Archery

point of aim

A method of aiming in which the pile of the arrow is aligned with the target.

arm guard

A piece of leather or plastic that is worn on the inside of the forearm to protect the arm from the bowstring.

arrow plate

A protective piece of hard material set into the bow where the arrow crosses it.

quiver

A receptacle for carrying or holding arrows.

An "end" in the sport of archery is considered which of the following?

A round of arrows shot during an archery event (rarely more than six arrows)

arrow rest

A small projection at the top of the bow handle where the arrow rests.

end

A specified number of arrows shot at one time or from one position before retrieval of arrows.

clout shooting

A type of shooting that uses a target 48 feet in diameter, laid on the ground at a distance of 180 yards for men and 140 or 120 yards for women. Usually 36 arrows (6 ends with 6 arrows) are shot per round.

instinctive shooting

Aiming and shooting instinctively, rather than using a bow sight or point-of-aim method.

The minimum essential tackle for the beginning archer includes

(1) a bow of correct length and weight, (2) one dozen matched arrows, (3) a finger tab or glove, (4) an arm guard, and (5) a target. The selection of a proper bow and matched arrows is the most important step for successful archery practice.

Arm guards have two main functions:

(1) to protect the bow arm from the slap of the bow string; (2) to keep a long sleeve close to the arm so it will not interfere with the bow string.

learning hints anchoring

1. Anchoring must be done at the same point for each draw. Consistent placement lets the arrow be drawn exactly the same distance and place each time. 2.The index finger of the drawing hand should be under the tip of the jawbone, with the thumb relaxed against the neck (low anchor point). 3. While drawing, take a deep breath, exhale about half of the air, and hold the rest until the arrow has been released

learning hints drawing

1. Before drawing, keep in mind that the three fingers of the drawing hand are just hooked onto the string at the first knuckles. 2. Relax the drawing hand, giving special attention to relaxing the back of the hand. 3. Keep the elbow of the drawing arm slightly elevated. 4. Now draw the bow by letting your shoulder and back muscles do the pulling with one smooth and deliberate motion. 5. At the full draw, the string should make contact with the center of the nose, lips, and chin.

Step-through Method

1. Hold the bow in your right hand and the string with the left. 2. Place the back of the lower limb of the bow across the ankle of your left foot. 3. Step through the bow with your right leg. 4. Place the bow handle high on your right thigh. 5. Press the upper limb of the bow forward with the open right hand and slide the string in the nock with the left hand. Always check both notches for proper string insertion and alignment after each stringing.

Step 2—Nocking the Arrow. Nocking the arrow means placing the arrow on the bowstring in preparation for drawing.

1. Hold the bow with the left hand and the palm of the bow hand facing the ground. 2. With the right hand holding the shaft of the arrow, with index finger pointing upward, slip the nock onto the string at a 90-degree angle with the string. Make a small mark with ink on the string to ensure that the nocking is always done in the same place. If a bow with the nocking point is already fixed on the string, the arrow is usually nicked below the nocking point. After nocking, the archer makes sure there is no gap between the string and the throat of the nock.

Push-pull Method

1. Take the bow handle in your left hand with the back of the bow toward you. 2. Holding the left arm in front of the body and angling the bow's upper limb toward the right, place the lower nock against the instep of the left foot, but not touching the ground. 3. Place the right hand on the upper limb just below the upper loop of the bowstring; then keeping both arms straight, pull with the left hand and push with the heel of the right hand, and slide the string into the upper nock with fingers. While stringing, keep your face away from the bow.

The first shooting practice should start from

15 yards, then 20 yards, 30 yards, and so on.

The Olympics initiated archery as an international competition in

1900 (for men), 1904 (for women), 1908 (for both), and again in 1920 (for both)

archery was discontinued as an Olympic sport until

1972, when it reappeared on the Olympic program, with both genders competing.

set system

2 points for win, 1 point for draw 6 set points are required to win individual contest 5 set points are required to win team contest

teen girl

20 lb or 25 lb

women

20, 25, 30 lb

teen boy

20, 25, or 30 lb

team archery

3 archers compete against 3 opposing archers first team all shoots an arrow into their target opposing team then does the same alternates until all archers have shot 2 arrows each 6 arrows in total

men

30, 35, 40 lb

Schools and colleges usually use a

48-inch target face.

Participants should practice steps

7 and 8 several times before moving to steps 9 and 10.

recurve bow

A bow that is curved on the ends.

bow sight

A device attached to the bow through which the archer sights when aiming.

finger tab

A leather flap worn on the drawing hand to protect the fingers and provide a smooth release of the bowstring.

safety rules

Always check the bow and string to see if it is properly placed at both ends of the string notch before starting to shoot. Shoot only at the target. Do not draw the bow when anyone is between you and the target area. Never allow anyone to retrieve arrows until all arrows have been shot. Varying whistle tones may be used to shoot, retrieve, or for emergencies. Never shoot into the air or in any direction where it might destroy property or endanger life. Always be sure that the area in back of the target is clear or has an adequate backstop. Do not overdraw the bow. Be sure arrows are of the correct length and stiffness for the bow. Do not release a fully drawn bow without an arrow. Obey all commands given for shooting and retrieving arrows. Always wear an arm guard and finger tab to prevent injury. Do not wear bulky clothing or dangling jewelry when shooting. Do not fool around or engage in horseplay on the shooting line. Never run with arrows in your hand; when carrying arrows, keep the pile ends toward the ground. When you have finished shooting, stand behind the other archers until the end has been completed.

archery golf

An adaptation of the game of golf to the sport of archery. Players shoot for the holes and score according to the number of shots required to hit the target.

Rules of Target Archery

Any bow except a crossbow may be used for competition. Arrows should have a distinctive crest to distinguish each archer's arrow. After the signal to shoot, arrows should be nocked. Arrows that fall from the bow and cannot be reached with the bow from the shooting line are considered to be shot. Only six arrows may be shot at the designated target; if more than six are shot, only the lowest six scores are counted, and any arrow(s) shot at any other target shall not be scored. An archer should shoot from the longest distance first, the second longest distance next, and soforth. Scores are recorded from the highest score to the lowest score. Arrows should be retrieved only after the signal to do so is given

tackle

Archery equipment referred to as a whole.

roving

Archery game played outdoors in which natural targets (stumps, trees, bushes, etc.) are selected for competition.

Step 4—Establishing a Bow Hold.

As in all other aspects of archery, consistency is required in establishing a proper bow hold. First, extend your left arm at the shoulder height toward the target with the left hand in a "handshake" position; then place the pivot point of the bow handle (midsection of the bow) in the V formed by the thumb and index finger. Now the handle of the bow should rest against the base of the thumb, and the other fingers should be placed lightly around the handle. This grip keeps the bow from falling at release of the arrow. Make sure that you do not grip the bow and keep the grip relaxed. Before releasing the arrow, the elbow of the bow arm must be turned down to avoid slapping by the bowstring

Step 6—Raising the Unit.

At this point, the archer has prepared mechanically for shooting by establishing a proper stance, nocking an arrow, setting the hook, establishing the grip, and raising the head. Now the archer is ready to do the dynamic parts of shooting. The archer raises the entire unit (bow with a nocked arrow) to shoulder height. The bow is now in an upright position facing the target, the bow arm is extended toward the target, and the drawing arm is forming an extension of the arrow. The elbow of the drawing arm is better positioned slightly higher than lower in relation to the arrow

Step 5—Raising the Head.

Before raising the unit (bow and arrow), the archer's head should be in a natural position with the chin level and the head turned to look directly at the center of the target without any tilt

Low arrow flights are usually caused by

Creeping (letting the drawing hand move forward before arrow is released) Overhold (maintaining the hold position too long) String hitting the arm guard upon release Hunching the shoulder of the bow arm

Arrow flights to the left are usually caused by

Cupping the drawing hand instead of having the back of the drawing hand relaxed and straight Bringing the string away from the face (anchor point) to release the arrow Improper alignment of the bow, body, or string

bow weight

Designates the amount of effort (in pounds) needed to pull a bowstring a specific distance (usually 28 inches).

Step 7—Drawing and Anchoring.

Drawing is the act of pulling the bowstring into the shooting position, and anchoring is the point where the drawing hand is placed. The drawing and the anchoring should be done with one smooth, deliberate motion.

overdraw

Drawing the bow so that the pile of the arrow is inside the bow.

Step 10—Follow-through.

Follow-through is the act of maintaining the body position and mental condition assumed at release until the arrow hits the target. The bow arm is pushed slightly forward, and the drawing hand rubs the chin as it moves back behind your neck. During the act of release and follow-through, continue aiming at the target center rather than following the flight of the arrow and continue keeping the tension of the upper back muscles

Cognitively Impaired

Individual considerations must be taken into account to determine the appropriateness of archery for students who have low cognitive abilities. Consult with Special Olympics.

plucking

Jerking the drawing hand laterally away from the face on the release, which will cause arrow flight to the left.

creeping

Letting the drawing hand move forward at the release.

Orthopedically Impaired

Minimal modifications are needed for the student who uses a wheelchair and has good upper body strength and coordination. Students with grasping difficulties should consider commercially purchased assistive devices (e.g., trigger, wrist, and mouthpiece releases).

cock feather

Now called the "index feather." The feather that is set at a right angle to the arrow nock; differently colored from the other two feathers.

a successful atmosphere for archery.

Open space with good lighting and a proper backdrop, well-organized lessons, and an emphasis on safety are all important aspects of creating

High arrow flights are usually caused by

Peeking (looking up to watch the arrow in flight) Heeling the bow (putting pressure on the low part of the bow handle with the low portion of the bow hand) Body leaning backward Overdraw (pulling arrows beyond normal anchor point)

Arrows falling off the arrow rest of the bow are caused by

Pinching of the arrow nock with the fingers of the drawing hand. To remedy this, the archer should separate the index and middle fingers to ensure a light touch with the nock, hook the string with the first knuckles of drawing fingers, and use back muscles to draw. Tight finger tab Cupping of the drawing hand

vane

Plastic feather of an arrow.

25,000 bc

Pointed flint arrowheads attached to the tip of an arrow bound with feathers to the arrow shaft appeared around

flight shooting

Shooting an arrow the farthest possible distance.

anchor point

Specific location on the archer's face to which the index finger comes while holding and aiming.

addressing the target

Standing ready to shoot with a proper shooting stance.

hold

Steadily holding the arrow at full draw before release.

Sensory Impaired

Students with visual impairments can be taught to feel the correct way to notch the arrow in the bow. An audio signal could be used as a target. A rope could be tethered to provide the student with a visual impairment with a guide for retrieving an arrow. Students with hearing impairments or who are deaf require minimal adaptations.

petticoat

That part of the target face outside the white ring.

cant

The act of holding the bow tilted or slightly turned while shooting.

release

The act of letting the bowstring slip off the fingertips.

draw

The act of pulling the bowstring back into the anchor position.

crest

The archer's identifying marks shown just below the fletchings on the arrow.

bow arm

The arm that holds the bow; this would be the left arm for a right-handed person.

Step 9—Release.

The arrow should be released with unconscious effort. Simply relax the entire drawing hand and let the string roll off the fingers by itself. No other parts of the body except the drawing hand should be moved. During the release, continue aiming and maintain the contraction of the upper back muscles. Furthermore, let neither the drawing hand move forward nor come off the anchor position to release the string

spine

The characteristic rigidity and flexibility of an arrow.

cast

The distance a bow can shoot an arrow.

fletchings

The feathers of the arrow, which give guidance to its flight.

handle

The grip at the midsection of the bow.

nock

The groove in the end of the arrow in which the string is placed.

notch

The grooves of the upper and lower tips of the limbs into which the bow string is fitted.

Step 3—Setting the Hook. After nocking the arrow, the archer must establish a proper hook.

The hook is set using three fingers (index, middle, and fourth fingers) of the archer's right hand. Hook the first three fingers around the string at the first knuckles of these fingers. Hold the arrow lightly between index and middle fingers but do not squeeze the arrow. The thumb and little finger of the right hand should be touching each other over the palm. After shooting for a while, relax the thumb and little finger. It is important to keep the back of the right hand straight."

shaft

The long body part of the arrow.

point-blank range

The only distance from the target at which the point of aim is right on the bull's eye.

target face

The painted front of a target, usually replaceable.

face

The part of the bow facing the shooter.

trajectory

The path of the arrow in flight.

nocking point

The point on the string at which the arrow is placed.

pile (point)

The pointed metal tip of the arrow.

back

The side of the bow away from the shooter.

Step 1—Establishing a Proper Stance.

The stance establishes the foundation of good archery form; the square and open stances are the most commonly used. For both stances, the archer should spread both feet apart (approximately shoulder width) to achieve a comfortable feeling. The archer's weight should be equally distributed and the knees should be locked to maintain balance. Once you decide on a stance—either the square or open stance—you should take the same stance each time you shoot.

round

The term used to indicate shooting a designated number of arrows at a designated distance or distances.

serving

The thread wrapped around the bowstring at the nocking point.

Step 8—Aiming and Holding.

The three methods of aiming in archery are bow sight, point-of-aim, and instinctive shooting. 1. Shooting with a bow sight is the most accurate aiming technique. The archer should line up the string and bow sight with the center of the target. If the arrow hits high, move the sight up and if low, move the sight down. The sight can also be adjusted left or right. 2. Point-of-aim shooting is aiming at some spot with the point of the arrow. The spot may be in front of, on, or above the target. The selection of the aiming spot depends upon the height of the archer, length of the arrow, and bow weight. When shots are low, move the spot up; when shots are high, move the spot down. String alignment is also important and should be done directly in front of the right eye and lined up vertically with the bow. 3. Instinctive shooting is shooting without a sight or point-of-aim marker. The archer's eyes are focused on the center of the target so the bow arm will adjust itself toward target. Accuracy of this technique depends on the archer's shooting form, eyesight, depth perception, and kinesthetic awareness.

hen feathers

The two feathers that are not set at right angles to the arrow nock. See cock feather.

Scoring

There are five sequential circles of gold, red, blue, black, and white. Each has two equal zones. Sequentially from the gold center circle, the scores awarded are 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1.

pinch

To squeeze the nock of the arrow.

limbs

Upper and lower parts of the bow; divided by the handle.

overbow

Using too strong a bow that is too powerful to allow a bowstring to be pulled the proper distance.

A target consists of

a target face, a mat, and a stand. Ready-made targets can be purchased from a sporting goods dealer.

In 1988

an archery team event was added to the Olympics.

winning the contest

archer or team must win the required amount of ends

All target archery rounds (competitions)

are shot at a regulation 48-inch target face unless otherwise specified.

Bows are classified

as straight, recurved, and compound.

Each type of arrow has its own advantages and disadvantages,

but it is important that one select arrows closely matched in weight, length, and stiffness (spine).

Which type of bow has wheels, pulleys, and cables?

compound

compound bow

consists of a pulley system at the tips connected by cables that positively affect the necessary drawing force. This bow has advanced balancing, weighting, and sighting systems, which increase the cost

An arrow that goes completely through the target or that bounces off the target

counts 7 points regardless of the part of the target it passes or hits

An arrow that lands on the line between two rings

counts as hitting the higher scoring ring.

Ancient Scorton Arrow contest

created in England in 1673, still conducted this is the oldest continuous archery tournament in existence

first stone arrowheads

discovered in Africa, suggesting that the bow and arrow may have been invented here around 50,000 B.C

The Federation for International Target Archery (FITA)

formed in 1931, is the organization responsible for the establishment of archery rules, standards, and meets.

Henry VIII of England

fostered the creation of several archery organizations, and, as a result, archery became a competitive sport.

a bow unearthed in Denmark dates

from approximately 8000 to 6000 B.C.

If the arrow goes through the target but the fletchings (feathers) remain inside the mat

go to the back of the target and pull the arrow carefully forward without any twisting motion.

early archery equipment was first used for

hunting and later became a weapon of war, beginning with the Egyptians around 5000 B.C.

For physical education classes, a modified institutional round should be

implemented to enable a round to be completed within a given time period. For example, the Ball State Round consists of 12 ends: 4 ends each shooting from 20 yards, 25 yards, and 30 yards, and requiring approximately 60 minutes to complete. Each end consists of shooting five arrows. The scoring values of the Ball State Round are 5 points for gold, 4 points for red, 3 for blue, 2 for black, and 1 for white. This gives a maximum total of 300 points (5 arrows × 5 points × 12 ends = 300 points). If a class period is only 45 minutes, a round should consist of 8 ends: 4 ends from 25 yards and 4 ends from 30 yards

time limit

in out door max time permitted to shoot an end of 3 arrows is 2 minutes, and 6 arrows is 4 minutes indoor max time 20 seconds per arrow

The arm guard is usually made of

leather with elastic straps to hold the guard on the forearm.

Toxophilis

lover of the bow, first book published on archery, written in England by Roger Ascham in 1545

shooting order

lowest scoring team or individual shoots first if scores are tied it reverts back to original shooting order

Bows are constructed of

many materials, including wood, fiberglass, or laminated wood core and fiberglass.

Individual competition

one archer competes against another first competitor shoots arrow into target opponent then shoots their arrow into their target continues until archers have shot 3 arrows each or 6 arrows total

hunting

over 40 lb

wins the end

person or team with the most points out of all the arrows

To retrieve an arrow from the target

place the palm of your left hand against the target face, with the arrow resting between the index and the middle finger, and push the target face lightly. With your right hand, grasp the arrow by the shaft close to the target and, twisting it slightly counterclockwise, pull the arrow directly backward.

Tabs or gloves will

protect the fingers and aid in developing a smooth and consistent release.

Square Stance

recommended for beginning archers because it is natural, easy to establish, and easy to duplicate. In this stance, the archer's feet straddle the shooting line, with both feet parallel to each other, and toes line up with the center of the target. The body should be upright with head turned toward the target

The archer should be where in relation to the shooting line?

straddle it

outdoor archery

target is max 122 cm in diameter standard olympic distance is 70 m but can go up as high as 90 m wind, weather, and other factors

in 1971

the National Archery Association formed its College Division to promote archery in colleges and universities. The organization hosts a national tournament annually.

Open (Oblique) Stance

the archer draws the foot nearest to the target back about 4 to 6 inches from the square stance. At the same time, hips and shoulders must also turn so that the body is at about a 45-degree angle to the target. recommended for advanced archers.

if both archers or teams have the same amount of points

the end is declared a draw

the national archery association sponsored

the first archery tournament in chicago in 1879

If an arrow splits a line between to numbers the score that will be recorded is

the higher score

The arm guard is worn on

the inside of the forearm below the elbow, near the wrist of the bow arm.

The bow and arrow remained the principal weapon of war for many centuries until

the musket was invented in a.d. 1520. Archery soon thereafter became a sport.

in 1828

the united bowmen of philadelphia founded the first and oldest us archery organization which is still in existence

Target mats are easily made from

tightly compressed hay and should measure at least 50 × 50 inches.

All archers go at the same time to retrieve arrows.

true

In target shooting a bull's eye is worth 10 points.

true

children 6-12

under 20 lb or 20 lb

tiebreaker

used if a winner can't be determined archer who shoots the most inner 10s or most 10s is the winner alternately both archers shoot one arrow and the archer whose arrow lands closest to the middle of the target wins

Arrow shafts dating from approximately 9000 B.C.

were discovered in Germany,

Which of the following is a way to break a tie in an archery contest?

whoever gets the most 10's

indoor archery

wind, weather, and other factors don't apply distance to target is 18 or 25 meters targets are 40 cm, and there are usually more targets archer must shoot one arrow into each target in any order

Arrows are made of

wood, fiberglass, or aluminum. The least expensive, wooden arrows, are used by most beginning archers; fiberglass and aluminum arrows are used by more advanced archers