Arch 121 - Semester 1 Final

Housing for the Yaqui Indians in Sonora, Mexico

-They interviewed and listened to the problems that families had experienced in the government housing -The housing Palleroni's team built allowed people to have plumbing and indoor bathrooms for the first time -The new prototype houses used local materials: River reeds, recycled boxes, adobe. The families make these places their own because they find them healthier, more durable, and made with materials more suitable to the environment and familiar -Involvement in the project helps students understand there is a relationship between social, political, economic and environmental variables -building with local vernacular building technologies -pilot houses to help the community reclaim a sense of ownership over their political and social process

Stones of the Himalaya

-Tibetan stone masonry construction -Courtyard dwelling type with cattle stable at ground floor -Steep mountain slopes with terraced farming. -Stones cleared from the land are used to construct retaining walls for the farming terraces. -Farm fields reflect the undulating character of the topography -The pedestrian "street" -All goods into the region are transported for several days by yaks, jopkes, or people -family spaces are private refuge. -Prospect into courtyard from multiple internal spaces. -Prospect onto street from occupied roofs.

Leverage points in creating energy efficient buildings

-The building investment sector -Building codes -Architectural education

Basic Code Procedure

!. Classify parts of the building according to "occupancy classification." 2. Requirements for fire sprinkler systems. 3. Check "construction types" allowed w/your floor area & # stories. 4. Check allowable floor area based on construction type & occupancy group(s). 5. Check if location on property imposes specific fir e resistance requirements for exterior walls and window openings. 6. Check egress requirements given the above & occupant loads. -Number of exits; min. width of exits. 7. Check for detailed code requirements. 8. Check with structural regulations and restrictions on mat'ls

10. Community and Connection

- connection with each other, nature, cosmos and past/future generations -major reason to go elsewhere is to meet people -community life and connection to nature -discover themselves in interactions -unfolds the past and future

2018 International Building Code

- the building that just meets the code is the LEAST SAFE building you can legally design -Licensed design professionals are held to a higher standard by legal and ethical precedents

Light wood framing

-"balloon framing" (the earliest type) -Use of 2" sticks of milled lumber ("studs") -"platform frame" is a later type (which is still used) -A form of bearing wall construction

Early but probably not first dwelling

-1 ½ stories exquisite craftsmanship -more time, money & expertise required half dovetail joinery -requires expertise -Double hung windows -Satisfies needs a little higher on Mazlow's pyramid: -desire for refinement. -a more private place to sleep, upstairs. -a place for a growing family

Northern Pacific Railroad complete in Gallatin Valley

-1883 -enabling new potential -Influx of carpentry expertise in light wood frame construction -Era of widespread light wood frame construction in GV -"balloon framing" 2x4 studs

How can an architect make a difference?

-2030 Challenge -All new buildings, developments, and major renovations shall be carbon-neutral by 2030. [not importing any energy from the grid to keep the building running]

Hammurabi's Code of Laws (ca 1760 BC) ***probably not important***

-228 If a builder builds a house for some one and completes it, he shall give him a fee of two shekels in money for each sar of surface. -229 If a builder builds a house for some one, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then that builder shall be put to death. -230 If it kills the son of the owner the son of that builder shall be put to death. -232 If it ruins goods, he shall make compensation for all that has been ruined, and in as much as he did not construct properly this house which he built and it fell, he shall re-erect the house from his own means. -233 If a builder builds a house for some one, even though he has not yet completed it; if then the walls start toppling, the builder must make the walls solid from his own mean

MGM Grand Hotel fire, Paradise , NV, 1980

-85 people died -stairwells not sealed off -flammable materials -not operating fire alarms

ADA

-Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) -independent living movement which challenged the notion that people with disabilities needed to be institutionalized, and which fought for and provided services for people with disabilities to live in the community

Amsterdam Municipal Orphanage

-Amsterdam, Netherlands -1955-60 -Aldo Van Eyck -Floor plan parallels social networks of streets within local city -"family" dwelling clusters reduce scale and feel less institutional -each cluster= group of kids and adult -interconnected by an internal street -courtyards for each cluster -"labyrinthian clarity": sense of exploration while remaining whole -many pockets for intimate space (immediate circle of touch) -influence from Islamic Vernacular buildings

The Druk White Lotus School-Ladakh

-Arup architects recognized that by using vernacular building traditions from the regional (Tibetan) culture they would be accomplishing several things: -Use of local materials -lower impact of material transportation. Engage the construction crafts of the region which have stood the test of time -The stone masonry monasteries of the region have withstood earthquakes for hundreds of years. -Help to continue the local culture. -Have the building accepted by the local culture. -Naturally to a sustainable building because the vernacular building is embedded in the culture -All building materials are entirely shaped by hand: •Granite masonry blocks •Heavy timbers •Earth masonry brick

Hay hoist and carrier

-Available by 1890s -requires a steel rail that runs the length of the barn to deposit hay deep inside -Heavy timber construction obstructed movement of the carrier -new construction explored -led to Gambrel roof for maximum storage

Turbine Factory

-Berlin, Germany -1908-10 -Peter Behrens -Factory for turbine engines (assembly line crane) -Building's purpose forms aesthetic -purely linear geometry plan -gantry crane runs the rollers through the building -steel columns and trusses -"pin" connection at base of columns (some movement allowed) -trusses support roof, sit on steel columns -NOT structural corners

Guggenhiem Museum

-Bilbao, Spain -1991-97 -Frank Gehry -More poetic geometrical expression -exterior cladding: titanium tiles -$89 million in mid 90s for construction -designed to catch the light -marker between downtown and the Bilbao River -largely idiosyncratic forms surrounding a few rationally ordered spaces within -interior bridges at central lobby -dramatic central, multi-stoned atrium space -stone masonry base -building enclosure: extensive material consumption, redundancy -structure: complex armature where skin is hung -envelope: titanium panels (energy consuming material in construction) -draw for tourism and spark for local economy -heart of Basque country -politically and culturally controversial (doesn't correlate with culture) -iconic object in urban landscape -new materials used, unknown how it would react

DYMAXION House

-Buckminster Fuller -DYnamic MAXimum tensION -based on a grain bin -relies on forces of tension rather than compression -geodesic biosphere -emphasizes sustainability thinking -"pollution is nothing but resources we're not harvesting" -"You can rest assured that if you devote your time and attention to the highest advantage of others, the universe will support you, always and only in the nick of time."

"Green For All" documentary summary

-Cameron Sinclair -1 in 7 people are currently (2007) living in inadequate housing in settlements: Slums, refugees, internally-displaced camps. In 30 years that projection is 1 in 3 people. -A baby boom among the poorest of the poor. That is going to affect the environment -Michael McDonough -there is a whole school of architects that have a social mission. Helping people in difficult circumstances, people in the developing world -Dr. Steven Moore

Foe Ooi Leeuw Centraal Wonen, Amsterdam, the Netherlands-Collaborative Housing for Ethnic Minorities

-Collaborative housing can create strong community -Diverse Asian Immigrants effectively brought together through an art focused process -Centraal Wonen -Asian immigrants into Dutch society -helped kids grow up and learn the culture with mixed housing

Casa del Fascio

-Como, Italy -1932-36 -Giuseppe Terragni -National Fascist Party headquarters -contributes to public perception of political strength -precise geometry= sense of order/authority -Geometry of parts (columns create grid) -central daylight court on 3rd floor -light goes to floors below because of glass blocks in floor -9 square grid organization with columns at intersection -allows for flexibility of parts

Andy Brooks

-David and Joyce Dinkins Garden Projects -Manager -combining income levels to see how they work together -helps adults who are out of foster care and other areas of income -importance of ownership -"mixed income" and "mixed use" -help people who are new to independent life

Assembly Groups

-Defined as having 50 or more occupants. -Assembly areas where food & drink are consumed: Group A-2

What are the two problems that we are facing according to Architect Ed Mazria?

-Energy consumption: current rates there is a projected 34% increase in energy use in the US by 2030. This will mean adding 2,550 coal fired power plants to the electrical grid in the US. -Climate change: European Union scientists established that warming of 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels is a level above which "we do not want to go". We have a good chance of reaching +2 degrees by 2050, and +3 degrees by 2100. Warming of 3 degrees Celsius they determined would be catastrophic.

Spatial Organization (Stones of the Himalaya)

-Generally south facing for warmth -Very small courtyard -Hierarchy of rooms -most public spaces nearest to the street -Livestock / feed stores below -Family above -Inclusion of a "room of the ancestors" -Dwelling facing a public courtyard

Via Verde (Bronx, NYC)

-Jonathan Rose -An affordable model for green and healthy urban living that integrates nature and the city -mixed use -mixed income -"seed" in the community -addressing housing and health -"community sustainability" -"creates a new dynamic that people haven't seen, for people to think that in the Bronx you can actually develop housing that will be sustainable" **Cedric Loftin -REVOLUTION in affordable housing -potential for the community to create itself

Post Earthquake Experiments in Kobe: Mano Fureai Jutaku (Mano Collaborative Housing) ***probably won't need to memorize***

-Know organization involved -Kobe City Collective Housing Study Group -Kobe city housing development agency -Mano Collective Housing Research Group -Mano Fureai Jutaku Entrant Discussion Group -Fureai Jutaku Kyojyusha Koryukai- a group of residents living among all fureai jutakus, in ten different districts, who exchange experiences and ideas about collective living Kobe City Housing Bure -Collective Housing Promotion Assistance Association

Earliest Euro-American settlement in Gallatin Valley

-Knowledge of log construction brought with settlers from eastern states -raw material is readily available -durable structures

Eames House and Studio

-LA -1945-49 -Charles and Ray Eames -two simple rectangular boxes in a light steel frame and opaque glass panels -bearing wall against hillside -steel post and beam system with regular spaced columns -simple geometries -influence from traditional japanese architecture -ambiguity of interior vs exterior -Function was priority but lead to style -cabinet and chair designed

Salk Institute

-La Jolla California -1959-65 -Louis Kahn -SIted on edge of plateau overlooking Pacific Ocean -courtyard points down canyon to ocean -form and massing exploits the amenities of site -courtyard (entry) and researcher's office face ocean -central water feature -position, shape and orientation of every office determined by ocean view -poured in place concrete infill, hardwood infill at offices -sliding shading panels at window openings -simplicity derived from rocky bluffs on shore

Light wood frame building

-Larger buildings with less labor -designed for growth -gable roof barn expanded longitudinally -hardwood lumber did not grow in the west

Collaborative housing group on Goethestrasse, Bremerhaven, Germany

-Made a commitment to a declining neighborhood -concentration of unemployed residents and immigrants -10 housing units -lots of community space -residents pay rent with a slight increase every month -can rent community spaces (art studio, workshop, etc.)

Crawford Residence

-Montecito, California -1990 -Morphosis, Architects -Main house above studio downhill -sits below the road and faces mostly away from it -steep hillside allows house to see over studio -nested in hillside -main exposure of house is to the south for winter sun -discontinuous curvilinear wall defines a path of movement from house to studio -pointed sculptural form at south of studio building, where the orthogonal meets curve -oxidized copper siding -horizontal wood, board- formed concrete, stucco, oxidized copper = collage of exterior materials -steel arches support roof at living room and dining room -plywood ceilings and skylight above -creates visible rhythm as you move the length of the interior -steel arches occur at each repeated structural bay -in construction: hierarchy of steel framing and light wood frame

Habitat '67

-Montreal (Montreal International Expo) -1967 -Moshe Safdie -Integrate variety of diversity of scattered homes with density of apartment -modular, interlocking concrete forms define space -constructed as structural building blocks variety of unit configurations and plans -cascade of spaces, interior and exterior -degree of common space and privacy -erosion of the conventional apartment block form -affordable housing with close and private quarters -each have a roof garden -pretty expensive now -trend did not continue

Roosevelt's 4-Freedom Park

-NYC -Louis l. Kahn -1973 planned -2012 built -sequence of arrival creates "forced perspective' -draws visitor towards end point (focal element) -distant circle of visibility -two rows of trees on each side -open-air granite structure on southern tip of Island ("the Room") -bust of FDR located behind "room" (focal element of long perspective) -on departure it looks like a rectangle -temporary dam built during construction

Chichu Art Museum

-Naoshima, Japan -Tadao Ando -2002-04 -voids immersed in the landscape -smooth concrete work, pure surface to capture daylight -simple geometric forms -dramatic relationship with typography -courtyards with light

First people of the Valley of the Flower

-Piegan tipi construction -plains tipi construction- a contemporary construction method -White explorers / fur trappers visited the region for brief periods

6 divisions of the exam

-Practice management -Project management -Programming and analysis -Project planning & design -Project development & documentation -Construction & evaluation

Sergio Palleroni

-Prof of Univ of Texas -Responsibility of the architect is to be inclusive .-"Building sustainable communities is the basic thing we should be doing. It is a physical and cultural environmental issue."

Co-Housing at Swan's Market, Oakland, California

-Pyatok Architects and YH Lee Architects -Goal was to create a pebble effect whose ripples would radiate out and bring life to surrounding blocks -EBALDC hired Pyatok Architects and YH Lee Architects to guide the overall development. In addition the core group hired The Cohousing Company -There was a number of companies involved to help this project work -Repurposed Mixed use, Mixed income urban village -preserved 75% of original interior -steel trusses of the original historic building are exposed -Internal "streets" between units -Common space -Mixed use: Café and produce store at street le

Jonathan Rose

-Real estate developer -Community living -rich networks of multiple systems -human species needing to interact with others -"Green Communities" -mixed income housing -"repair the fabric of communities" -**Renovation of abandoned Birnham Factory** -try to preserve community with affordable housing

Seinajoki Library

-Seinajoki, Finland -1963-65 -Alvar Aalto -Daylight filtered through louvered openings -radical organizations: spaces fanning from central point -fan-like form of stacks and reading room result of desire to monitor from desk -ceiling bounces light through library without glare -topography of ceiling frames zones of interior space

Guadalupe Project, Austin, Texas

-Sustainability is about crossing social and political boundaries -small action projects lead to bigger changes in the neighborhood, and it gives people hope -"The project helped students be "weavers" that are trying to pull disparate social and political "pieces" together " - Palleroni -"knowledge is a resource, and there is a need for that resource just a mile away" -Palleroni -There is no BIG ANSWER to these types of problems...there are millions of little ones

Vitra Fire Station

-Weil am Rhein, Germany -1993 -Zaha Hadid -Dramatic Geometry -Forced perspective of fire station gives feeling of momentum/movement -seductive representation, excellent ability to "sell" her ideas to clients -reflects chaos of modern life -futuristic, utilizing, "powerful forms of elongated structures" -layered series of planes/openings distort viewers perspective - "frozen movement" -pinched space of time -uncomfortable to occupancy without no clear lines of sight -interesting study of forms and highly sculptural -not clear how it would function as fire station -altered discourse in what defined a building -new trend for 21st century

Trombe Wall

-Winter-a trombe wall absorbs the trapped heat of the sun through the glass and the wall during the day o Dampers are opened in the evening and the heat from the wall goes to the house -The trombe wall works the opposite way in the summer when it is hot but the wall must be kept largely shaded from the summer sun so as not to heat it up o The cool wall absorbs the heat that is in the dorm rooms during the night and its heat is ventilated to the outside

ADA accessible routes

-access to parking -an accessible route from parking to the accessible entrance -at least 36 inches wide, with brief interruptions of 32 inches wide

International Building Code (IBC)

-adds to the credibility of your work as a student -improves the integrity of your design work -will be a legal necessity for practice as a registered architect because your design decisions must provide for life safety

Rural Mail Delivery

-available around 1910 -Made available publications, farm journals, merchandise catalogs, farm machinery catalogs -importing milling equipment

Pruitt Igoe Housing Project, Saint Louis, Missouri

-booming city that was in hard times -pollution, crowding, poverty, etc. -bad housing quality -wanted to improve quality of living through community housing -mixed income housing -33 buildings, 11 stories -schools integrated around it -skip stop elevator -within a decade HUGE decline of residence -breaking down, vandalism, dirty -not enough money from federal gov for maintenance -downhill from there

5. Long Life, Loose fit

-conserving old buildings -prevents unnecessary disruption of the environment -allows building to settle into place -Become one with vegetation -thinking long term -can adapt to change

1. Low Energy - High Performance

-consume only a fraction of the fossil fuel derived energy they use -using insulation for heating and cooling -shape needs to be less dependent on fossil fuel energy -less artificial lighting -overhangs on windows -brise-soleil (sun shades and light shelves) Natural ventilation for temperatures

7. Embedded in Place

-dense web of symbiotic relationships with all aspects of the buildings environment -environmentally and culturally -no single design, but a spectrum of designs -help every part of the earth and be richly differentiated -tradition, ritual, intuition and science, engineering -Extensive study of sigh and surrounding area

9. Health and Happiness

-expand sense of community with nature and community life within -"Sick building syndrome" -workers are healthier and happier -cherish contact with outdoors -all workers should be entitled a view of sky and vegetation -bring nature indoors

Construction (Stones of the Himalaya)

-heavy timber post and beam interior with strict 6 foot spacing -Exterior walls- stone -Interior structure-heavy timber. -Grid of pillars in larger spaces. -Spacing of pillars limited by length of beam timbers carried by pack animals. -Timbers are about 6 feet in length -Stone masonry walls are "battered" (wider on base) on the outside to offer more stability -masonry = larger blocks for the bulk of the wall surface, and much smaller stones to lock the larger ones into place -Pillar with "short bow," "long bow" on top, then "main beam" -window: painted black to warm the air in cold high elevation climate -Window openings are stacked above each other, so they reduce the load of stone masonry

3. Eliminating Waste and Pollution

-in nature, waste from one creature is nutrients for the next -we destroy natural resources without giving back -current materials are not recyclable and toxic -less than one percent of the earth's water is seriously polluted -use recycled materials -if a building gets torn down, materials should be able to be recycled

ADA ramps

-ratio of 1:12 slope (1 foot rise : 12 foot run) is the maximum slope one can legally build for ADA accessibility - must have handrails -ratio 1:16 is comfortable -ratio of 1:20 is a minimum slope - you do not need a hand railing

Architectural license and registration (3 steps)

-regulated by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) -Education: NAAB accredited professional degree -Experience: AXP: Architectural Experience Program -Exam: ARE (Architectural Registration Exam)

2. Replenishable Sources

-replenishable sources for energy -use non-depletable energies from the sun, wind, water and gravity (hydroelectricity) -materials = wood, clay, mud, sand -photovoltaic cells, convection currents -need to produce less energy than consumed

Early dwellings in Gallatin Valley

-single crib -Modest scale (more or less 16ft x 16ft) -Ridgepole & purlin roof with sod. -Or gable roof with steep pitch finished with wood shakes. -Often a ceiling to keep the warmth in the occupied part of the volume. -Walls not perfectly square. -Sometimes walls are not perfectly true. -Single story. -Indications of being quickly built

4. Embodied Energy

-takes energy to construct buildings -wood has the least embodied energy -aluminum is not energy efficient -use local materials to eliminate transportation

8. Access and Urban Context

-transportation is the second largest energy use of the building -cannot be sited far from public transport -high density cities have less carbon impact -allow city dwellers to gain contact with nature -make each ecological footprint more eco friendly

intergenerational infill - Kankan Mori Collective House, Japan

-two floors of a twelves story building -built to accommodate residents from cradle to grave -intergenerational residents -independent seniors with little support services -also option for care services like a nursing home -" idea is to promote better communication within ... especially between senior residents in Life House and the relatively younger residents in Kankan Mori, as well as with the neighbourhood"

Ghost Ship Warehouse (artists collective), Oakland, CA, 2016

-used for concerts and dwellings -pre-existing electrical problems -power failed -fire broke out during concert -no organizational exit -36 people dead

6. Life-Cycle Costing

-what are the larger impacts? -initial cost is a fraction of the maintenance cost -need to require less maintenance, easier to clean -salaries of those who work exceed the cost of the building

Peter Buchanan, Ten Shades of Green

1. Low energy-high performance 2. Replenishable resources 3. Recycling- eliminating waste 4. Embodied energy 5. Long life, loose fit 6. Life-cycle costing 7. Embedded in place 8. Access & urban context 9. Health & happiness 10. Community & Connection

Priorities of Western Settlers

1.Shelter for winter 2. livestock and produce

What percentage of energy use do buildings consume?

48%

Half Dovetail Notching

A corner joint that sheds moisture toward the outside. Requires skilled carpentry. one of the more difficult corner joints in log construction. It sheds moisture toward the outside to reduce the chances for rot. Usually used in hewn or milled logs only

IBC Occupancy Groups ***probably don't need to memorize all***

A- Assembly - Defined as having 50 or more occupant B- Business E- Education F- Factory and Industrial H-High Hazard I- Institutional M- Mercantile R- Residential S- Storage U- Utility and Miscellaneou

True or Plumb

Absolutely vertical wall

Overview of the progression of building development in the Gallatin Valley

Early: Peeled logs, "V" notching Later: larger, hewn or milled logs, dovetail notching Later still: 2x studs / light wood frame

Winter of 1886-1887

Extremely harsh winter that saw hundreds of thousands of cattle die.

sod

Grass turf cut out of the ground with the roots intact. It's heavy and includes a lot of earth

UN-True or Out-of-Plumb

NOT absolutely vertical wall

Life Safety

Life safety includes safety regulations not related to fire or structure. Examples include: -guardrail height and configuration -handrail dimensions and clearances -stair tread & riser ratios and uniformi

Code Jurisdictions

National Standards (IBC) State County Local (City) (Fire Dep.)

Milled

Logs have been run through a sawmill to give them perfectly flat sides- as opposed to round or hewn

Hewn

Logs which have been shaped with hand tools to give them relatively flat sides, rather than a whole round log

Mercantile Group

Most retail facilities, regardless of what they sell fall into the Group M occupancy

Business Group

Office buildings are typically classified as Group B occupation

Residential Group

Residential occupancies are distinguished mainly by the total number of occupants in a single building. Group R-2 is primarily "permanent" dwelling units (more than 30 days), more than 2 units in a building

Passive cooling strategies

Strategies to passively keep a house cool in a very hot climate •Light color on exterior to reflect the light •Shade the walls with a deep overhang so sun never hits the wall. •Windows: Casement windows swing open to catch breeze, windows on all sides to keep air moving. •Screened opening above windows and doors [transom] for hot air to escape. •Gap at top of wall between the rafters for hot air to escape as it rises. •Thatched roofing -allows some air & heat to escape •Earth-coupled floor -high mass floor (concrete, brick, tamped earth, stone) in direct contact with earth to absorb coolness of the earth. Maintains a stable temperature. •Earthen plaster on interior walls absorbs heat also helps maintain steady temperature. •High ceiling allows hot air to rise above the occupied part of the space. •Exterior: Vegetation to shade the house.

Exit Discharge

That portion of the means-of-egress system between the termination of an exit and a public way

Exit Access

That portion of the means-of-egress system that leads from any occupied portion in a building or structure to an exit.

Exit

The portion of the means-of-egress system between the exit access and the exit discharge or the public way

Why earn an architectural license?

To protect the health, safety and welfare of the public

Bent

a structural element of heavy timber framing, often built laying on the ground and then tilted up into place

Contents of mud mix

clay, sand, straw, water

log crib

one four-sided unit of log construction, usually a single room. A building may be a double crib, usually two rooms

Un-square

in floor plan: corners are not 90 degrees and sides are slightly unequal in length

V notching

log corner joinery using an inverted V shape. May be done with a round, hewn, or milled log

Chinking

material that is pressed in between the logs to fill gaps for better insulation and to keep drafts out. Requires frequent maintenance. Typically made with clay and straw, sometimes small wood strips to fill large gaps

Ridgepole or Purlin Roof

roof framing with a very low slope. Purlins alternate with gable end wall logs

Gable Roof

roof planes sloping in opposite directions and placed such that the highest, horizontal edges meet to form the roof ridge

Purlin

roof poles spanning from one gable end to the other

12 categories of public accommodation (ADA)

stores restaurants bars service establishments theaters hotels recreational facilities private museums and schools doctors' and dentists' offices shopping malls other businesses

Ridgepole

the highest roof pole spanning from one gable end to the other.

Egress

three components: -An exit access -An exit -An exit discharge -More than 4 dwelling units will require two more more exits -Continuous, unobstructed, and protected path to the outside of a building

Peeled logs

whole, round tree trunk with the bark peeled off