APWH Unit 5: Revolutions from c. 1750-c. 1900; lessons 5.1-5.6
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Expanded on idea of social contract, wrote Emile/On Education (1762) which displayed his ideas on education, wrote The Social Contract (1762) —> General Will of a population and obligation to carry out that General Will.
Tabula Rasa
John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet —> waiting to the filled with knowledge
Italian Peninsula
a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea
Commodore Matthew Perry
the commodore of the u.s. navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West for trade through the intimidation of the US fleet in 1853
Reign of Terror
the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed including the king and queen; sprang from the Jacobins
Immigration
the movement of people into one country from another
Company rule
the rule or dominion of the British East India Company over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757-1858
Simón Bolívar
1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; pushed for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America
Thomas Edison
1886 design of the refined voice transmitter made telephone use more practical
Trans-Continental Railroad
A railroad that was completed in 1869 and connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans which facilitated US industrial growth
Agricultural Revolution
A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.
Muhammad Ali
Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made governor of Egypt and pushed industrialization Egypt, was able to act independently from the sultan, began reforms in Egypt
Laissez-faire
Approach that governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions
Classical Liberalism
Belief in natural rights, constitutional gov't, Laissez-Faire economy, reduced military spending, and reduced spending on established churches
Conservatism
Belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories (eg. human perfectibility)
Deism
Belief that an a divinity only put natural laws into motion (recall the watchmaker analogy).
steam engine
Created by James Watt; used coal to heat water to boiling to run engines; improved transportation and allowed factories to be built anywhere because they did not need to be water-powered
Creoles
Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.
Zionism
Desire if Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East
Socialism
Economic and political theory that refers to a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production (eg. cloth mills or coal mining machinery).
Richard Arkwright
English inventor; he invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once, and is know as the father of the modern factory system
Robert Owen
Established traditional communities governed by the principles of utopian socialism in New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana
Nationalism
Feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture.
Utopian Socialists
Felt society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities
Specialization of Labor
Focusing work effort on a particular product or a single task
Fabian Society
Formed in England, gradual socialists, favored reforming society by parliamentary means (eg. H. G. Wells, Virginia Woolf, and George Bernard Shaw.
Mamluks
Formerly enslaved Turks who formed a military class that ruled in Egypt for appx. 600 years
Bastille
French prison that became known as a symbol of the royal abuse of power and the corrupt aristocracy
Anti Semitism
Hostility toward Jews
interchangeable parts
Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing, didn't require skilled workers to assemble the products as a whole; instead workers built single parts that connected together
Charles Fourier
Identified appx. 810 passions that would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired; fundamental of utopia was living in communities
Enclosure movement
In England, the gov't fenced off the commons to give use of it only to the people who paid for the privilege or purchased the land
assembly line
In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.
Dreyfus Affair
Incident in France where a Jewish captain Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason based on forged documents promoting anti Semitism —> eventually pardoned; increased support for Zionism
Maroons
Individuals who had already escaped slavery in Haiti
Spinning Jenny
Invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760's that allowed one worker to spin eight threads at a time.
James Watt
Invented the steam engine
Risorgimento
Italian nationalist movement
Giuseppe Mazzini
Italian nationalist who had a radical romantic philosophy that advocated for the Italian Risorgimento
Guglielmo Marconi
Italian physicist sent and received a radio signal across the Atlantic which allowed radio to become a popular form of media
Otto von Bismarck
Leader of Prussia, favored realpolitik, used nationalist to engineer three wars to bring about German unifications; manipulated Austria to participate in two wars to gain territory.
Toussiant L'Overture
Leader of a general rebellion against slavery; joined the revolts in 1791; well read in Enlightenment thought, was a capable general
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Leader of the Red Shirts military force which was fighting farther south in the Kingdom fo Naples
Theodor Herzl
Leader of the Zionist movement; An Austro-Hungarian Jew
Propaganda Movement
Located in the Philippines, main player: José Rizal, it involved young Filipinos who were educated in Spain that contributed to magazines, pamphlets and etc. advocating for greater autonomy in he Philippines.
Automatic loom
Made by the Toyoda Loom Works in 1906, allowed cloth making to be done more efficiently
Cottage industry
Merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into cloth in their homes; low pay, was hard work, and was a slow process
Oil
Mid 1800's- commercial ___ wells were drilled leading to a new energy resource, petroleum which had an important product: kerosene; this led to multiple developments: internal combustion engine and precision machinery
Feminism
Movement for women's rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas
Philosophes
New group of thinkers and writers that explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways—> popularized concepts that they felt followed those of 17th century thinkers
Industrial Revolution
New technologies that were reshaping society which led to a a dramatic change in society and economies
Mestizos
People of mixed Indian and European heritage.
Thomas Hobbes
Philosopher who argued that man was sinful and needed to be controlled—>give up some rights to strong central gov't —> law and order, wrote Leviathan (1651).
John Locke
Philosopher, argued that social contract implied the right/responsibility to overthrow unjust gov't, natural rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of property, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding —> born with a mind like a blank slate (tabula rasa)
Zaibatsu
Powerful Japanese family business organizations
Mary Wollenscraft
Published A Vindication of the Rights of Women; argued that women should receive equal education as men which would prepare them for roles in society and allowing them to support themselves instead of relying on men
Lola Rodriguez de Tio
Puerto Rican who wrote patriotic poems that supported Cuban independence; famous for eloquent critiques of Spain's rule over Puerto Rico.
Abolitionism
Reform movements to provide rights and equality extended to freedom for enslaved people and the end of serfdom
Haiti
Rich French sugar and coffee colony on the western third of the Island, aka Hispaniola
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations (1776); a precursor to modern Capitalism, advocated for Laissez-Faire —> believed that if consumers/businesses could make their own decisions the Invisible Hand would guide them to make choices beneficial to society.
Peninsulares
Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Statement declaring basic human rights
Second Industrial Revolution
Steel, chemicals, electronics, and precision machinery. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.
Mulattoes
Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.
Industrialization
The increased mechanization of production
Meiji Restoration
The overthrow of the Japanese shogun and the restoration of the emperor in 1868
Liberté, Egalité, et Fraternité
The slogan of the French Revolution
human capital
The workforce ( was a key factor in U. S. industrial success
Eli Whitney
United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin and the system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms
Manchester or Liverpool
Urban areas in England where many farmers moved as result of the Enclosure movement which became the workforce for the growing industries
Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet)
Wrote a social satire Candide (1762), famous for his wit and advocacy for civil liberties, lived in England when exiled —> developed appreciation for constitutional monarchy, ideas of religious liberty influenced US Constitution
Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
raw materials
the basic material from which a product is made.
Coaling stations
these were refueling stations used by navies' coal-powered steamships; were established at critical points of trade routes (eg. Cape Colony in South Africa and various Pacific islands
Baron de Montesquieu
wrote The Spirit of the Laws (1748) : developed the idea of the separation of powers into three branches of government based on English Parliament checks and balances.
Coal
A black/dark brown rock that was a fossil fuel which was burned to generate energy, allowed for mass production of iron
Seed drill
A device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground
Charter oath
A document that formally abolished feudalism in 1868
Ottomanism
A movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state by minimizing the ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire
Steel
Alloy of iron and carbon, mass production of _____ became possible with the Bessemer process in 1865.
Empiricism
Belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe though your experience, including through experiments.
Henri de Saint Simon
Believed scientists and engineers that worked with businesses could operate clean, efficient, beautiful places to work to work that produced things useful to society ; wanted public works
Trans Siberian Railroad
Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active role in East Asian trade
Thomas Paine
Defended Deism in the book The Age of Reason (1794), author of Common Sense (1776)
Declaration of Independence
Expressed the philosophy behind the colonists' fight against the British Rule
electricity
_______ power was harnessed in 1882 when an efficient generator was built in England
Enlightenment
emphasis on reason over tradition and individualism over community values.
Seaways
inland waterways capable of accommodating seagoing ships; one of Britain's geographical advantages
Waterframe
made by richard arkwright in 1769 used water power to a loom and helped create cotton faster which doomed the household textile industry as production was moved to factories
Capital
money available for investment in businesses
Alexander Graham Bell
patented the telephone in 1876
Realpolitik
practical politics of reality
crop rotation
rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil (one field for wheat, barley, and a fallow/grazing field).
Division of labor
the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency; each worker could focus on one type of task
