways Act (1916)
-Finances new highways
The Great RR Strike (1877)
-First major interstate strike -Began in WV
The Hepburn Act (1906)
-Gave the ICC the power to set maximum freight rates
Immigrants Restriction League
-Henry Cabot Lodge
Immigration Restriction League
-Henry Cabot Lodge -Excluded illiterate foreigners
The Elkins Act (1903)
-Illegal for RR to give secret rebates to favorite customers
Colored Farmer's Alliance (1886)
-Included colored farmers
Wovoka (Jack Wilson)
-Indian that dreamt of the Ghost Dance (ritual)
Half-Breeds
-James Gilespie Blaine (ME) -Only half loyal to Grant -Only half loyal to Spoils system
Hull House Settlement
-Jane Addams -Chicago
Red Cloud
-Lakota warrior -Wanted to stop the invasion of the Lakota -Built fortifications around the Bozeman Trail
Homestead Act (1862)
-Land would be yours once you lived on it for 5 years
Aaron Montgomery Ward
-Mail order catalogues
Bluntington v OR
-Maximum of 10-hr day (MEN and WOMEN)
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) (1887)
-Members to ensure that freight rates were "reasonable and just" -Under Grover Cleveland
Ida B. Wells
-NAACP (1909)
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
-New banking system -Regional banks -12 Federal Reserve banks
Louis D Brandies (1916)
-Nominated by Wilson -First Jew in SC
Plessy v Ferguson (1890)
-Octaroon -John Marshall Harlan
The Grange (1867)
-Oliver H. Kelley -Wanted to cut the middleman
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
-Outlaws price discrimination
Ballinger-Pinchott Controversy
-Pinchott (forester) accused Ballinger of opening acres to commercial purposes -Pinchott goes public (is fired) -Roosevelt is mad at Taft
Populism
-Political doctrine that supports the rights and power of the common people
Mary Eliz. Lease
-Populist speaker -Temperance, Women's suffrage
"Bull Moose" Progressive Party
-Progressive party after he looses Republican nomination
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
-Prohibited companies from forming monopolies
Foran Act (1885)
-Prohibited foreign contract labor
Forest Reserve Act (1891)
-Protected ~172 million acres
Coxey's Army
-Protest group led by Jacob Coxey
The Mckinley Tariff Act (1890)
-Raised duties on manufactured goods
Mint Act (1872)
-Ratio of silver to gold 15:1
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
-Requires the treasury to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver each month with new paper money
Bland-Allison Act (1878)
-Response to demands for expansion of currency -Provided limited increase of silver coins
The Meat Inspection Act (1906)
-Restrictions on makers of food
The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
-Restrictions on makers of food
"New Nationalism" Party
-Roosevelt's party -Herbert Croly -Breaking bad trusts
Stalwarts
-Roscoe Conkling (NY) -Loyal to Grant when his cabinet was corrupt -Radical reconstruction of the South -Benefits from Spoils System
Benjamin Tillman
-SC Governor (1890-1894) -"Bourbon Elites"
American Federation of Laborers (AFL) (1886)
-Samuel Gompers -Organized SKILLED workers
Taylorism
-Scientific way of controlling gvnt.
Jim Crow Laws
-Segregation laws -"Jump Jim Crow" (Rice)
Mann-Elkins Act (1910)
-Set up ICC court rulings -Gave ICC power to change rates
Munn v Illinois (1876)
-States can regulate private property if it affects public interest
Pacific RR Act (1862)
-Transcontinental RR route on Northern-central Union Pacific- W from Omaha Central Pacific- E from Sacramento - Meet in Promontory, UT (May 10, 1869)
Mother Jones (1903)
-UMW -Held a children's march to Roosevelt's house
Coal Strike of 1902
-UMW go on strike -TR threatens to take over company -10% increase of wage. 9hr work day
Platt Amendment
-US recognized Cuba's independence -US could intervene when needed
Teller Amendment
-US wouldn't annex Cuba
Wabash Case (1886)
-Unconstitutional for states to regulate interstate commerce
Muller v OR
-Upheld the 10-hr workday (WOMEN)
Knights of Labor (1869)
-Uriah S. Stephens -Powderly
Lochner v NY
-Voided 10-hr workday law bc of contract
Tammany Hall
-William "Boss" Tweed -Largest machine in NYC -Democrat
Industrial Workers of the World "Wobblies" (1905)
-William D. "Big Bill" Haywood -Organized SKILLED and UNSKILLED workers
National Labor Union (1866)
-William H Sylvis
"New Freedom" Party
-Wilson's party 1)Lower tariffs 2)New banking system 3)Trust-busting
Reasons for American Imperialism (3)
1) Urbanization 2) Manifest Destiny 3) Industrialization 4) Evangelization
Indian Peace Commission
1865 "Report on the Conditions of Tribes" -Created in order to make peace with Indians
Captain William Fetterman
1866- Tried to ambush the Indians with one army (Failed) attacked by Crazy Horse
Colonel George Custer
1867- Called to Kansas by Sheridan to protect the RR
Ulysses S. Grant
1869-1877
Rutherford B. Hayes
1877-1881
James A. Garfield
1881-1881 (assassinated by Charles Guiteau) -Running mate: Chester A. Arthur -Republican
Chester A. Arthur
1881-1885
Grover Cleveland
1885-1889
Benjamin Harrison
1889-1893
William Mckinley
1897-1901
William Howard Taft
1909-1913 -President AND Chief Justice of SC
Woodrow Wilson (1913-1917)
1913-1917 -"New Freedom Party"
Cyrus McCormick
Cyrus Reaper Factory in Chicago
16th Amendment
Federal income tax
Marshall Field (1834-1906)
Founder of Marshall Field's department store -elitist, store targeted at the upper middle class, particularly women. -Field worked as a clerk in a Massachusetts store starting at age 17. -By age 22 he was offered a quarter share in the company. -1868- Field leases Palmer's retail on State St., Chicago.
The NY Journal
Hearts
Sitting Bull
Lakota warrior in Custer's Last Stand
17th Amendment
Popular vote for Senators
People's Party
Populist Party -Farmers want inflation -Decrease in RR competition
18th Amendment
Prohibition
Laramie Treaty
Protected Indian lands
The NY World
Pulitzer
Black Hills
Sacred Indian land
19th Amendment
Suffrage
Upton Sinclair
The Jungle -Meatpacking
Anti-Saloon League
WTCU
Castle Garden
-Closed in 1890 due to corruption
Henry Bessemer
-Converted Pig Iron into Steel - Utilized by Carnegie
Jay Gould
"prince of railroad buccaneers" turned over rundown railroads for profit - used much of his funds for personal interests and bribery
Spanish-American War (April-August 1898)
- "Cuba Libre"- Free Cuba - Add the US to global superpowers
Jose Marti
- After Gomez failed with his revolution, Marti takes up arms again in 1895
Commodore George Dewey
- Appointed by Roosevelt to attack Spanish fleet in Manila
Republicans
- Attracted Protestants and dominant in New England - Nativist policies and against immigration - Controlled the Senate - Stalwarts (Roscoe Conkling) - Half Breeds (ames Gilespie Blaine)
USS Maine
- Blown up in Havana Harbor - Excuse to start war w Spain
Democrats
- Controlled most of the South after reconstruction - "City Bosses, etc" - Help poor immigrants when they first arrive--rewarded with votes
The Pullman Strike (1894)
- Depression of 1893- Pullman lays off workers/ reduces pays, however, keeps the rent the same price - Workers join American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs) - Mail cars connected to Pullam Palace cars "In re Debs"
Contract Labor Act (1864)
- Government helped pay way of immigrants -Made it so employers basically owned their employees - Repealed in 1868
The Molly Maguires (1870)
- Group of Irish immigrants in PA -Used intimidation
The Homestead Strike (1892)
- Henry Frick becomes president - Workers go on strike on June 29 - Frick builds wall around plant- Pinkerton Detective Agency - Military troop called in to stop riots
General William Shafter
- In charge of the invasion force - Base: Tampa Bay, FL
General Maximo Gomez
- Led sugar planters to take up arms against Spain
Brooker T. Washington
-Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta (1985) -"Atlanta Speech" -Wanted to build black economy
Red Cloud Agency
-Crazy Horse led 300 families to surrender after Sitting Bull retreats into Canada
The Sand-Lot Incidents (1877)
- Meeting of RR workers - Blamed on Chinese (started riots)
"Big Stick Democracy"
- Negotiating peacefully, but also making threats
National Labor Union (NLU)
- Promoted 8-hr workdays
Geary Act (Dog Tag Law) (1892)
- Required Chinese to carry permits
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
- Restricted Chinese immigration
Emilio Aguinaldo
- Revolution launcher
"Rough Riders"
- Roosevelt's group of Ivy League athletes, cowboys and Indians
General Valeriano Weyler
- Sent by Spain to stop the insurrection - All cubans were put into concentration camps
Hawaiian Annexation
- Sugar trade w US - No taxes on sugar
Greenback Party
- Supported debtors - Rights for women/African Americans
The Haymarket Affair (1886)
- Workers want an 8-hr workday - Knights of Labor set deadline-> May 1, 1886 - 40,000 workers in Chicago go on strike - McCormick Reaper Works plant-2 killed - Bomb in Haymarket Square - Anarchist Leaders found guilty: Albert Parson, August Spies
Dennis Kearney
- Workingmen's Party of California - Made to stop Chinese immigration
J. P. Morgan
- financed industries; bought out huge portions of many different industries through European capital
Alexander Graham Bell
- invented the first telephone in 1876 - one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society in 1888
John D. Rockefeller
- monopolized the oil industry in the Standard Oil Co. of Ohio (controlled over 90% of oil refining in the country by 1879) - created Standard Oil Trust, which the Supreme Court dissolved in 1892
Andrew Carnegie
- steelmaking tycoon in PA - rags to riches man who changed industries often with his sales skills -1873 Bessemer process causes him to invest in steel (incorporates vertical and horizontal integration)--sells to J.P. Morgan for $350 million -believed in the obligation of the wealthy to improve their society and surroundings via $$$ ("The Gospel of Wealth" 1889)
Sears and Roebuck
- transformed consumerism with mail-order catalogs - Sears catalogs became 2nd most read book in USA behind the Bible
Morrill Act (1862)
-"Land Grant College Act" -Granted land to school
Jeremiah "Sockless Jerry" Simpson
-"Man must have access to the land, or he is a slave" -Populism=Wave of the future
W.E.B. Dubois
-"Niagara Speech" -Criticized Washington
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
-"Separate but Equal"
Ellis Island
-1892 -1907-Busiest of the year +1 million immigrants
Teddy Roosevelt
-1901-1999 -"Square Deal" 1902--more rigorous enforcement of anti-trust acts
Mississippi Plan
-2 years in state -poll tax -criminal records -literate voters
Adamson Act (1917)
-8-hr work day -Overtime -Appointed commission to study work conditions
George Westinghouse
-AC -Westinghouse Electric Co.
Battle of Wounded Knee
-Accidental battle -Occurred due to monitoring of Ghost Dance rituals
The Grandfather Clause (1898)
-Allowed illiterate LA men to vote if their grandfathers could vote in 1867
American Protection Agency (APA)
-Anti-Catholic -Wanted to make English the official language
Chief Geronimo
-Apache warrior -Attacked US in the far west
John Chivington's militia
-Attacked peaceful Indians in 1864 -Worst crime in Indian history
Gustavus Swift
-Beef was slaughtered in Chicago, shipped dressed beef -To make meat last the trip, he used ice storing -Swift got into ice business so he would not have to pay others for ice (vertical integration)
Clayton-Bullwer Treaty
-Britain could not acquire anymore Central American territory
Padrones
-Called so by Greek and Italians -Helped immigrants find jobs
Farmer's Alliance
-Charles W. Macune -Wanted to cut out the middleman -Banks denied to except their paper money
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (1883)
-Civil Service Commission -First regulatory based agency
Charles Yerkes
changes Chicago subway system -introduces elevated electric trolleys to the city -First cable car in Chicago in 1882 Loops to Field's store then back to South, nickname of "The Loop" ever since -Got a bill passed that would give him a 50 year monopoly on the subway system, but was run out of town.
Potter Palmer
established the Palmer House (hotel for the wealthy) Hotel within a couple blocks of Marshall Fields (now Macy's) still today
Thomas Edison
invented the phonograph in 1877 -invented the light bulb in 1879 (actually just produced a more practical on - took over much of electric industry with the Edison General Electric Co. in 1888
"Commodore Cornelious Vanderbilt
merged different rail lines between NY and Chicago - connected the East under one rail network (New York Central) in 1869
George Pullman
reformer, believed in better conditions for his workers built "palace cars": train cars with better conditions for passengers at a higher price than regular cars, sleeping cars. -hired only black porters on his palace cars because they were "used to serving"
Vertical Integration
when various parts of a business are under a common owner Gustavus Swift