ARCE 260 EXAM #2

Describe Sullivan's three distinct zones for a tall building.

- "Form ever follows function" - Base, shaft, capital

Visually critique the transition that Lake Point Tower building makes to the ground

- 12 foot deep spandrel beam with widely spaced columns and gently curved walls

The famous Poleni image with date

- 1700s - Used image to look at a funicular - flipped the funicular over

Describe the geometry of the proposed Squaw Valley Olympic stadium, and cite the connection to Nervi

- 1960 Olympics - Myron proposed model for main stadium and on the underside it's an Italian design, showing Nervi's influence on Goldsmith - Curved dome held in place by twin flared buttresses. Thin shell roof supported by large ribs.

Describe the geometry of the Ruck a Chucky bridge

- 1978, Myron Goldsmith and T.Y. Lin designed a bridge to span middle fork of California's American River - 1400 foot wide gorge. Steep slopes of gorge were chosen as support points for cables - Weight is balanced by post tensioned cables, very earthquake resistant - Had to be curved to get minimum span. Water depth was 450 feet. Length of 1,500 foot radius was chosen

Describe the need for stiffening ribs in St Louis and Bacardi, and describe how they differ in these two structures

- At Bacardi-- he created a structure where you can't see the ribs and there is a beautiful opening - the flow gets drawn to the ribs

What influenced Berg's work in 1913

- Berg completed the Centennial Hall in 1913 - It commented victory of the Prussians over Napoleon in 1813

The Dyckerhoff and Widdman firm

- Berg hired them to help work on the centennial hall - The specialized in tiling which was not a common thing for people to know

Florence Municipal Racetrack

- Cantilever roof made of ribs, integrating stairs into building - gravity is going down which increases the bending which increases size, structural logic, an structural rationalism

Identify a mullion in this Lake Point Tower or in another tall building

- Creates a structure holding facade. Vertical or horizontal and connects back to the building - Curtain wall bolted to steel rod behind each mullion

Torroja's Algeciras Market Hall, explain why it is a landmark of design, and by the same token how the lateral thrust of the dome is carried

- Dome supported by 8 columns - horizontal forces are transferred to column tops, which are slender - he designed columns for only vertical columns

Describe the connection between the cement Hall and the cosmic ray laboratory

- Felix Candela used the cement hall as inspo for the cosmic ray laboratory - 5/8 th of an in - in the cement hall--> laminar flow - In the cosmic ray laboratory--> load flow is channeled to the stiffening arches so he could control it

technical and aesthetic critique of the columns at Colonia Guell

- Had tilted columns to pick up thrust

Describe how a hyperbolic paraboloid is generated

- Has curved or straight edges - Concave up in one direction and concave down in the other direction

process used by Heinz Isler

- Horizontal mullions hold building up - cloth hanging and flip upside-down

Briefly, yet eloquently describe the divergent views of the skyscraper on the popular imagination of the 1930s, one dystopian, one utopian.

- Hugh Ferris (big moody drawings): tapped into dystopia with tall buildings - Marina City, Chicago 1959. Was suppose to be where people live, work and shop. White fight was occuring where white people lived in suburbs because African American population was growing in the city.

Identify Lake Point Tower, name its location ("at the Point of the Lake" is NOT an appropriate answer.... and name its architect

- In Chicago, on the water's edge of Lake Michigan George Schipporeit - 1962: area was in a severe economic decline. A real estate consulting firm was established by William Hartnett. Hartnett had no financial backers but hired George Schipporeit who was working in Mie's office to develop ideas. - Schipporeit hired John Heinrich and also William Schmidt.

The overall geometry of the Centennial Hall

- It has the biggest spanning roof - span is 65 meters - then buttresses, then another 15 m on either side - Has gigantic ribs - Height is 14 m

explain how the chapel lomas de Cuernavaca is self supporting

- It is concave up in tension - It is concave down in compression - used mesh steel

Saarinen's TWA Terminal

- It is extremely thick and no one wants thick buildings anymore after this one

Famous hanging models of gaudi

- Major influence of Catalan vaulting - colonial guell--> Also used hyperbolic paraboloids, undulating form, geometrically predictable using math and created Sagra de Familia

the relationship between Myron and Mies, between Myron and Nervi

- Myron achieved his BS in Architecture under Mies in 1939-- IIT - Fulbright in Rome with Nervi 1953-1955 - Works as a structural engineer in SOM in SF, then Chicago, then IIT Faculty - Mies: a pioneering master of modern architecture, director of Bauhaus School

Describe the importance of the Chicago Tribune Building competition. Who were some of the noteworthy entries from

- Offering $100,000 to design headquarters for Chicago Tribune - Losing designers: Gropius (Bauhaus), Saarinen's dad, Adolph Loos - Winning design: Raymond Hood

Eloquently relate the storyline that links Sasaki to Goldsmith and Khan, and include a description of the geometry of Sasaki's project

-1964 Sasaki Thesis "A Tall Office Building." Braced tube system to 700 ft tall office tower, 53 story. -Most important consideration was resistance to lateral loads - Following Goldsmith's lead, structural system is specific to the scale of the building. Steel bracing surrounds building and aligns with spandrels every 3rd floor - Sasaki's solution emerged from unique contributions of Goldsmith and Khan

Explain how bridge building affected the construction and design of early Skyscrapers

-Larger bridge design going up. Friction on sides of the pole hold it up, not because the ground holds it up

Who proposed the Mile High Building in Chicago? Discuss briefly its attractiveness and its drawbacks, either scientifically, socially or symbolically.

Frankloid Wright

the scale of reinforced concrete buildings around the world in the late 1950s, early 1960s. Comment briefly on the height and the forms of these buildings.

- Phyllis Lambert: worked with Mies and was instrumental in hiring Mies to design her father's Seagram Building - Enormous influence on American architecture. International style: one can "read" the building from the outside - Goldsmith offered conceptual designs for the tall buildings in MS thesis (exoskeleton diagonalization of steel bending and increased bend at bottom) - Had 1963 Thesis (Concrete Long Span Structures)

Critique the form of St. Mary's in San Francisco, what are areas of design strength, what are areas of design weakness

- Ribs are not overly expressive, but has intriguing elements - hyperbolic paraboloids intersecting-- windows between hypars since they are structurally independent

Identify the Monadnock Building and explain how it is practically the limit of its particular type of construction

- Root's last major work - Shows that for a 16 story building, masonry is still feasible - Windows emphasize horizontal lines when they should be emphasizing verticality

the relationship between Myron and Fazlur Khan

- premier structural engineer of the 20th century - influenced Goldsmith's buildings - arching action: flow creates an arch as opposed to a 90 degree angle - Goldsmith invited Khan to join IIT Architecture faculty. First thesis jointly supervised by Goldsmith and Khan was David Sharpe's 1962 work

argue for of against the idea that approximately around 1914 a major shift in the world of western culture occurred

- reinforced concrete became a game changer in the 20th century - theItalians created a manifesto in which they were committed to futuristic ideas

The defining characteristics of Italian tradition of roof vaults

- ribbed vaults - structurally expressive buttresses that carry the load to the ground

Viollet le Duc and define structural rationalism.

- society began to encourage - each principle element of the building's form fulfilled a structural need and purpose - Small amount of tension removed by adding a pinnacle, small buildings are inevitable (technical determinism)

Characteristics of Spanish tradition of roof vaults

- starts with the folk tradition of Catalan vaulting - laminated tiles, no break in mortar, ribless vaults, loads going to the ground - lighter than comparable brick vaulting

the relationship between the interior and exterior of the centennial hall

- the exterior is tiered with windows placed between horizontal hoops - the interior is gridshell with lots of open space

describe the connection between an inverted umbrella and iglesia de medalla milgrosa

- the monks wanted a " new gothic" feel - umbrellas were asymmetric

comparison/contrast of Torroja's Zarzuela roof to Nervi's Florence racetrack roof

- torroja desired to express the thinness of shell without ribs or buttresses - Nervi used Italian tradition - Torroja used edge shells and tension tiles to carry horizontal force - Nervi carried them directly to the buttresses

Corbusier identify as "the most important building in the world" and briefly state its importance

- School House Building - Sagra de familia

Describe the structural system of the Brunswick Building, include the spandrel beam in your discussion

- Spandrel is three stories tall - First built project conceived as a structural tube

seismic base shear

- Taking a building and approximating the acceleration of a building that's subject to an earthquake. Using the acceleration, you find mass. Mass x acceleration of the entire building

State roughly when were the first "skyscrapers" built in Chicago

- Tall buildings go up in NY in 1920s as a show of power - 1912 Woolworth Building shows NY leadership of tall building design

Describe the structural framing of the Empire State Building, and state whether or not this is an economically attractive framing system.

- Tallest building in the world for a long time - Constructed in 14 months, jam packed with steel with Italian marble on the inside - *Chrysler Building: 1930 tallest in the world. - Nobody could afford rent because of the depression, many workers were Native American, got hit by plane and was fine

describe the connection between the St. Louis airport terminal to the Bacardi rum factory

- Tedesko and Candela talk at a conference and tells Tedesko that he could have done it better - make it better with Hypars

Briefly describe the structural system of Lake Point Tower, include high strength concrete in your discussion.

- The three proposed a 70 story reinforced concrete tower, 4 lobed cruciform tower. - Fluor Corporation invested $700,000 in seed money but 1200 unit building proved to be too large to fund so they made it a three winged tower. - Tower was built with three derricks, each mated to a hoisting scaffold, one per wing. Pour concrete slab and columns for one wing of each floor and one wall of a triangular core in a single day (full floor cycle = 3 days). - High strength concrete was used for core and columns (3,000 lbs psi) - Lightweight concrete was used for 8 inch thick floor slabs - *social critique: used stronger concrete and less of it at the base.

Siegfried Gideon

- Time, Space and Architecture - immediately after the civil war-- began to use the extra cannons and guns

Critique the idea that "Myron thought in 2D", how is that statement defensible when looking at the Sasaki thesis? How is that not defensible when viewing other Myron projects.

- Work on the John Hancock Center in Chicago began in 1965, same year as Sasaki's thesis - Goldsmith saw the building as a series of planar braces (2D) - Sasaki was thinking of it as a 3D tube Khan put it all together. Diagonally braced tube stiffens building circulating around the building

Describe whether or not Lake Point Tower shows a "Miesian" aesthetic

- You could say so. If you dig deeper it's more subtle but the architects were frustrated, saying "the harder we work, the more credit Mies gets."

Torroja's Zarzuela racetrack

- columns in tension by slender steel - used thin wire mesh

the little sports palace of 1960

- designer: nervi - Rome 1958 for the 1960 Olympics - There is thrust because gravity goes down - Has vertical and horizontal component because it has a slope--> placed buttresses there -

three requirements for structural art

- efficiency: use minimal amount of material - economy: build quickly and built well - elegance: aesthetic design - Be a master builder

Early years of Felix Candela's life

- he was an architecture student in Madrid - He became interested in shells in his sixth year of school - met Torroja and fascinated by Aimond, Laffaille, and Finsterwalder - He won a scholarship to study with Dischinger in Germany - Then the Spanish civi war broke out - He and his brother were imprisoned in a concentration camp and exiled to Mexico - Brother won lottery. and blows it on a movie business - his large experiment with funiculars involved reinforced concrete - became famous in Mexico

Describe whether or not the centennial Hall is gridshell or a dome

- it is a gridshell - A gridshell is when a grid is lifted up with perpendicular directions - A dome is a monolithic concrete structure

Saarinen's Kresge Auditorium

- it is a three-pointed hemisphere - cut off reinforcement at 52 degrees so building began to sag - Added mullions to hold the building up

explain whether or not a Dome is a series of pie shaped arches

- it is not a series of pie shaped arches - it is the hoop stresses that are in tension at the bottom and compression at the top

Explain why the upper dome is separate from the lower structural system

- it is structurally independent and the superstructure rests on brass balls

Describe an inverted umbrella

Has 4 individual Hypars placed side by side to each other

developments that Siegfried Gideon describes as the confluence of developments that spurred many designs of very tall skycrapers

Rectilinear is ok for gravity, but inefficient for wind

the structural material for the centennial hall

concrete

Explain why cracks are vertical at the base of unreinforced masonry domes

cracks are perpendicular to tension so cracks are vertical

Flatiron Building and state whether or not it has an iron frame

has a steel frame