APUSH -- UNIT 6 -- CHAPTER 14 FINAL

By the end of the 1850s, the two-party system in the United States

accentuated rather than muted regional controversy

Explain the origins of the Confederate government. How did its constitution differ from that of the United States? Who were chosen as its leaders, and what problems did they face?

acknowledged the sovereignty of the individual states, and it sanctioned slavery. Its leaders were Jefferson Davis and Alexander H. Stephens. Davis ended up being an unsuccessful president. There were no formal political parties in the Confederacy.

Sherman's march through Georgia was designed to

break the will of the Southern people.

How did the Civil War "transform" southern society? How was this transformation like that which took place in the North? How was it different?

devastating effect on the economy of the South

The civil war was difficult on american workers because it

drove prices up and cut purchasing power

Which of the following was NOT enacted by the Republican Party during the Civil War?

hard money policies requiring all payments in gold or silver

What were the foreign-policy objectives of the Union and the Confederacy? How did each attempt to achieve these objectives, which was most successful and why?

obtain diplomatic recognition and material assistance from European countries (king cotton)

In which of the following acts did Lincoln NOT "ignore" the Constitution?

putting diplomatic pressure on England not to recognize the Confederacy

The Confederacy ultimately financed its war effort through

requisition of funds from individual states; an income tax; and borrowing money. All these failed, and as a result, had to pay for war through paper currency. This resulted in a disastrous inflation.

In the indian territory in the west the civil war

resulted in something of a civil war all its own.

In England, which of the following supported the South?

ruling classes

What impact did the Civil War have on the northern industrial economy?

the war retarded growth by cutting manufacturers off from their southern markets and sources of raw material, and by diverting labor and resources to military progress.

Which of the following was an advantage enjoyed by the South at the outset of the war?

A) It would be fighting, for the most part, a defensive war. B) Most of the white population of the South supported the war. C) Northern opinion on the war was divided. D) The South had better military commanders. E) All these answers are correct.

The first seven Southern states that seceded were

A) in the lower South. B) the states where the largest concentration of slaves were located. C) the home of the most outspoken "fire eaters." D) not possessed of the military strength to fight a war. E) All these answers are correct

Which of the following was true when the Civil War began?

All the important material advantages lay with the North.

The bloodiest engagement of the civil war was fought at

Antietam

What was Grant's grand strategy for 1864? Who was to be in charge of the armies involved, and what were their objectives?

In Virginia, they would advance toward Richmond and force Lee into a decisive battle. In Georgia, they would advance east toward Atlanta and destroy the remaining Confederate.

What role did Lincoln propose for the United States Navy? How did the Confederacy attempt to overcome this naval advantage, and what was the result?

Enforcing a blockade of the Southern coast and assisting the Union armies in field operations. The Confederates attempted to break the blockade with new weapons such as Ironclads.

What was Lincoln's view of the extent of presidential war powers? Who were the opponents of the war, and how did Lincoln use these powers against them? What was the outcome?

Lincoln abused these powers. His greatest political problem was the widespread opposition to war, mobilized by the Democratic Party. The Peace democrats feared that the agricultural Northwest was losing influence to the industrial east and that Republican nationalism was eroding states' rights. Lincoln ordered military arrests of civilian dissenters and suspended the right of the habeas corpus.

What were the characteristics of Lincoln as a leader? How were these characteristics reflected in his selection and use of his cabinet?

Lincoln was considered a minor politician from the prairies, a man whom the leaders of his party would easily control. He also created his cabinet representing every faction of the Republican Party and every segment of the Northern opinion.

Lincoln's decision to re-supply Fort Sumter presented the South with what dilemma? How did the Confederates react? Faced with this action on the part of the south, what did lincoln do, and how did the other slave states respond?

Lincoln's decision to re-supply Fort Sumter presented south with the dilemma that allowing the supplies to get to Sumter shouldn't be allowed, but firing on the ships and fort was too aggressive. The confederates reacting by seizing the island because they believed being cowardly was worse than being belligerent. Lincoln responded to this by mobilizing the North for war.

How was this split in the Republican Party revealed in the debate over what to do about slavery? What action did each faction propose? What did Lincoln do, and why?

Radicals wanted to use the war to abolish slavery immediately and Conservatives wanted a gradual process. In response, Congress passed the Confiscation Acts. However, following the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam, the President signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

How did the Republican Party act to expand the American economy during the war? To which prewar party was their program similar? Why were they able to enact it, whereas the previous party had not been?

Republican Party enacted an aggressively nationalistic program to promote economic development: The Homestead and Morrill Acts; also passed a series of tariff bills; moved for completion of a transcontinental railroad.With the South now gone from Congress, the Republican Party enjoyed almost unchallenged supremacy.

For what reason was the Union Party created? Who were its candidates?

Republicans had suffered heavy losses in the congressional elections of 1862, and so they created broad coalition of all the groups that supported the war. Its candidates were Lincoln, Johnson, and McClellan.

On what constitutional interpretation was the concept of secession based? Which states were the first to secede, and what was the reaction of the United States government to this?

SC, Mississippi, FL, Alabama, GA, LA. President James Buchanan told Congress that no state had the right to secede from the Union but that the federal government had no authority to stop a state if it did.

Why was states' rights the "great dividing force" in the Confederacy's war effort? What caused this division and what was the effect?

States' rights had become such a cult among many white Southerners that they resisted all efforts to exert national authority, even those necessary to win the war.

How was the Confederacy finally defeated? In what way did the Union forces destroy the South's will to carry on the fight?

The Confederacy was finally defeated at the Appomattox Courthouse when General Robert E. Lee surrendered. The Union forces destroyed the South's will to carry on the fight when the Union blocked his escape route and he realized that the further bloodshed was futile.

What compromises were proposed to bring these states back into the Union, and why did they fail?

The Crittenden Compromise was popular among Southern delegates in the Senate, but it was generally unacceptable to the Republicans. One of these Republicans was Abraham Lincoln, who condemned the compromise as one that did not deal with the future of slavery in America.

What was the Union plan on the Virginia front in 1862? Who was the general selected to carry this out? Who was the Confederate general he faced, and what was the relative strength of the two armies?

The Union plan on Virginia front in 1862 was to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond. But instead of heading overland directly toward the Capital, McClellan chose a complicated, roundabout route. McClellan faced Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson and was forced to change his plans. In the brilliant Valley campaign, Jackson defeated two separate Union forces and slipped away before McDowell could catch him.

How did the Union propose to finance the war? How successful was this? What was the effect on the economy?

The Union proposed to finance the war by levying taxes, issuing paper currency, and borrowing. This was insignificantly successful, and its effect on the economy was a small proportion of the cost of the war but enough to produce significant inflation.

How did the Union propose to raise troops? To what extent was it forced to use conscription? What was the reaction to this, and why was it so varied?

The Union proposed to raise troops with the National Draft Law in which men were drafted into the war but could escape this by paying the government or having someone fill their place. This created draft riots.

What factors, other than political pressure, brought about the Emancipation Proclamation? What did the proclamation really accomplish? When did full emancipation really come?

The Union victory at the Battle of Antietam...The E. Proclamation freed all slaves in the confederacy...13th amendment

How did the Confederacy propose to raise troops for the war? How did these plans compare with those of the Union, and how successful were they? Why?

calling for volunteers --> Conscription Act

The most concrete legacy of the Civil War for Southern white women was the

decimation of the male population and the creation of a major sexual imbalance in the region.

What was the Union plan for the conquest of the West? How did the Confederates propose to defend this area? How did the campaign advance, what battles took place, and which of the two armies more nearly achieved its objectives?

seize control of the Mississippi River, divide the Confederacy and give the North easy transportation into the heart of the South. The Confederates defended this under the command of Albert Johnston and troops stretched out in a long defensive line centered at two forts in Tennessee. The campaign advanced when the Union passed up through the river and fought at the battle of Shiloh.

What role did African Americans play in support of the Union cause?

soldiers, sailors, and laborers for Union forces

The greatest source of division in the South was

the doctrine of states' rights.

What impact did the Civil War have on women in the North? What part did women play in the war effort?

women entered nursing and began working in the U.S. Sanitary Commission.

What impact did the war have on the lives and circumstances of women? Of slaves?

women got new roles as they were left to take care of the home after the men left, leaders became afraid of slave revolts so they had slave codes, but they still escaped