ARCH 521 final

Modernism can be thought of as:

-A style -A time period -A way of thinking

The five architects who were initially identified as being a part of this camp were (whites)

-Eisenman -Graves -Gwathmey -Hejduk -Meier

Why were architects questioning modernism in the 1960s?

-Post-WWII development finally allowed a real testing ground for modernism, and it began to be built widely -Modernism wasn't changing the world for the better in the way that it had promised

What defined the origins of modern architecture in America?

-Building traditions were shorter, imported, and much less entrenched -Brand new cities were cropping up everywhere -THe industrial revolution had an impact here

In what ways is Le Corbusier's later work (Unite d'Habitation, Chandigarh, Monastery of la Tourette, etc.) different from his early villas? (choose all that apply)

-Continued to adapt his early theories while pushing into new expressive territory -Mostly larger projects -Extensive use of "beton brut" (raw concrete) -No longer pure international style

What institutions was Walter Gropius involved in?

-Deutscher Werkbund -Bauhaus (as a director)

What was the Chicago School about? What was driving them?

-Facing the challenges of commerce and industry while considering the purpose of architecture

What milestone does the Reliance Building mark for building technology?

-First building to use pure steel framing, allowing a facade that is mostly glass

What was Frank Lloyd Wright's position on technology?

-He believed that machines were a fact of modern life that should be used to create new architecture

The following things are true about Adolf Loos

-His buildings differentiated between interior and exterior -Was more influential for his writings and theories than for his built work -He thought ornament was a crime - no decoration allowed

Behrens was important in modern architectural history because:

-His office produced three of the most important architects in the time period immediately after him - Le Corbusier, Gropius, and Mies van Der Rohe -His factory designs were ingenious fusions of abstracted classical vocabulary and straightforward structural skeletons -Inspired the "factory aesthetic" that would influence universal machine style later

Pick from this list all the architectural qualities advocated for by Antonio Sant'Elia advocated for in his "Manifesto of Futurist Architecture"

-Impermanence -Oblique and elliptic lines -bold groupings and masses -being more machine-like

Corbusier's Villa Savoye is a prime example of:

-International style architecture -Architectural promenade -Corbusier's 5 points of architecture

What developments led to territorial changes at the scale of the building, allowing them to soar at new heights?

-Invention of the steel frame -Invention of the elevator

Why did such a burst of innovation come out of Chicago during this time?

-It was the main hub for western expansion -The great Chicago fire left a blank slate of prime real estate -Population had increased drastically

Why is the Monadnock Building unique among the buildings of the Chicago School?

-Masonry wall is 6' thick at the base -2 halves designed by 2 different architecture firms ( Burnham and Root and Holabird and Roche) -Lack of ornamentation on the facade

Why does Victor Hugo think that the book will destroy architecture?

-Printing costs less and reaches further than architecture ever can -Architecture used to be the dominant art, the dominant recorded language, but the book has replaced it in this role

What were some of the technical transformations that were coming about during this timeframe (1750-1939)

-Reinforced concrete -Modular building units -Prefabrication -Wrought iron and cast iron

What represents the Vitruvian triad

-Solidity, usefulness, delight -Firmitas, utilitas, venustas

Futurists were about:

-Speed, technology, and violence -passionate loathing of ideas from the past -technological triumph of man over nature

What 3 kinds of transformations are introduced by the Module 1 lectures

-Technical -Cultural -Territorial

Which one of these buildings displays the purest ideals of the Arts & Crafts movement?

-The Gamble House (Greene&Greene)

Neo-classical architecture was about:

-The search for a "true style" based not on copying the style of the ancients, but on a search to find and obey the principles of the ancients -Fundamental shift in nature of human consciousness -Sudden increase of man's capacity to control nature

Who was the founder and ambassador of the De Stijl movement?

-Theo van Doesburg

The origins of modern architecture are somewhat different between Europe and the United States. What defined the origins of modern architecture in Europe?

-Thousands of years of building culture -New architectural movements were reactions against immediately preceding building norms -Beaux Arts education came from Europe -Cities were built up over hundreds of years of layered historical fabric

Why was the plan of the Brick Country House so radical for its time

-walls did not meet each other in the conventional way -It completely reinvented the way rooms were created by walls

Which of these choices was one of the influential theoretical positions taken by Louis Sullivan in his essay, "The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered?"

-Tripartite - every tall building should have a base, middle and top

A few characteristics of Mies' work are:

-a rich sense of materials, onyx, travertine, rare woods -often sets his buildings up on a raised level, making it feel like a temple -borrows formal arrangements from classicism -open plans, walls slipping past each other - conception of space based on infinity

Arts + Crafts ideals differed from Art Nouveau ideals in the following ways:

-anti-industrialization, -more sober, direct, toned down aesthetic

What are some of the defining features of the Seagram building>

-co-designed with Philip Johnson -free from ornament, the facade is expressed only by steel structure and glass -set back from the urban street edge, giving it a large public plaza

What was the mission of the Deutscher Werkbund?

-enhance quality of life with well designed objects -elevate taste level above the rest of the world -create a new unified style -create flourishing culture that is both influential and genuine

The following things are true about Mies early on in his career

-he had no formal architectural education, and worked as a brick layer -he worked for Peter Behrens -He started off his career designing in a more traditional style

Constructivists were about:

-marxist/socialist agenda -mass production instead of individual works of art -focus on construction instead of composition

Important influential work in all three movements was carried out by:

-painters -architects -sculptors

The industrial revolution brought about

-population growth - eventual health reform and legislation of construction and maintenance -Poor living conditions -Disease

Members of the De Stijl movement were about:

-pure abstraction: no objects of subjects in their compositions -Primary colors (red, yellow, and blue) and black and white

What are Corbusier's 5 Points of Architecture

-ribbon windows -free facade -free plan -rooftop terrace -pilotis

What did all early European modern movements have in common?

-search for new architecture to reflect the new age -reaction against the past

According to Heidegger, to dwell is to:

-spare, preserve -"be in the world" -build

the five architects who were initially identified as part of this camp were (greys)

-stern -robertson -moore -greenburg -giurgola

Why did the public reject the Weissenhofseidlung and other international style projects

-subtleties of spatial characteristics were lost on the public, who thought they were a bunch of uniform white cubes -because of the struggling German economy after WWI, architecture had been developing mostly on paper without being built. When it emerged it was foreign and cold in the eyes of the public. -They were seen as anti-german, inhuman, and unnatural

In the context of architecture, what is a "total work of art?"

-the Hill House, by Mackintosh -a building in which everything is designed specifically for that building and that building's aesthetic, down to the furniture and fixtures -Hotel Tassel, by Horta

what is the definition of GENIUS LOCI, according to Norberg-Shulz

-the spirit of a place

According to Norberg-Shulz, what factors determine the character of a place? Choose all that apply.

-the way things are made to create that place -time; the changing of the seasons, the course of the day and the weather, which all affect light -the material and formal constitution of a place

What was the goal of the greys/postmodernism?

-to fix the mistakes of modernism by allowing for more complexity and contradiction -to create architecture that better reflected the nature of modern existence

Mies' mature work can be said to be:

-uncompromisingly pure in architectural expression -perhaps too pure; sometimes in the quest for purity, forgets that humans need functional spaces

What are some of the characteristics of Art Nouveau architecture?

-use of new materials and construction methods -vertical emphasis -nature inspired

Carlo Scarpa is considered to be a critical regionalist architect because he:

-utilized local materials and techniques -designed in a way which responds specifically to site -made architectural references to Venice by incorporating water into his buildings

Le Corbusier was a

-writer/theorist -urban planner -architect -painter -sculptor

what is true about the movements that came immediately after the international style?

After international style, there were two opposing groups of architects - "the Whites" (continuing in the tradition of modernism) and "the Grays" (breaking with modernism and experimenting with complexity and contradiction.)

What do many of these early modernist European architects have in common if you look at their early lives/careers?

Beaux-Arts/neoclassical/traditional education, which they broke from

Match each architect with their direct influence

Berlage - Frank Lloyd Wright

The skeleton frame shows the fundamental change in structural principle, different from the masonry buildings that preceded it. The major change is the relationship between load and support and between ________________________________.

Cladding and frame

The text which best sums up their position on architecture is

Colin Rowe's "Mathematics of the Ideal Villa"

Who designed Eistein Tower

Eric Mendelsohn

Match architect with influence

Guimard - Viollete le Duc

What modernist style is the Bauhaus building in Dessau an example of

International Style

Where each of these movements originate? Futurism

Italy

Corbusier's most famous quote comes from his fascination with his time "The house is a _________________ for living in."

Machine

Match each architect with their direct influence

Mackintosh - William Morris

Corbusier experimented with a concrete framework idea that greatly affected all of his architecture afterwards. What was it called?

Maison Domino

Which commercial building built in 1885-1887, was the first to successfully blend the technologies of the two different eras (masonry and iron frame), having a huge impact on all buildings of the Chicago School that came after it?

Marshall Field's Building

Bibliothèque St. Genevieve, Henri Labrouste

Neoclassical

Cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton, Etienne-Louis Boullee

Neoclassical

Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton

Neoclassical

Imaginary Prison Interior, Giovanni Piranesi

Neoclassical

UVA Campus, Thomas Jefferson

Neoclassical

Which architect became known for the gentle curves in his building and use of reinforced concrete?

Oscar Niemeyer

The Voisin Plan was an (unrealized) urban plan that le Corbusier designed for which city

Paris

Who coined the term "international style"

Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock

Which architect/engineer created beautiful ribbed and vaulted structures out of concrete

Pier Luigi Nervi

Who came to define "west coast modernism" what was the project that proved to be a turning point in his career?

Richard Neutra / Lovell House

The text which best sums up their position on architecture is

Robert Venturi's "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture"

Classicism with the intent of being visionary. Emotionally striking.

Romantic Classicism

Where did each of these movements originate? Constructivism

Russia/Soviet Union

Which architects created some of the most iconic skyscrapers in existence from the Sears Tower, the Lever House, John Hancock Center and the Freedom Tower

Skidmore, Owings, Merrill (SOM)

What major breakthroughs in the concrete structure (discussed in this lecture) allowed it to become versatile and more attractive to engineers and architects?

Steel reinforcing

Classicism that stressed the primacy of structure. All ornament should derive from structure

Structural Classicism

Why did Mies move to America in 1937?

The Nazi party was growing increasingly hostile towards modernists (feeling they were anti-German) and many of them left moved to the United States as a result. Mies was one of them.

Where did each of these movements originate? De Stijl

The Netherlands

The whites _______________ the ideals of modernism. They called themselves _______________________.

continued, post-functionalists

Vernacular architecture

is indigenous to a specific time or place (not imported or copied)

In this lecture, most of the work we were looking at was:

many unbuilt projects - they were influential conceptual ideas for architecture, but they didn't end up being built

The greys _____________________ the ideals of modernism. They called themselves ______________________.

rejected, postmodernists

Critical Regionalism

seeks to mediate between the global and local languages of architecture

Frampton is writing this book to examine architecture through the lens of __________________ as opposed to ____________________.

tectonics, dialect

Frampton states that the built environment comes into existence out of the constantly evolving interplay between which three factors:

topos, typos, and tectonic