APUSH units 9-12
National Security Council (NSC)
1st time that a group was created that was head of all the services group that led our national security
First + Second New Deal
1st-1933-35 program created by president Roosevelt to fight the depression; the ABC acts 1st-Established to serve the "three Rs" Relief for the people out of work, Recovery for business and the economy as a whole, and Reform of American economic institutions 2nd- 1935-38; in response to critics of the 1st New Deal (particularly Huey Long and the more radical critics); contained more relief programs and greater protection for labor unions (this was radical for the 1920s anti-union atmosphere); the most extensive of the reform programs that emerged was social security
Iran Hostage Crisis
52 people were taken hostage for 444 days in the American embassy in Iran there were 13 more, but they had been released because they were women or black they were put through psychological torture, rather than physical and were well taken care of they were released and flown to Germany where they were met by former Pres Carter while Pres Reagan was making his acceptance speech
Wagner Act
A New Deal legislation that was supported by R. F. Wagner. It established defined unjust labor practices, secured workers the right to bargain collectively, and established the National Labor Relations Board.
McCarthyism
A brand of vitriolic, fear-mongering anti-communism. In the early 1950s, Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. The term named after him refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anticommunist paranoia.
Open Door Policy
A business without an union requirement By Secretary John Jay 1st letter- everyone has equal trade American policy of seeking equal trade and investment opportunities in foreign nations or regions.
Fourteen points
A detailed list of war aims presented by President Wilson 1) Recognition of freedom of the seas 2) An end to the practice of making secret treaties 3) Reduction of national armaments 4) An "impartial adjustment of all colonial claims" 5) Self-determination for the various nationalities within the Austro-Hungarian empire. 6) "A general association of nations..for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike"
Dorothea Lange
A famous photographer who wanted to be one at a young age, and, when the Depression started, landed a job to photograph the Dust Bowl, which have been recognized as showing the desperation and bravery during this time. She didn't stop documenting the suffering of people until her 1965 death, but her 1930s pictures are the most well-known.
Langston Hughes
A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance in poems such as "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"
March from Selma to Montgomery
A march that was attempted many times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed.
Harlem Renaissance
A new African American cultural awareness that flourished in literature, art, and music in the 1920s.
Popular Front
A period during the mid-1930s when the Communist Party sought to ally itself with socialists and New Dealers in movements for social change, urging reform of the capitalist system rather than revolution—Communists gained an unprecedented respectability.
Dawes Plan (1924)
A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S.
Conservative
A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion.
Free Market Capitalism
A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money.
American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations
AFL-CIO ended their 20-year rivalry and merged to create this was done under the leadership of George Meany
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS a complex of deadly pathologies resulting from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
American Indian Movement
AIM established group of young militant Indians part of the Indian Civil Rights Movement used confrontations with federal government to publicize their case for Indian rights
Social Security Act of 1935
Act establishing federal old-age pensions and unemployment insurance.
Fair Labor Standards Act
Act that established the first federal minimum wage (25 cents an hour) and set a maximum workweek of 44 hours for all employees engaged in interstate commerce.
Invasion of Afghanistan (2001)
Afghanistan is taken by the Soviets despite CIA-sponsored Soviet resistance ended the detente between the US and the USSR
McCarran-Walter Act
Also known as the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, it kept limited immigration based on ethnicity, but made allowances in the quotas for persons displaced by WWII and allowed increased immigration of European refugees. Tried to keep people from Communist countries from coming to the U.S. People suspected of being Communists could be refused entry or deported.
19th Amendment---Women's Suffrage
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
AEF
American Expeditionary Force was the first American ground troops to reach the European front. Commanded by Pershing, they began arriving in France in the summer of 1917.
Rachel Carson
American conservationist author of 1962 book "Silent Spring"
"Roaring 20s"
American culture and society in the 1920's were marked by a wave of new lifestyles and ideas. While the movie industry produced new celebrities and jazz music became popular, literature flourished and flappers defined a social trend. Amidst the speakeasies, jazz, and jitterbugs, Americans began to stray from traditional values as the culture changed.
Margaret Sanger (Birth Control)
American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.
Sinclair Lewis
American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.
NAWSA
An American women's rights organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). The _______ continued the work of both associations by becoming the parent organization of hundreds of smaller local and state groups, and by helping to pass woman suffrage legislation at the state and local level. The ________ was the largest and most important suffrage organization in the United States, and was the primary promoter of women's right to vote. Like AWSA and NWSA before it, the _____ pushed for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's voting rights, and was instrumental in winning the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920.
Whitewater Affair
Arkansas real estate development in which Bill and Hillary Clinton were investors several fraud convictions resulted from investigations into the company, but evidence was not found that the Clintons were in the wrongdoing
Assassination of JFK (1963)
Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald
Hippies
Believed in anti-materalism, free use of drugs, they had a casual attitude toward sex and anti-conformity, (1960s) practiced free love and took drugs, flocked to San Francisco- low rent/interracial, they lived in communal "crash pads", smoked marijuana and took LSD, sexual revolution, new counter culture, Protestors who influenced US involvement in Vietnam
Edmund Pettus Bridge
Bridge where Bloody Sunday occurred
Cable News Network
CNN launched June 1, 1980 by Ted Turner turned the war into a television event
Congress of Racial Equality
CORE civil rights group formed in 1942 committed to nonviolent civil disobedience based in New York gets lawyers for people who want to sue towns or schools, founded as part of double V campaign
Proposition 187
California legislation adopted by popular vote in California in 1994 this cuts off state-funded health and education benefits to undocumented or illegal immigrants
"Return to Normalcy"
Campaign theme of warren harding during the election of 1920 it reflected the conservative mood of the country after the constant appeals to idealism that characterized both the progressive era and wilson's fight over the League of Nations
Flappers
Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The ____ symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the ___ image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.
Lusitania
Catalyst to American change from isolationism to fighting the war U.S. losing their patience after sinking Wilson puts out Sussex pledge saying they're willing to go into war, against Germany
War Reparations
Central-nation compensation that weakened the US economy and left countries without source with which to repay loans
Tienanmen Square
Chinese students and workers gathered here to demand greater political openness in 1989 the demonstration was crushed by Chinese military, ending in great loss of life
Big 3
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin; leaders who met between 1943 and 1945 to coordinate attacks on Germany and Japan, and later to discuss plans for postwar Europe and settlement of Germany. After the war, their armies occupied Germany, each with a separate zone, although governed as a single economic unit.
Consumerism
Concentration on producing and distributing goods for a market which must constantly be enlarged
Battle of the Atlantic
Conflict between British and American ships and German U-Boats. Germany suffered heavy losses, due to the innovations of radar and codebreaking within Allied ranks.
Fidel Castro
Cuban revolutionary who overthrew Batista dictatorship in 1958 and assumed control of the island country. His connections with the Soviet Union led to a cessation of diplomatic relations with the United States in such international affairs as the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Oversaw his country through the end of the Cold War and through nearly a half-century of trade embargo with the US
Operation Overlord
D-Day attack of Allied troops on the coast of German-occupied Normandy. Although it held heavy costs, the attack succeeded in providing a foothold for further Allied encroachment into continental Europe.
Debs v. United States
Debs was affirmed guilty for his anti-war speech in Canton, Ohio even though he had not explicitly urged the violation of the draft laws.
Battle of the Bulge
December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.
Prosperity
Definition: the condition of being successful or thriving; especially; economic well-being
Dissent
Definition: to withhold assent or approval; to differ in opinion
Election of 2000
Democrat: Vice Pres Al Gore v Republican: Texas Gov George W Bush Gore won popular vote, but Bush won presidency after Supreme Court ordered halt to end of recount in Florida
Nativism
Discouraged and discriminated against foreigners, believed to erode old-fashioned American values
Court Packing Scandal
FDR tried to appoint lots of new supreme court justices urgently, all based on the fact they were his allies and liked new deal, didn't do it fairly. People were angry he tried to disrupt the checks and balances system
"New Deal Coalition"
Forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals. Alliance of southern conservatives, religious, and ethnic minorities who supported the Democratic Party for 40 years
Bobby Seale
Founded the Black Panther Party, wanted to focus on civil rights, self defense and protection from police brutality
"Big four"--- Wilson, Orlando, Clemenceau, George
Four heads of state at Versailles...David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Woodrow Wilson of the USA.
Gross National Product
GNP the total value of all goods and services produced by a country
Rock n' Roll
Genre of popular music that fused black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles, crossing the cultural divide that had separated black and white musical traditions.
Sussex Pledge
Germans supposedly made pledge to not shoot at U.S. patronage ships Ships for Europeans who were suffering/starving, humanitarian Lusitania- british ship with u.s. Flag, full of weapons
Collapse of Soviet Union
Gorbachev decreased nuclear arsenals Communist Party lost power Boris Yeltsin (president of Russian Republic) led Muscovites to take control
Watts Riots
Group of African Americans view two police officer misidentifying a black man They instead dragged him out of the car, beat, him and threw him in jail Impounded the car and abandoned Mom
Lost Generation
Group of artists/writers so disenfranchised of the greed in the 20's that they move to Europe
John L. Lewis
He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Middletown (by Lynds)
Helen and Robert Lynd's path-breaking sociological study of "Middletown American Life" (Muncie, Indiana) in the 1920s.
Zimmerman Telegram
Hostile (militarily) letter Mexico starts conflict with U.S. Secret message from Germany to Mexico
Mekong Delta
Hotspot for Vietcong activity. Killed many U.S. men
International Monetary Fund
IMF international organization that acts as a lender of last resort provides loans to troubled nations also works to promote trade through financial cooperation encourages world trade by regulating currency exchange rates
League of Nations
International organizations created by the Versailles Treaty after WWI to ensure world stability.
ISIS
Islamic terrorist group is currently trying to create an Islamic State in the Middle East
New Frontier
JFK's domestic and foreign policy initiatives, designed to reinvigorate sense of national purpose and energy
Nissei
Japanese naturalized or native born citizens to the US
(John Steinbeck's) Grapes of Wrath
John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America. Featured information about the Dust Bowl.
Battle of Belleau Wood
June, 1918 1st time Americans in conflict The Germans were defeated after 3 weeks of battle The Allied defense of Paris was the turning point of the war
Great Society Programs
LBJ going to war against poverty in America
War Powers Act
Law created by Congress, that gave president (FDR) power to run the war
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
MLK is arrested in Birmingham Alabama for protesting the children's march while in jail, he writes out manifesto of Civil Rights movement, get into paper wife takes them to Robert Kennedy, takes them to JFK, gets him out of jail
Music Television Station
MTV became a cultural happening in 1980s has been utilized by political groups to reach the youth vote
VE Day
May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered
Bolsheviks
Member of the Communist movement in Russia who established the Soviet government after the 1917 Russian Revolution.
Modernism
Modernists took a historical and critical view of the Bible and believed they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religion.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NAACP Started in 1910 by Thurgood Marshall
North American Free Trade Agreement
NAFTA agreement reached in 1993 by Canada, Mexico, and the US to substantially reduce barriers to trade
Nation of Islam
NOI religious movement among black Americans that emphasizes self-sufficiency, self-help, and separation from white society
National Organization for Women
NOW was part of the New Feminism movement (women's liberation)
Henry Kissinger
National security advisor/Secretary of State during Nixon administration responsible for helping to end Vietnam War/withdrawing American forces, powerful/controversial figure in world of politics
New Right
Neo-Conservatives an influential group of thinkers that gained influence in Washington believed in: religion (fundamentalist Christianity) extreme nationalism(US=good, Communism=bad) Soviet leadership had used detente to intervene in the developing world and refused to improve their human rights record dominated foreign policy began under Nixon, came into fruition under Reagan
Security exchange commission
New Deal agency established to provide a public watchdog against deception and fraud in stock trading.
Peace with Honor
Nixon policy that believed peace had to be achieved in strength and force
Tet Offensive
North Vietnamese armed and invade south A lot of impact on American public, little effect on the war
Office on Economic Opportunity
OEO federal agency that coordinated many programs of the War on Poverty between 1964 and 1975
Organization of Petroleum Countries
OPEC international cartel that inflates the price of oil by limiting supplies
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
One of last dramatic gambles to achieve victory against US and Allied ships; to cut Brit off from vital supplies. Germany thought Allied defenses would collapse before US entered war
Bessie Smith
One of the tops acts (female) of the jazz age
American liberty league
Organization of wealthy Republicans and conservative Democrats whose attacks on the New Deal caused Roosevelt to denounce them as "economic royalists" in the campaign of 1936
Palestine Liberation Organization
PLO formed in 1964 was done with the purpose to create a homeland for the Palestinians in Israel
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD
Interventionism
People like Theodore Roosevelt who insisted that the nation defend its "honor" and economic interests against the demands of the pacifists
Materialism
Philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The basic idea that every economic order grows to a state of maximum efficiency, while at the same time developing internal contradictions or weaknesses that contribute to its decay.
Red scare
Post WWI public hysteria over Bolshevik influence in the United States directed against labor activism, radical dissenters, and some ethnic groups.
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
Posters of buying liberty bonds/ meatless tuesday, etc. Kill the hun to keep up the spirit Propaganda put out by the government
Roosevelt Corollary
President Theodore Roosevelt's policy asserting U.S. authority to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations; an expansion of the Monroe Doctrine.
Neutrality
President Wilson called to remain neutral in 1914, to remain "impartial in thought as well as deed." Although that was difficult because most Americans became sympathetic to certain countries and because of the economic reality of the situation
Victory Gardens
Private gardens which American citizens were encouraged to create as a source of food during the war period.
Convoy System
Puts fleet of ships two by two to Europe to protect ships from U Boats Would deter U boats Also hid U.S. battleships in the groups
Escalation
Putting more troops into a situation, thus escalating tensions and troops etc, may be one or both
Palmer Raids
Reaction to bomb going off against FBI leader's home Government would raid places of anarchists
Rosa Parks
Refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the bus boycott
Barry Goldwater
Republican Arizona senator who attacked all of Johnson's policies
The Evil Empire
Ronald Reagan's description of the Soviet Union bc of his fierce anti-Communist views and the USSRs history of violation of human rights and aggression
"Big Stick" Policy
Roosevelt "Speak softly and carry a big stick" The big stick for Teddy: Great White Fleet
Glasnost
Russian for "openness" applied to Mikhail Gorbachev's encouragement of new ideas and easing of political repression in the Soviet Union
Perestroika
Russian for "reconstructuring" applied to Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to make the Soviet economic and political systems more modern, flexible, and innovative
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
SALT treaty signed in 1972 by the US and the Soviet Union to slow the nuclear arms race
Strategic Defense Initiative- "Star Wars"
SDI Pres. Reagan's program, announced in 1983, to defend the US against nuclear missile attack with untested weapons systems and sophisticated technologies
Student for a Democratic Society
SDS the leading student organization of the New Left of the early and mid-1960s
Robert McNamara
Secretary of Defense for Kennedy and Johnson
War in the Balkans (1992-1997)
Serbian dictator Solobodan Milosevic carried out a series of armed conflicts to suppress independence movements in the former Yugoslav provinces. Hundreds of thousands of members of ethnic and religious minorities were killed in a process that was labeled "ethnic cleansing." A combination of diplomacy, bombing, and troops from NAT countries, including the United States, stopped the bloodshed first in Bosnia in 1995 and again in Kosovo in 1999
G.I. Bill
Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year of unemployment compensation. It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses.
Japanese-American Internment Camps
Similar to the Red Scare in WWI, many Americans feared Japanese Americans were a threat to American safety. 110,000 Japanese-Americans were forced into _____because the US feared that they might act as saboteurs for Japan in case of invasion. The _____ deprived the Japanese-Americans of basic rights, and the internees lost hundreds of millions of dollars in property. In the Supreme Court ruling in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944), the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the _____
Fordney- McCumber Tariff
Simply raise of tariffs boomed american economy
Dixiecrats (States' rights party)
Southern congressman who opposed racial integration and wanted to renew Jim Crow in the south
Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War his domestic policies introduced major reforms main policies: glasnost and perestroika faced big issues when he entered office
Berlin blockade
Soviet's closed sphere in West Germany Used planes from WWII to bring in supplies to those in the capital
Los Angeles Riots 1992
Sparked by video of black driver being beaten to a pulp by 4 LA officers Beat him to contain him Trial is a farce, no one convicted African american community ripped down city Demonstrates how bad things were during conservative
Council of Economic Advisers
Specific people brought in by Truman to help the president work out how the economy of the U.S. can gain more international power
Fireside Chats
Speeches broadcast nationally over the radio in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt explained complex issues and programs in plain language, as though his listeners were gathered around the fireside with him.
Bank Holiday & SEC
Starting on March 6, FDR issued a proclamation closing all American Banks for four days until Congress could meet in special session to consider banking reform legislation. This created a general sense of relief and hope.
SALT I
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties limited the number of ICBMs for 5 years
Brown v Board of Education
Supreme Court decision in 1954 that declared that "separate but equal" schools for children of different races violated the Constitution
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft Focus on economic principles One way trade or Banana republics: infuse american cash into economy, sells their own products to them
The Dust Bowl
Term for the area that stretched from Colorado to Missouri that suffered devastating dust storms caused by prolonged drought, over-farming, and high winds; thousands lost their farms and were forced to move westward.
Abrams v. United States
The court upheld the Sedition Act of four Russian immigrants who had printed pamphlets denouncing American military intervention in the Russian Revolution. The nation's highest court thus endorsed the severe wartime restriction on free speech.
Modernity
The deliberate departure from tradition and the use of innovative forms of expression that distinguish many styles in the arts and literature of the 20th century., A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.
New Deal
The economic and political policies of the Roosevelt administration in the 1930s.
War Industries Board (WIB)
The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI.
Liberty Bonds
#1 ethnic group buying bonds-German Interest-bearing certificates sold by the U.S.government to finance the American World War I effort.
Portsmouth Treaty
(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.
Pearl Harbor
-(Day That Will Live in Infamy Speech) Dec. 7, 1941 -the Japanese attack on the US naval base in Hawaii -this directly led the US into the war
Russian Revolution of 1917 (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks)
-1917 -With Russia changing to communism, not a monarchy Allowed the Americans to fight on allied side, without anarchism with a country that wasn't a democracy
Russian Civil War (Red vs. Whites)
-1918 to 1921 -Fought between communists (reds) and democratically lined people (whites) Reds won after gaining control to Russian navy Where bolshevism and communism comes in -Russian nay taken over by reds, and the whites must give up -Lenin comes into power after this -If the whites had won, Russia would have probably stayed in the war
Installment Buying
-1920's was the first time you could buy on credit -Problem arises during the depression
Hurricane Katrina
-2005 -the costliest and one of the most deadly atural disasters in US history -killed nearly 2000 Americans -led to widespread criticism of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Woodstock
-3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field -A free music festival that attracted more than 400,000 young people to a farm in upstate New York in August 1969
Neutrality Acts (Nye Committee)
-33,34,37,38 -laws put out by the U.S. saying we were to stay neutral even in the midst of the Germans actions -we then could supply both sides with weaponry, steel, etc -economic gain with neutrality -socially people h=who had lived/fought in WWI didn't want their children to fight in WWII -The Nye committee -ran by Gerald Nye, Republican senator from South Dakota -investigated war distributors who had influenced Wilson to go into WWI to make a profit -turned many Americans off war
Baby Boom
-4 million men coming from war with millions of women who had not seen eligible bachelors -Many children conceived
Open shop
-A business without an union requirement -Factory or business employing workers whether or not they are union members; in practice, such a business usually refuses to hire union members and follows anti union policies.
Birth of a Nation (Reemergence of KKK)
-A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. -It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans. -Considered a classic by standards of movie work -Movie is credited for reviving the KKK
Revivalists: Billy Sunday
-A famous baseball player that turned his glove to become an evangelist and got onto NY radio station -First marketable evangelist -Preaches about the important return to the faith, no matter the religion as long as you were devot
Welfare Capitalism
-A paternalistic system of labor emphasizing management responsibility for employee well-being. -Creating and providing support networks for veterans returning from the war, or immigrants -Had to find individual wealthy investors who would help the individual not just the whole -Not government interference yet
The Great Society
-A plan which included: the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Medicare, Medicaid, the War on Poverty, and programs offering federal aid for education. -Lyndon Johnson's program for poverty relief, healthcare, civil rights, etc. during his presidency.
Wheeler-Howard Act
-Also known as the Indian Reorganization Act -Removes assimilation concept. Allows them to go back to tribal law -Passed on June 18, 1934. It is significant because US policy became one of self-determination rather than assimilation for Native Americans. One of the important effects of this act was to allow the tribes to create their own governments on the reservations
Huey Newton
-An American political and urban activist who founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The Black Panther Party worked for the right of self-defense for African-Americans in the United States. -Co-founded Black Panther Party with Seale -Was co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, an African-American organization established to promote Black Power, civil rights and self-defense.
"Jazz Age"
-Another name for roaring 20's -Great migration of African Americans impacted music -Great migration of African Americans impacted music -Completely enthralled by it -Made jazz music a juggernaut for northeastern societies -Looking at african americans in a different way
Little Rock Nine
-Attempt to desegregate schools in Arkansas -9 students -Governor brought out national guard against students -Instead local police try to stop the black students -NAACP sends lawyer (Thurgood Marshall), court rules in favor of students -U.S. army had to be called in to protect the students. each student having an armed guard going around with them class to class every day -8 of the 9 made it through the school year
John Kenneth Galbraith's The Affluent Society
-Author was an Harvard economist -book said 50's was actually creating a wealth gap -compared gilded age to the 50's
Allied Bombing Campaign (US 8th Air Force)
-B 1 bombers that would take off from England, fly over the canal and drop bombs on Germany -agreement reached that Americans would do day time bombing and the british would do night time bombing -nightmare for american soldiers, few survived -later on in campaign, they had fighter pilots escorted bombing planes
Martin Luther King Jr.
-Baptist minister -educated at Boston university -becomes one of the major leaders of the civil rights movement
Repeal of Prohibition
-Beer Wine Revenue Act legalized sale of beer and wine -1933, 21st amendment repealed the eighteenth amendment
Buddhism
-Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. -A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha. -1963, -South Vietnamese forces suppressed Buddhist religious leaders and followers -led to a political crisis for the government of President Ngo Dinh Diem -The suppression of Buddhists in South Vietnam became known as the "Buddhist crisis."
Malcolm X
-Believed that white people were bad Wanted society completely controlled by African americans -was the preeminent spokesman for the black nationalist religious sect (NOI) since 1950 -KKK burned down his family home, father was later beaten to death -Mother later submitted to insane asylum -Lost siblings in foster system -Became head recruiter/speaker for nation of islam -Later broke away from nation of Islam, made his own -Killed by nation of islam
Sit Ins
-Break the racism and discrimination of "Walmart Esque" buildings with lunch counters. Students taught about non violent protests!! They did their homework light things then the police comes and they get arrested, but then the protesters come back and then the WHITES get angry, but blacks did refuse peacefully. -North Carolina changes laws as well as store -First victory for SNCC
Alphabet Soup Agencies (for each--- 1-2 sentences will suffice)
-CWA, NIRA, TVA, AAA, CCC, FDIC, PWA, WPA, RA -When roosevelt came in, it was a completely democratic congress -With the depression, roosevelt wanted the government to support the american public -Described the many programs with the different acronyms as ______
Mayor Richard Daley
-Chicago Mayor w/ lots of influence in Dem. National Part (DNP) -Mayer of Chicago during the '68 Democratic National Convention -after Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination he would contain the enemy (rioters), prevent young activists, the American Vietcong, from disrupting his convention or his Chicago.
Double "V" slogan
-Comes from African american community -always fought in segregated units -victory over fascism -victory over discrimination at home
Washington Conference (1921)
-Conference between China, Japan, Australia, and United States -Deals with naval control in Pacific theater -Other nations became aware that U.S. didn't care what others thought
Hungarian Revolt of 1956
-Country uprised against Soviets -Soviets rolled in tanks and stamped down revolt -U.S. viewed it as a WWI type trap in the making, did not help uprising
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
-Created at Bretton woods conference in NH -Controls global economy -deals with exchange rates
Traditionalism
-Definition: the beliefs of those opposed to modernism, liberalism, or radicalism -Those living in rural areas, believing their homes to be more pure than those in the cities
Eugene 'Bull' Connor
-Dumb redneck white person/Police Chief of Burningham -Used fire hoses on children marches and attack dogs -Quintessential law man who handled the movement through violence
Mary McLeod Bethune
-Early african american civil rights activist -Sort of in between T. Washington and Du Bois -Gets financing to open schools for african americans -Black woman appointed by FDR to head national youth administration; resulted in many blacks deserting Rep party for democratic FDR
H.L. Mencken
-Early scholar of American English -Professor at Ivy League schools -Formalized a lot of english language, grammar, and punctuation
John Maynard Keynes & Keynesian Economic Theory
-Economic theory that advocated deficit spending to stimulate the economy; with the depression still lingering in 1937, FDR announced a bold new program embracing this theory and effectively reversing current economic policies. -Believed a government must treat a depression like wartime. -When people aren't working, the government needs to be spending -Wrote an open letter to FDR
Morgan v Virginia
-Edward Morgan-lost an election runoff for a seat in the House of Representatives -went to court saying law allowing African Americans to have a seat in the House was unconstitutional
Bull Market
-Encourages people to invest.buying -Everything going well
Suez Canal Crisis (1956)
-England and France is pushing into Egypt -U.S. tells them to stop as Egypt was being supported by the Soviet Union
Executive Order 8802
-Equal opportunity in the workforce -allowed many african americans living in the south to go to the north and get factory jobs
Marshall Plan
-Fearful communists will push into countries destroyed by WWII, we fund them to rebuild Europe before communism gets to them -Greece and Turkey started idea of this
Bloody Sunday
-First attempt at march from Selma to Montgomery -National guard and police charged at marchers, beating and using tear gas on them
Living room war
-For the first time, Americans could sit in their living rooms and see the devastating effects of the war (body bags) on their televisions -the television brought war footage into American homes
"Lean Years Presidents"
-Ford and Carter -presided over a beat down economy and a disillusioned people
Albany movement
-Georgia -coalition formed in 1961, a small city in southwest Georgia, of activists from SNCC, the NAACP, and other local groups -Georgia held out, only true failure for the big 4 organizations
Treaty of Versailles
-Germany was forced to : Germany took full blame for the war Completely disarmed Pay huge reparations to the Allies -Germany was angry, humiliated nation, setting the stage of WWI Many of U.S. wanted to be isolated and uninvolved of world affairs -Opposition to League of nations debated by senate, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge led the fight against Wilson/ Treaty -Believed U.S. should remain independent of the League Also felt that Congress should have the power to decide whether or not to follow the League of Nations -United States never actually signed the Treaty
Bonus army
-Government guaranteed bonus to the soldiers who fought in WWI for 1935 (because of small depression after the war) -Sent the army in to take out the people and set their hoovervilles on fire -Unemployed veterans of WWI gathering in Washington in 1932 demanding payment of service bonuses not due until 1945.
George Wallace
-Governor of Alabama -When they are desegregating U. of Alabama, he stands in front of the school and stops them and such
Duke Ellington
-Grammy Award-winning jazz pianist, composer, and orchestra leader considered the most prolific composer and best-known figure in jazz history. -_____ orchestra featured jazz's biggest names and achieved an almost perfect unity of style, making tremendous progress in the jazz idiom. His works include "Mood Indigo" (1930), "Black, Brown and Beige" (1943), and "Night Creatures" (1955).
"Senate Irreconcilables"
-Group of U.S. senators adamantly opposed to ratification of the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. -Henry Cabot Lodge was head
Le Duc Tho
-He was a North Vietnamese political leader. He, along with Kissinger, negotiated a ceasefire during the Vietnam war, letting the U.S. to be able to leave. -Vietnamese diplomat who negotiated with Henry Kissinger to end the war in Vietnam (1911-1990)
Marcus Garvey
-Head of NAIA -3rd guy of T. Washington and Du Bois -Back to Africa movement, to Liberia and etc.
J. Edgar Hoover
-Head of the FBI -The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigated and harassed alleged radicals. -Oversaw FBI from the '20s to 1972 (through the Red Scare of 1920s and McCarthy period of 1950s); wanted people to prove Americanness
Napalm
-Highly flammable chemical dropped from US planes in firebombing attacks during the Vietnam War. -A gasoline-based substance used in bombs that U.S. planes dropped in Vietnam in order to burn away jungle and expose Vietcong hideouts -A jellied gasoline used for bombs -Injured many civilians
FDR First 100 Days
-Huge amount of the deals,and treaties came from the beginning of Roosevelt's of presidency -Came in as president and passed more acts then every president before or after -Myth of incredible journey of the first 3 and a half months
Abraham Lincoln Brigade
-Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries. -Fought in some major battles of the Spanish civil war
Truman Doctrine
-If you agree to never become communist, we (United States) will support you any way we can -gets U.S. into trouble for rest of history
Freedom Rides
-In 1961 Interstate commerce commission made discrimination in transportation illegal -Group of students decided to test law -students ride on state buses, whites sat in "black" sections, blacks sat in "white" section they did fine until they reached Alabama, many were dragged out and beaten, one was blown up
Assembly line
-Industrialist Henry Ford installed the first ___ while developing his Model T car in 1908, and perfected its use in the 1920's. -______ manufacturing allowed workers to remain in one place and master one repetitive action, maximizing output. It became the production method of choice by the 1930s.
Bay of Pigs
-JFK is elected president as soon as Castro overthrew Cuba -JFK administration planned to overthrow Castro, using Cuban soldiers -Soldiers going to go into Bay of Pigs -plans are advertised in U.S. newspaper 2 weeks for attack and is an horrible mistake for U.S. -JFK actually went on tv and apologised
Louis Armstrong
-Jazz musician known for his virtuous skills on the cornet and trumpet. Armstrong popularized the scat style of singing and remains one of jazz's most important and influential musicians. -He was a member of King Oliver's band in the 1920s, and he formed several bands of his own, namely the Hot Fives and Sevens.
Schenck v. United states
-Justice Holmes' claim that Congress could restrict speech if the words "are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create and clear and present danger" when Schenck was convicted for mailing pamphlets urging potential army inductees to resist conscription. -Espionage act upheld, court extremely conservative
League of United Latin American Citizens
-LULAC -Community based self help program -Support organization for Latin Americans
Medgar Evans
-Leader of NAACP in Mississippi, a big deal activist like MLK. Got out of the car at his house and shot Byron De La Beckwith -First case of white man ever being committed for killing a black man
Huey Long
-Looked at the new deal and pushed towards for sharing the wealth and socialism -Senator, then governor of Louisiana -Said that the country can not get out of the depression if the government doesn't help by giving money to the whole system -Tax the wealth (40 %), and give money to the middle class -socialist concept within a capitalist democracy -Does well on the state level, but poorly on the national level
Missing in Action
-MIA -there are 2,583 Americans still unaccounted for today
Zeal for Democracy program
-Made the rules for displaying the flag -also started the pledge of allegiance and it's use in schools
Thermonuclear bomb
-Magnified size of boom (payload) by hundreds of times -by moving from atomic energy to thermonuclear energy, you magnify it hundreds of time
Scopes "Monkey" Trial
-March 1925, Tennessee passed the nation's first law that made it a crime to teach evolution -The ACLU promised to defend any teacher willing to challenge the law -The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow, most famous trial lawyer of the era, to defend scopes -The prosecution countered with William Jennings Bryan, the 3 time Democratic presidential nominee -According to him, the bible itself is a history textbook -Trial opened on July 10th, 1925 and became a national sensation -In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert on the bible-key question: Should the bible be interpreted literally? -Under intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to admit that the bible can be interpreted in different ways -Nonetheless, Scopes was found guilty and fined $100
Christmas bombing
-Massive US bombings of two biggest North Vietnam cities two days after Paris Peace talks briefly broke off. These made the North Vietnamese more willing to compromise with negotiating. -Nixon; way to make North Vietnam sign the treaty
Alger Hiss
-Member of U.S. state department -emissary to United Nations -accused of being a spy, tried and convicted -went to jail -wrote novel how he was blackballed by American government
Rebel Without a Cause (1955)
-Movie starring James Dean -Teen getting to see movies about them, real teen angst -Clean teen v. beatnik
National Congress of American Indians
-NCAI -1961 Chicago, Declaration Of Indian purpose to choose own way of life -Growing Indian self consciousness -Indian civil rights act 1968, Guaranteed Indians the rights granted to other citizens in the Bill of Rights while at the same time recognizing the legitimacy of tribal laws.
NLF
-National Liberation Front -Southern insurrectionists of Vietnam joined this newly organized Communist National Liberation Front and many took the trek north for military training
Brain trust
-Nickname for FDR's advisors -Nicknamed this as FDR picked people from business, industry, but also educators
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
-Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard; they were Italians, atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers and the courts may have been prejudiced against them -Both tried, convicted, and killed -No one can prove they ever really committed the crime -Goes to the concept of the red scare, plus, what can the government due when feeling threatened. -One of the largest bribery scandals that directly involve the president
OWI
-Office of war information -the group that did all the propaganda throughout the war
Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
-One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan -Lasted almost 3 months.The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded __-, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000.
Kellogg- Briand treaty (1928)
-One of the few things that came out of the league of nations -Conflicts should not be solved by war
Operation Rolling Thunder
-Ongoing bombing of Hanoi nonstop for 3 years, especially the Ho Chi Minh trail -bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight -aerial bombardment campaign conducted against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 2 March 1965 until 1 November 1968, during the Vietnam War.
Bare market
-Opposite of a bull market -Market is tumbling
Prisoner of War
-POW -there are 2,583 Americans still unaccounted for today
People's Republic of China
-Post WWII China was in a civil war -civil war lost to mao zedong -very bad for U.S. -lost a country to communism -huge place for sale of our goods, no longer had same capitalistic ideals of us
Volstead Act (18th Amend)
-Precursor to prohibition act -The 1920 law defining the liquor forbidden under the 18th Amendment and giving enforcement responsibilities to the Prohibition Bureau of the Department of the Treasury.
Al Capone & Organized Crime
-Prohibition contributed to the growth of organized crime in every major city -Chicago became notorious as the home - a famous bootlegger -Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing of his competition -Not an ethnic singularity in crime
NSC-68
-Proposal that says containment is official U.S. policy -A document that pushed for a large build up of the U.S military. It allowed the U.S to quickly build up its military for the Korean conflict. National Security Council memo #68 U.S. "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 years
Boom Time
-Prosperity sweeps the nation as technology leads the way -Suburbia expands rapidly -Exploding employment opportunities for women in the 1950s unleashed a groundswell of social and psychological shocks that mounted to tidal-wave proportions in the decades that followed
Malvina Reynold's Little Boxes
-Protest against Levittowns -levittowns-rows of cookie cutter houses that all look the same -conformity at its best
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
-Pushed into law by hoover to get out of depression -Actually makes it worse -Raised taxes of products going into U.S., broke down trade
RFC
-Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932) -This agency became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and railroads.
Atlantic Charter
-Roosevelt and Churchill sign a treaty of friendship in August 1941 -solidifies the alliance -fashioned after Wilson's 14 points -calls for League of Nations type organization
18th Amendment-Prohibition
-Rural people pushed for 18th amendment -No longer a crusade against ethnic groups (irish/germans) -Truly against alcohol -Cause of: Domestic abuse, Societal issues, Caused husbands to waste their checks -Support for prohibition: After getting suffrage, women shifted their focus to temperance/prohibition -Idea of purity -All time backfires of American history -Made the problem considerably worse -Illegality of alcohol made alcohol boom Nascar -Developed from cars that ran alcohol from the police -Made sport of the say people drinking until you passed out -Drinking to get drunk became a pastime Government fails to control liquor -Eventually Prohibition's fate was sealed by the government, which failed to budget enough money to enforce the law -The task of enforcing Prohibition fell to 1,500 poorly paid federal agents-- clearly an impossible task
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
-SCLC -Big 4 organizations in charge of working with african americans -Voting, legal help, etc. -Only one with true faith based work -black civil rights organization founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King Jr. and other clergy -one of main organizations that work with African Americans to gain voting rights and providing lawyer support -is the only one that is really faith based
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
-SNCC -black civil rights organization founded in 1960 that drew heavily on younger activists and college students
Teapot Dome
-Scandal that came out of harding administration -Harding had a lot of cabinet members that were heavily involved in business interests -Part of yellowstone national park was called this, and the secretary of agriculture and allowed people to drill for oil -Bribed u.s. Government to continue drilling
Federal Highway Act of 1956
-Signed by Eisenhower -biggest internal improvement program ever
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Signed by Johnson -Allows congress/president to intervene in matters of racial discrimination, proponents of voting rights -federal legislation that outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and employment on the basis of race, skin color, sex, religion, or national origin
David Riesman's The Lonely Crowd
-Similar to the Lost Generation from the 1920's -Criticising people for not making decisions on moral grounds
G.I.
-Stands for government issue -became adjective for everything to with the army, air force, etc.
Berlin Wall
-Structure built to prevent eastern Germans from getting into west berlin -about Berlin city, not country
General Douglas MacArthur
-Supreme ally commander in Pacific theater -He was the supreme allied commander during the Cold War in 1945. After World War II, ____ was put in charge of putting Japan back together. In the Korean War, he commanded the United Nations troops. He was later fired by Harry Truman for insubordination.Allied commander and five star general in the U.S. army. He headed the U.S. army in Japan and Korea but was fired by Truman for questioning the actions of his superiors in the midst of the Korean war.
CREEP
-The committee to reelect the president -Got Nixon in trouble during Watergate, as money in the scandal came from this committee
Thurgood Marshall
-The defense lawyer for in the case Brown v. Board of Education; used methods considered to be unconventional in that time to make his point -Head lawyer from NAACP -Lawyer for little rock 9 Became first african american supreme court justice
War on Poverty
-The unofficial name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. -set of programs introduced by Lyndon Johnson between 1963 and 1966 designed to break the cycle of poverty by providing funds for job training, community development, nutrition, and supplementary education
Stock Market Crash (Black Tuesday)
-This is the name given to October 29, 1929. This date signaled a selling frenzy on Wall Street--days before stock prices had plunged to desperate levels. Investors were willing to sell their shares for pennies on the dollar or were simply holding on to the worthless certificates. -Causes of the crash: -Speculation (Land, stock) -Over expansion of the American economy
"Okies" + Woody Guthrie
-This was the nickname given to farmers and their families who came from the panhandle regions of Oklahoma or Texas to California in search of the "Promised Land" -American musician. Wrote popular songs about the depression heard on the radio nationwide. This land is your land!
Silent Majority
-Those who didn't protest, no drugs/rock n' roll -Mostly conservatives in the south
The Fair Deal
-Truman's domestic policy -Domestic reform proposals of the second Truman administration (1949-53); included civil rights legislation and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, but only extensions of some New Deal programs were enacted.
Operation Torch
-U.S. insertion to Italy -begun Nov 1942, American forces landed in Morocco and Algeria, and pressing eastward trapped the German and Italian armies being driven westward by the British, forcing German and Italian troops to surrender, despite Hitler's orders to fight to the death.
Good Neighbor Policy
-U.S. learning from Zimmerman telegram debacle -agreement of Latin America to not intervene in the war
Military industrial complex
-U.S.' business military operations -companies that make jets, planes, etc.
Tommy guns
-U.s. had invented them right as war ended -Sold them off to citizens and organized crimes to get rid of them/ammunition
Warsaw Pact
-USSR's own Nato -treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
Causes of the Great Depression
-Uneven distribution of income -Stock market speculation -Overextension of credit---buying on margin -Overproduction of consumer goods -Weak farm economy -Republican economic policies of the 20s -Global economic problems
Pearl Buck's The Good Earth
-United States author whose novels drew on her experiences as a missionary in China -won Nobel Prize -Depression era novels, deals with the dustbowl -farmers actually caused the dustbowl, as they never left the field fallow and allowed the nutrients to come back
Caesar Chavez
-United farm workers, 1965 -Strike to recognize union and demand higher wages -Enlisted college students, SNCC, and CORE to help fight too
B-52
-Used in Operation Rolling Thunder -U.S. attack bombers
Southern Manifesto
-Written by Dixiecrats -About future actions for the south -Stated they would fight any law against black civil rights, (refutes white superiority) -a document signed by 101 members of Congress from Southern states in 1956 that argued that the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education contradicted the Constitution
George Kennan
-Wrote "The Long Telegram" created concept of containment that concept got us into many wars and conflicts
Doves and Hawks
-_____were the peacemakers and avoided war -_______ wanted to go to war, symbol of attack
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
-a couple who are tried, convicted, and -receive the electric chair for spying is believe they stole secrets to Russia to build the bomb
Globalization
-a process by which regional societies, economies, and cultures have becomes joined together through an international system of trade, transportation, and communication -benefited the American consumer bc it offered new and varied products at low prices
Suburbs
-add prosperity to all the new roads -people can live further away from major cities -people don't just live in rural and urban
38th Parallel
-associated with Korean Conflict line at which North and South Korea separate
Betty Friedan (The Feminine Mystique-1963)
-author -went to Smith College -many educated women were living unsatisfactory lives -men took the jobs coming back from WWII -Victorian age gender roles coming back into play -brilliant book -spoke to the fact women were allowed to do more than they ever had, but they went stopped at some period -tv became a propaganda form to teach women how to behave
Wartime Conferences: Casablanca, Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam
-big 3 at Casablanca, Tehran, and Yalta -potsdam as Truman instead of FDR, Churchill was replaced, Stalin
Cuban Missile Crisis
-closest we ever came to nuclear war in the 40's and 50's the U.S. held continued control over the country of ___ -quickly became a paradise for the wealthy and mobsters -Revolutionary Fidel Castro overthrew government -created a communist government -U.S. military had wanted to invade immediately, JFK instead blockades the island -backroom deal that allowed U.S. to have missiles in Turkey and take them out 6 months later, the Soviets would take their missiles out of Cuba
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
-created after WWII, as American spy agency -all foreign intelligence
NASA
-created as an organization to fight in space race against Soviet Union -space race is about rocket technology -organization was a cover for continued military build up
Fall of Saigon
-final assault of north Vietnamese on south Vietnam's capital city in 1975; occasion of surrender of South Vietnam -America abandons it's embassy -All south vietnamese who had worked in government rushed to escape the country before the north came
Sputnik
-first soviet satellite -does nothing but beep -could be heard from long wave radio in the U.S. -scares the heck out of Americans
Teenager/Youth Culture
-first time in American history there is so many jobs teens get to work -advertisers, movies, etc started to pull towards a teen slant -movie industry took a big hit from tvs going into homes, they started a whole business about/for teens -3D glasses and drive-in theaters created during this time -Tv was clear propaganda -two types of teens -clean teen -beatnick -rock n roll also came in for teens -conformity becomes a part of the nuclear family
Military-Industrial Complex
-first time with direct dealing between U.S. military and military suppliers -suppliers could create any price and the government had to pay it -created corrupt system that we still have -Eisenhower said Americans should fear this, similar to Rockefeller's Standard Oil
Covert Action
-flexible response the public did not know about -JFk order a ______ in which the President of Vietnam and his family is killed
Conformity
-following the idea of the nuclear family -going on the path of everyone else -Sputtered towards the end, and the 60's erupted into the opposite of ___
George Patton
-general who led Operation Torch -Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history.
Vietnamization
-giving Vietnam back to the Vietnamese -was a Nixon policy
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-goes along with Rosa Parks -89% of bus riders were African American -MLK organized other modes of transportation took 88% of black people off of the buses -this pressured the governor of the state and changes are made -this was a bog victory bc it signals change can happen
Governor Ross Barnett
-gov of Mississippi -tried to stop James Meredith from integrating into the University of Mississippi
Jim Crow laws
-group of laws that follows the southern black codes -laws that tried to re-institute pre-Civil War laws about segregation
16th Street Church Bombing
-in Alamabama, KKK members put a bomb in the church -kills 3 African American girls -men were eventually tried and convicted
ICBMs
-intercontinental ballistic missile -strap a weapon to rocket and shoot it from 1 part of the world to another
Berlin airlift
-is done because of the Berlin Blockade -US comes in and flies supplies into the people of West Berlin -Soviets eventually give up bc their blockade isn't working
Battle of Midway
-is the turning point of the war in the Pacific Theater -is the last battle the Japanese will have their carrier fleet to make an offensive raid as they are destroyed during this battle
Taft - Hartley Act
-law that limits/restricts union activity in that they could not go into any working environment -Open shops were allowed by this law
War Rationing
-magnification of victory gardens in WWII -Used little booklets to prevent everyone from stocking up on food -people went back to the idea of gardening and canning their foods -farmers went back to farming at full tilt
March on Washington
-march for jobs and freedom -MLK Jr. actually didn't want the march -I have a dream speech
Jack Kerouac's On the Road (1957)
-movie made directly for teens -running away, free of responsibilities.
Peace Corps
-non military organization -sends American all over the world, mostly developing countries to help -had a second purpose- infiltrating nations and ensuring capitalism -volunteers supported American values and shared them in foreign nations
Americans with Disabilities Act
-passed by Congress in 1991 -banned discrimination against the disabled in employment -mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings
Manhattan Project
-project that created the Atomic bomb -ran by Oppenheimer
Bobby Kennedy
-ran for President in 1968; -stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after a victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.
Vietnam Syndrome
-reluctance to use military force abroad because of the psychological trauma caused by different aspects of the Vietnam War -coined by Reagan in his speech to the Veterans of Foreign Wars that describes how the domestic controversy over involvement in the war impacted U.S. foreign policy after the end of the war. -To many, the Vietnam War represented a moral turning point in American foreign policy; the United States was guilty of backing the more repressive and illegitimate side. -The country became far less willing to commit itself to military intervention abroad. -entailed a growing skepticism and distrust towards the government and its military leadership.
Second Red Scare
-second wave of fear of communism throughout U.S. -Post-World War II, focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. government positions; peaked during the Korean War and declined soon thereafter, when the U.S. Senate censured Joseph McCarthy, who had been a major instigator of the hysteria.
Executive Order 9981
-signed by Pres. Harry S. Truman -desegregates the military of the US -In beginning of Korean conflict
SEATO
-southeast asia treaty organization -signed by U.S. and southeast asian countries to block communist gains in asia
Braceros Program
-started in 1942 -with most of the male society in war, minorities (women, blacks, latinos) went to go build the stuff for fighting in the war -Commenced program to bring immigrants from Mexico to help farmers
Betty Friedan
-started the New Feminism movement with book, Feminine Mystique -book cited as first event of women's liberation movement
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
-supreme ally commander in European theater -34th president of the US. Nicknamed Ike. General in the US army. During WWII, was supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe. Supervised invasion of France and Germany; organizer of D Day
Korematsu v. U.S.
-supreme court case that upholds order 9066 -upheld as they believe there is a possibility of treason
Black Nationalism
-the philosophy that Malcolm X was putting forth -black owned, black bosses -separate yourself from society as you will never get the respect you will deserve
Freedom Summer
-voter registration effort in rural Mississippi -organized by black and white civil rights workers in 1964 -was the aftermath of the March on Washington
Ngo Dinh Diem
-was a French-educated, Roman Catholic -claimed control of South Vietnam -was a repressive dictator
Black Panther Party
-was a radical wing of black nationalism -tremendously well armed and were willing to fight for their rights -were considered to be terrorists by Nixon
Lend-Lease Act
-we lend money to Great Britain, France, China, Other European, and South America -we now trust that at the end of the war, the countries will pay us back, insuring there is no dip in the economy when the war is over
WAC, WAAC, WAVES
-women entering into military service -women's army corp -women's auxiliary army corps women accepted for volunteer emergency service -would write the letters informing families of soldiers death -flew airplanes to britain after being built, but not during war
Zoot Suit Riots
-worn by most of the ethnic groups -GI's would be going off to war and see others flaunting the apparel and going out to party -occurred mostly on the west coast, would fight with soldiers going out to war -Mostly latino americans and soldiers fighting
The Port Huron Statement
-written by Tom Hayden and the Students for a Democratic Society; condemned racism, poverty in the midst of plenty, and the Cold War -Called for students to establish "participatory democracy," and coined the term "New Left" for this movement
Emmitt Till
14 year old from Chicago visiting family in the south. Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. kidnapped and brutally beaten and shot.
Espionage Act
1917 Cannot subvert America in recruiting Began idea of viewing socialist papers as against America Law whose vague prohibiting against obstructing the nation's war effort was used to crush dissent and criticism during WWI.
Sedition Act
1918 Cannot talk badly about American government Similar to Alien and Sedition acts- just as constitutional Allowed because it was made during wartime Broad law restricting criticism of America's involvement in World War I or its government, flag, military, taxes, or officials.
Immigration Act (1921, 1924)
1921 act setting a maximum of 357,00 new immigrants each year.
Emergency Banking Act
1933 act that gave the president broad discretionary powers over all banking transactions and foreign exchange.
Roosevelt Recession
1937 economic downturn caused by sound fiscal policy due to cut spending and higher taxes
Paris Peace Accord
1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War.
Radio age
The first commercial radio station went on the air in 1920, but soon became mainstream. NBC and CBS were established and allowed listeners across the country to listen to the same programs: news broadcasts, sporting events, soap operas, quiz shows, and comedies.
America First Committee
The largest anti-war organization in U.S. history
Selective Service Act
The law establishing the military draft for World War I.
Great Migration
The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North, spurred especially by new job opportunities during WWI and the 1920's.
Vietminh
The people occupying Northern Vietnam Organization against the French
Self- Determination
The right of a people or nation to decide on its own political allegiance or form of government without external influence
Presidents of the Era:
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) Republican -Assistant Secretary of Navy in the McKinley administration -Could be described as a Warhawk -He was an imperialist and American nationalist -Criticized President McKinley as being a bad president -Resigns his position to fight in Cuba -Led group known as the "Rough Riders" -90% of fighting (and winning) on San Juan hill, was done by African American soldiers. None of them got credit William Howard Taft (1909-1913) Republican -1st Gov.-General of the Philippines -Had not wanted to become president Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) Democrat Warren G. Harding (1921-1923) Republican
Waco and the Branch Davidians (1993)
This was where a standoff took place between federal agents and a fundamentalist sect known as the Branch Davidians. That showdown ended in the destruction of the sect's compound and the deaths of many Branch Davidians, including women and children. These episodes brought to light a lurid and secretive underground of paramilitary private "militias" composed of alienated citizens armed to the teeth and suspicious of all government
Propaganda
Tremendously important in keeping Americans angry and motivated to stay in the war
Strategy of Attrition
Trying to wear down Vietnam, only bad for U.S.
Arsenal of Democracy
U.S. building "arsenal" of democracy to support Britain so they don't fall, leaving Germany on our shores
Search and Destroy
U.S. troops would land and destroy villages and remove them elsewhere term how US soldiers would raid Vietnam
Roe v. Wade
US Supreme Court decision (1973) that disallowed state laws prohibiting abortion during the first three months (trimester) of pregnancy and establishing guidelines for abortion in the second and third trimesters
Operation Desert Shield/ Desert Storm
US military campaign to force Iraqi forces out of Kuwait
Containment Policy
US policy with a goal of containing Communism and the eventual collapse of the Communist world
4-Power
US, Britain, France, and Japan treaty that bound those nations to preserve the status quo of the Pacific
CIO
Union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955
Charles Lindbergh
United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974); isolationist orator after murder of his infant son
VJ Day
Victory in Japan september 2nd, 1945 treaty signed on S.S. Missouri.
Nygen Dian Giap
Vietnamese general
Weapons of Mass Destruction
WMDs lie created to American people saying going to Iraq would stop them from having WMDs lie to get into the war ground troops were exposed to stored chemical weapons
World Trade Organization
WTO international organization that sets standards and practices for global trade, and the focus of international protests over world economic policy in the late 1990s
Hollywood ten
When Hollywood producers and writers were called to testify, this group of people refused to answer questions about their own political beliefs and those of their colleagues, they were sent to jail for contempt.
Progressive Diplomacy
Wilson "Moral Diplomacy" 1st true democrat/liberal in the White House Looked at Foreign affairs as not combative, but to spread democracy/peace Condemned colonialism
"Black Jack" Pershing
Wilson ordered him and an expeditionary force of about 15,000 soldiers into Mexico to capture Francisco "Pancho" Villa dead or alive
Mexican Revolution (Huerta, Diaz, Villa, Carranza)
With Spain having nothing left, Mexico wants independence Mexico struggled with having too many trying to get control over nation
Critics of the New Deal (Father Charles E. Coughlin, Dr. Francis E. Townshend)
With the very liberal/democratic president (FDR), many republicans/conservatives believed FDR was destroying the capitalist democracy and making it socialist
Joseph McCarthy
a Republican Senator from Wisconsin who was strongly against communism. He claimed there were many communists in the State Department. He was censored by Congress and lost his seat
Rodney King
a black motorist whose death by 4 white police officers, which erupted riots in LA and Koreatown
World Trade Center Attacks (1993)
a bomb exploded here in a parking garage killed 6 people and caused some structural damage to the towers several Islamic men were convicted of the crime
Watergate
a complex scandal involving attempts to cover up illegal actions taken by administration officials and leading to the resignation of Pres. Richard Nixon in 1974
Satellite Nations
a country that appears to be independent, but is under heavy political and economic influence or control by another country; used mainly to refer to Central and Eastern European countries of the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War
Stock Inflation
a decrease in the value of money in relation to goods, causes prices to rise.
Attack on USS Cole
a destroyer that was attacked by Al-Qaeda suicide bombers in Aden
Kenneth Starr
a former judge and official in Reagan's Justice Department was under investigation after the Monica Lewinsky scandal
Beat Generation
a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they wrote about. Central elements of "Beat" culture include a rejection of mainstream American values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern spirituality.
Economic Recovery Act of 1981
a major revision of the federal income tax system
Three Mile Island
a mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius March 28, 1979; Carter
Al-Qaeda
a network of Islamic terrorist organizations led by Osama bin Laden carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in 200, and the World Trade Center and Pentagon in 2001
"Doughboys"
a nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI
F. Scott Fitzgerald
a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, Zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his novel THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.
World Wide Web
a part of the Internet designed to allow easier navigation of the network through the use of graphical user interfaces and hypertext links between different addresses
Affirmative Action
a set of policies to open opportunities in business and education for members of minority groups and women allowing race and sex to be factors included in decisions to hire, award contracts, or admit students to higher education programs
Monica Lewinsky ("Monica-Gate")
a young White House intern, believed to be part of an extramarital affair affair with Bill Clinton name for Bill Clinton's sex scandal
Immigration Act of 1965
abolished national origins quotas dramatically increased immigration (especially from Asia and Latin America)
Defense of Marriage Act
act which specified that gay couples would be ineligible for spousal benefits provided by federal law
SALT II
agreement between Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and American president Jimmy Carter despite accord to limit weapons between them, the agreement was ultimately run over in the US Senate following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979
Camp David Accords
agreement signed by Israel and Egypt in 1978 that set the formal terms for peace in the Middle East
Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait
also known as Operation Desert Storm invaded despite the peace treaty and the refusal to abandon the Iraqi occupation
Crack and the Drug War
also known as War on Drugs was a campaign of prohibition of drugs, military aid, and military intervention had the stated aim of being able to define and reduce the illegal drug trade
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda
Medicare
basic medical insurance for the elderly, financed through the federal government; program created in 1965
Dien Bien Phu
battle where Vietminh defeat the French and ends French occupation of Vietnam
Elvis Presley
biggest name in rock and roll
1919 Chicago race riots
black populations expanded to white neighborhoods, and found jobs as strikebreakers, and they were triggered by an indecent at a beach lead to black and white gangs killing fifteen whites and 23 blacks
Island Hopping
brigades of Marines hopped from one island to the next, each time getting closer and closer to the mainland
Passage of Patriot Act (2001)
brought on a lot of debate on what information the government should have access to also brought on the new idea of controlling the media because nothing before had been monitored
Pentagon Papers
classified Defense Department documents on the history of the US' involvement in Vietnam, prepared in 1968 and leaked to the press in 1971
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
collective security if one country is attacked, the others go to their rescue
Nuclear Family
conforming to the ideal image of family and the roles of family members
Reagan Revolution
conservatives tried to roll back the size and scope of the federal government, but size of it continued to increase instead, they enacted programs and regulations that increased the impact of the government on society
Interstate Commerce Commission
ended discrimination on buses
Boris Yeltsin
first Russian president
Issei
first generation Japanese immigrants
Limited Test Ban treaty
first law that started to limit nuclear weapons underground
Draft
forced into armed services by the government
Sit- Down Strike
form of protest in which workers remain in the workplace, but refuse to work until a settlements is reached
Silent Spring
galvanized the modern environmental movement that gained significant traction in the 1970s
Governor Orval Faubus
gov of Arkansas; decided to go make a campaign issue out of going against the court order about school integration
Immigration Control and Reform Act 1986
granted amnesty to past illegal immigrants penalized employers of future illegal workers
U-2 Incident
highest flying/fastest airplane in U.S. arsenal in 50's and 60's. it was a spy plane no offensive or defensive components used to find Soviet missiles in Cuba also had missions in Soviet Union American plane shot down over Soviet Union very embarrassing event for U.S. got caught spying
Ho Chi Minh
his nationalistic forces controlled North Vietnam
Oklahoma City Bombings (1995)
huge explosion that destroyed a federal office building in Oklahoma City took 168 lives was in retribution for a standoff in Texas between federal agents and a fundamentalist sect known as the Branch Davidians
Domino Theory
if one country falls to communism, all adjacent countries will fall
Collective Security
if you attack one of the countries in the allied system, the rest will come and attack you
James Meredith
integrates the University of Mississippi was helped by Medgar Evans
United Nations
international body formed to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars; much like the former League of Nations in ambition, it was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world, thus guaranteeing veto power to all permanent members of its Security Council (Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States)
My Lai Massacre
killing of twenty-two Vietnamese civilians by US forces during a 1968 search-and-destroy mission led by Lt. William Calley
Patriot Act
law passed due to 9/11 attacks sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater gov access to electronic communications and other information criticized by many as violating civil liberties
General William Westmoreland
lead general of US troops in Vietnam
Osama Bin Laden
leader of Al Qaeda organization organized the 9/11 terrorist attacks
Stokely Carmichael
leader of the Black Panther party
Voting Rights Act of 1965
legislation in 1965 that overturned a variety of practices by which states systematically denied voter registration to minorities
26th Amendment
lowers the voting age to 18
Welfare Reform Act (1996)
made reductions in welfare grants required able welfare recipients to find employment
Multiculturalism
movement that emphasized the unique attributes and achievements of formerly marginal groups and recent immigrants
John Lewis
one of the leaders of SNCC is now a member of Congress
Executive Order 9066
order that authorized internment camps
Deferment
people with money could buy their way out of the war.
Flexible Response
philosophy of not reacting to thing angrily or immediately
Gingrich and the "Contract with America"
platform proposing a sweeping reduction in the role and activities of the federal government on which many Republican candidates ran for Congress in 1994
Cash and Carry
policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.
Imperialism
policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, religiously and/or economically. The policy and practice of exploiting nations and peoples for the benefit of an imperial power either directly through military occupation and colonial rule or indirectly through economic domination of resources and markets.
Black Power
political and social movement among black Americans, founded in Oakland, California, in 1966 that emphasized black economic and political power
Kosovo
province of Yugoslavia where the US and NATO intervened militarily in 1999 to protect ethnic Albanians from expulsion
Deregulation
reduction of removal of government regulations and encouragement of direct competition in many important industries and economic sectors
Fall of Berlin Wall
removal of wall separating East and West Germany in Nov 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War
Tonkin Golf Resolution
request to Congress from Pres. Lyndon Johnson in response to North Vietnamese torpedo boat attacks in which he sought authorization for "all necessary measures" to protect American forces and stop further aggression
Timothy McVeigh (1995)
right-wing extremist was responsible for the Oklahoma City Bombings killed 168 people bc of it
Iron Curtain
separates satellite countries and NATO countries
Boston Marathon Bombing
series of attacks in Boston for the marathon in 2013 that injured hundreds of runners and killed 3
Conscientious objector
someone that knowingly avoided the draft based on moral belief
Four Freedoms Speech
speech worship from want from fear
Free Speech Movement
student movement at the University of California, Berkeley, formed in 1964 to protest limitations on political activities on campus
Michael Harrington's The Other America
studied poverty in the U.S.
"Rosie the Riveter"
symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war
Guerrilla Warfare
tactic used by the Vietcong against the US
War on Terror
term applied to an international military campaign which started as result of 9/11 was a campaign to eliminate Al-Qaeda and other militant organizations
Yuppies
term for "young urban professionals" of the 1980s flaunted their wealth through conspicuous consumer spending
5-Power
the 1922 treaty which stated that the navies of the US, Britain, and Japan would be a ratio of 5-5-3
Mobilization
the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war
September 11, 2001
the day there was terrorist attacks in the US, crashing into the Twin Towers and the Pentagon nearly 3000 people were killed was the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history
Supply Side Economics
the economic theory that emphasized cutting taxes and government spending in order to stimulate investment, productivity, and economic growth by private enterprise
Reganomics
the federal economic policies of the Reagan administration had policies with a goal to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth
Sandra Day O'Connor
the first woman to be in the Supreme Court appointed by Ronald Reagan
Invasion of Iraq (2003)
the institution of a democratic government here was done to replace Saddam Hussein's dictatorship was done as part of the campaign to stop the spread of communism throughout the world
Gulf of Tonkin
the place where the incident that moves the US into a full-scale intervention of Vietnam happens
Outsourcing
the procuring of services or products from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs
Silicon Valley ("Dot Com Bubble")
the region of California including San Francisco and San Jose that holds the nation's greatest concentration of electronics firms
Iran-Contra Affair
this weapons for hostage deal was initially exposed in 1986 the US sold weapons to Iran despite an embargo on sales to that country profits from these arms sales were used to finance the Contras, an anti-communist rebel group trying to overthrow the government of Nicaragua Oliver North shredded most of the documentation that he had about the deal and was then "tried and convicted"
9-Power Treaties
treaty that confirmed the Open Door Policy in China
Counterculture
various alternatives to mainstream values and behaviors that became popular in the 1960s, including experimentation with psychedelic drugs, communal living, a return to the land, Asian religions, and experimental art
Jihadists
wage holy war put into Quran to fight for religious faith holy war fought to save Muslim faith
(First) Persian Gulf War
war initiated by Pres. Bush in response to Iraqi's invasion of Kuwait
Barrack Obama
was first black president ran campaign of hope and change beat out Republican candidate John McCain served 2 terms
Ted Kaczinsky (Unabomber)
was the target of one of the FBI's costliest investigations he sent multiple bombs to locations killing 3 people and injuring 23 in all sentenced to life in prison with no chance of parole
Vietcong
were farmers by day, guerrillas by night very patient people willing to accept many casualties the US grossly underestimated their resolve and resourcefulness
"Rustbelt" to "Sunbelt"
western NY/PA through OH and IL place where steel was created and was a powerful political era states of the American South and Southwest power later moved to South, population growth in south w/ AC
Geneva Conference
where Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel
Dream Act
would provide illegal immigrants who came to the US when they were under the age of 16 graduate from American high schools with a conditional path of citizenship if they spend 2 years in college or do military service
Clinton as "New Democrat"
would reduce taxes for middle class Americans cut the federal deficit would shrink the size of the government
