ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY

1. Battered or sloping outside walls 2. Columns & Capitals from vegetable origins 3. Papyrus Buds, Lotus Flower walls of mud brick, thick & 9M high 4. Unbroken massive walls adorned with hieroglyphics

Egyptian

1. Sphinx, 2. Pyramids, 3. Obelisks, 4. Mastaba Tombs, 5. Great Temple, 6. Abu-Simbel, 7. Temple of Khons

Egyptian

CARYATIDS

Sculptures female figures used as columns or supports

VAULT

an arch covering in stone o r brick over any building; architecture arched ceiling: an arched structure of stone, brick, wood, or plaster that forms a ceiling or roof; a room with arched ceiling: a room, especially an underground room, with an arched ceiling

FILLETS

a small flat band between mouldings to separate them from each other. architecture flat narrow moulding: a raised or sunken ornamental surface set between larger surfaces

MINARET

a tall tower in, or continuous to a mosque ar ch stairs leading up to one or more balconies from which the faithful are called to prayer.

DAADO

the portion of a pedestal between its base and cornice. A term also applied to the lower portions of walls when decorated separately.

KIOSK

A small pavilion, usually open - built in gardens & parks.

CORBEL

A block of stone, often elaborately carved or moulded, projected from a wall, supporting the beams of a roof, floor or vault.

BAPTISTERIES

A building or a part of a church in which baptism is administered

BALDACHINO

A canopy supported by columns generally placed over an altar or tomb. Also known as "CIBORIUM".

CHAMFER

A diagonal cutting of an arris formed by two surfaces at an angle

NARTHEX

A long arcaded entrance porch to a Christian Basilican Church.

STOA

A long colonnaded building, served many purp oses, used around public places and as shelter at religious shrines; an ancient covered walkway: in ancient Greece, a covered walkway, usually with a row of columns on one side and a wall on the other

AISLE

A longitudinal division of an interior area, as in a church, separated from the main area by arcades or the like.

BUTTRESS

A mass of masonry built against a wall to resist the pressure of an arch & vault.

PYRAMID

A massive funerary structure of stone or brick with a square base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex.

AMBO

A raised pulpit on either side of a Basilican church from which the epistle of a gospel were read.

BEMA

A raised stage in a Basilican church reserved for the clergy.

ARCADE

A range of arches supported on piers or columns attached to or deta ched from the wall.

AQUEDUCTS

A roman structure where immense quantities of water were required for the great thermae and for public fountains, and for domestic supply for the large population; a channel fo r water: a pipe or channel for moving water to a lower level, often across a great distance

ABACUS

A slab forming the crowning member of a column;

ENTASISv

A swelling or curving outwards along the outline of a column shaft, designed to counteract the optical illusion which gives a shaft bounded by straight lines th e appearance of curving inwards; a bulge in architectural column: a slight bulge in the shaft of a column, desig ned to counter the visual impression of concavity that a perfectly straight column would give

MAUSOLEUM

A term applied to monumental tombs. They consisted of large cylindrical blocks, often on a quadrangular podium, topped with a conical crown of earth or stone.

FRESCO

A term originally applied painting on a wall while the plaste r is wet and is not in oil colors. painting done on fresh plaster: a painting on a wall or ceiling made by brushing watercolors onto fresh damp plaster, or onto partly dry plaster

PEDIMENT

A triangular piece of wall above the entablature enclosed by raking cornices; architecture gable on colonnade: a broad triangular or segmental gable surmounting a colonnade as the major part of a facade

PINNACLE

A turret (small rounded tower) or part of a building elevated above the main building. architecture pointed ornament: a pointed ornament on top of a buttress or parapet

DOME

A vault having a circular pl an, and usually in the form of a sphere portion, so constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all directions.

1. Cupola Roofs (dome shaped roof or dome on roof ), spanning with arched squinches, the square chamber angles, lantern roof and coffered dome, an elaborate system of hexagon, each containing the statue of Buddha 2. The "SIKHARA" & "PAGODA" temples survive. 3. A monumental pillar generally supporting a metal superstructure adorned with mystic symbols, groups of divinities and portraits statuary of royalties. 4. Windows have intricate lattice screens and roof have red curved tiles, metal gutters and projecting cornice and fancifully decorated with carving, embos sing, tinkling bells and hanging lamps. 5. The monastery is fortress -like sited on hill tops. 6. Pillars and beams are painted "yellow or red" and "painted silks" hang from the roof.

Afghanistan, Nepal, Tibet

1. Neo-classic & Greek revival was fo llowed 2. Baloon frame was introduced 3. The skyscraper was contributed related to metal frame construction 4. The non-load-bearing curtain wall & the elevator

Americas

1. the White House 2. Washington D.C., U.S. Capitol 3. Boston Empire State Building, 4. English Country Houses 5. Bungalows

Americas

ECCLECTIC

An adjective used to describe an artist who selects forms and ideas from different periods or countries and combines them to produce a harmonious whole.

MASTABA

An ancient Egyptian rectangular, flat -topped funerary mound with battered (sloping) sides covering a burial chamber blow ground

DOLMEN

An ancient structure usually regarded as a tomb, consisting of two or more large upright stones set with a space between and capped by a horizontal stone

MOSQUE

An inward -looking building whose prime purpose is for conte mplation & prayer. A space without object of adoration. (Muslim)

1. Abundance of clay-provided bricks 2. Roofs flat outside 3. Architecture was arcuated winged deity and winged human headed lion used as décor 4. Houses of one room, entered by a single door & without windows

Ancient Near East (Mesop otamia)

1. Ziggurat of Ur, 2. persepolis, 3. hall of the hundred columns

Ancient Near East (Mesopotamia)

VOUSSOIRS

Any of the pieces, in the shape of a truncated wedge, which form an arch or a vault. A wedge -shaped stone: a wedge-shaped brick or stone used to form the curved parts of an arch or vault

ZIGGURAT

Artificial Mountains made up of tiered (layered), rectangular stages which rose in number from one to seven

1. Picturesque values 2. Reflected in the predilection (liking) for highly textured, colorful materials, asymmetry & informality. 3. palazzo style was a triumph of national ecclesiasticism 4. New functions & techniques produced new forms 5. Taller buildings were designed due to concrete & cast iron frames . 6. New materials were used due to the effect of canals 7. Railroad systems, central heating & elevator or lift

Britain

1. Westminster New Palace (House of Parliament), London 2. Crystal Palace, London [???] 3. University Museum, Oxford 4. Red House, Kent 5. Cathedral @ Guildford

Britain

1. Stepped Temple Pyramid , terraced on a hill 2. Using stone without mortar fitted perfectly and numerous colossal towers 3. Religious buildings overlaid with ornamentation of Chinese characters, surfaces often finished with porcelain tile 4. Walls are white stucco, (wall plaster) 5. multi-leveled overlapping timber roofs 6. Gables and bargeboard decorated with Hindu iconography. 7. Doors and window shutters are of carved wood, lacquered in black and gold .

Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia

1. Novel development of the Dome to cover polygonal and square plans of churches 2. Tomb & baptisteries by means of "pendentives"3. 'Fresco" decoration using marble & mosaic

Byzantine

1. St. Sophia, Constantinople 2. St. Mark, Venice

Byzantine

ATLANTES

Carved male figures serving as pillars also called TELAMONES; architecture figure of man used as support: a figure of a man, either standing or kneeling, used as a support for the upper part of a classical building

1. Roof ridges are laden with elaborate ornamental cresting and the up -tilted angles are adorned with fantast ic dragons and grotesque ornament.(distorted bizarre) 2. Roofs one on top of the other using S-shape enameled tiles. 3. Roof framing in "rectangle" and not triangle. 4. Use of bright colors 5. Column brackets are decorated with birds, flowers and dragons.

China

STONEHENGE

Consists of a complex of "sarsen" (any of the many large sedimentary rocks that have been broken into blocks by frost action and are found scattered across the chalk downs of southern E ngland )stones and smaller blue stones set in a circle and connected by lintelals

1. Eiffel tower, [???] 2. New louvre, 3. Paris Opera House, 4. Paris & cologne.

Continental Europe

1. Repetition of standard bays, both plan & elevation, an affinity (similarity) with bay system, programmatically adopted with the introduction of iron construction

Continental Europe

FORUM

Corresponds (links) to the Agora in a Greek city was a central open space, used a public meeting space, market or rendezvous for political demonstrations .

MOSAIC

Decorative surfaces formed by small cubes of stones, glass & marble.

STUPA

Domical mounds which grouped with their rails, gateways, prof essional paths and crowning umbrella came to be known as symbols of the universe; a Buddhist shrine, temple, or pagoda that houses a relic or marks the location of an auspicious event.

1. Basilican Churches, 2. Baptisteries

Early Christian

1. Widely Spaced Columns carrying semi-circular arches 2. Basilican Churches have 3 to 5 aisles, covered by a simple timber roof 3. Mosaic decoration added internally 4. separate buildings used for baptism or baptisteries

Early Christian

COLOSSEUM

Elliptical Amphitheatres are characteristically Roman buildings found in every imp ortant settlement, used to display of mortal combats (gladiatorial)

1. Notre Dame Cathedral, 2. Paris Canterbury Cathedral, 3. King's College, 4. Canterbury Town Halls, 5. Skippers house @ Ghent

Gothic

1. Pointed arch 2. buttress, flying buttress 3. gargoyles, decorated vaulting 4. rose & lancet windows ploughshare twist 5. variety of open roofs (trussed, tie-beam, collar)

Gothic

1. Acropolis, 2. Parthenon-temple, 3. Agora, 4. ODEION theatre, 5. stoa, - ancient covered walkway, usually with a wall on one side and a row of columns at the other 6. Mausoleum Sarcophagus, 7. open hillside theatres

Greek

1. Columnar & trabeated (have horizontal beams rather than archs) 2. Wooden roofs wer e untrussed 3. Ceilings sometimes omitted 4. optical illusions were corrected, in Greek Temples 5. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian [orders of columns]

Greek

OBELISK

Huge monoliths, square on plan and tapering to an electrum-capped (alloy of silver & gold) "pyra-midion" at the summit, which was the sacred part. The four sides are cut with hieroglyphics.

EXEDRA

In ancient Greece/ Rome, a room or covered area or open on one side used as a meeting place; architecture history conversation room: a room for relaxation or conversation, especially a semicircular recess in a larger hall with a continuous bench along the wall; furniture long curved outdoor bench: a long curved or semicircular outdoor bench, usually with a high back; architecture recess: any kind of recess or niche (technical)

1. Hindu worship is an individual act 2. Buddhist religious buildings or shrine s took the form of STUPAS (Buddhist shrine or pagoda), and are designed for congregational use. 3. Mouldings have BULBOUS character 4. The TORUS moulding is used 5. Various BAS reliefs depicting scenes of daily life and story of Buddha 6. The female form in its voluptuous (sensual) form is often used

India/ Pakistan

BATTER

Inward inclination or slope of an outward wall

1. Bulbous or onion dome 2. Minarets 3. stalactite moulding 4. cresting: decorative roof ridge: an ornamental ridge on a roof 5. painted arch

Islamic

1. St, Zeno, 2. Maggiore Monastery, 3. Leaning Tower, 4. Cathedral & Baptistery of Pisa, 5. Castles, fortifications, 6. chateus, Manor houses

Islamic

1. Light and delicate timber construction is refined by a minute carving & decoration 2. Dominant roofs characterized by their exquisite (beautiful/superb) curvature, supported by a succession of brackets 3. Upper part of the roof is terminated by a gable placed vertically above the end walls 4. Rooms are regulated by a "KEN" Tatami mats. 5. Love of nature: using stone, lantern & bonsai.

Japan

GROINS

Line of intersection of cross -vaults.

MAYAN TEMPLE PYRAMID

Pre-Columbian edifice dedicated to the service or worship of their god which is made of stones entered by a single door to a very steep single flight of steps, above it rises a high stone roof.

1. Free-standing glass sheath suspended on a framework across the face of the buildin g or curtain wall. 2. Art Noveau and Bauhaus was developed 3. Enormous Spans unobstructed were at length achieved with concrete. 4. Steel is used in space-frame

Modern/ International

1. Salginatobel Bridge, 2. Einstein Tower, Eirch Mendelsohn 3. Chapel of Notre Dame, Le Corbusier 4. Johnson Wax Building, Frank Lloyd Wright 5. Falling Water, Frank Lloyd Wright 6. Dulles International Airport, Eero saarinen 7. Guggenheim Museum, Frank Lloyd wright 8. Sydney opera House, Jorn Utzon 9. Geodesic dome, Buckminster Fuller

Modern/ International

SPHINX

Mythical monsters each with the body of a lion and a h ead of a man, hawk, ram or woman possessed.

THERMAE

Palatial public baths of Imperial Rome raised on a high platform; hot springs: hot springs or baths, especially the public baths of ancient Rome.

1. Use of indigenous (natural) materials for houses like bamboo, palm leaves, sturdy wooden posts, carved wooden sidings, cogon grass roof. 2. Spanish-style high-pitched roofs, 3. Capiz shell windows, barandillas, balconies, 4. Coconut shell & wood design. 5. Much use of galvanized iron sheet for roofing

Philippines

HIEROGLYPHICS

Pictorial representation of religious rit ual, historic events and daily pursuits

1. Temple pyramids are approached by a single steep flight of steps. 2. Stone [finely dressed, carved, or laid as roughly dressed rubble] was employed for all important buildings

Pre-Columbian, America [Maya -Aztec-Mexico-Peru]

1. Temple Pyramid of the Sun, 2. Citadel Teotihuacan, 3. Temple of the Giant Jaguar, 4. Great Plaza of Tenochtitlan Machu Picchu, Peru

Pre-Columbian, Maya, Aztec, Mexico , Peru

1. Temporary shelter from perishable materials 2. Caves 3. Rocks on top of each other 4. Hard-packed snow blocks 5. animal skins

Pre-historic Period

1. Beehives, 2. huts, 3. caves, 4. tents, 5. Stonehenge, England 6. igloos

Prehistoric Period

1. Palazzo Ricardi @ Florence, 2. St. Peter's PIAZZA, 3. Cathedral Vatican, 4. Palais du louvre, 5. Paris Chateu Maisons,6. St Paul's Cathedral, London, 7. Guild Houses @ Brussels

Renaissance

1. Rusticated masonry, (rough masonry) 2. Quoins, Balusters 3. domes or raised drums 4. pediments one within the other 5. rococo 6. baroque style 7. mansard roof 8. salon

Renaissance

1. Pantheon, 2. Forums, 3. Basilicas 4. Thermae, 5. Amphitheatres, 6. Colosseum Coemeteria, 7. Triumphal arch, 8. gateways, 9. aqueducts

Roman

1. The arch & the vault was developed 2. Two orders of architecture added [Tuscan & Composite] 3. Concrete is now used [composition of lime, sand, pozzolana & broken bricks or small stones. v

Roman

1. Ribbed & panel, cross vaults; 2. plaster strips, arcades, rose windows, 3. Sober (serious/ not fanciful) & dignified style 4. Formal massing depends on the grouping of towers and the projection of transepts & choir.

Romanesque

1. Rock Temples, with square or octagonal pillars 2. A circular relic house (wata-dage) built in stone & brick is an outstanding architectural creation. 3. Architecture of wood, with high pitched roofs, with wide eaves, slightly curved, finished with small flat shingles and terra cotta tiles. 4. Windows with lacquered wood bars, carved timber doorways , ornamental metalwork door furniture , painted wall

Sri Lanka

COFFER

Sunk panels, caissons or lacunaria formed in ceilings, vaults or domes; sunken panel in a ceiling: a decorative sunken panel in a ceiling

SARCOPHAGUS

Taken from a tomb chamber, or the ornamental treatment given to a stone coffin hewn out of one block of marble and with sculptures, figures and festoons (garland) of a late period, surmounted by lids like roofs terminating in scrolls. stone coffin: an ancient stone or marble coffin, often decorated with sculpture an d inscriptions

PICTURESQUENESS

Term in a specialized sense to describe one of the attitude s of taste towards architecture and landscape gardening in the late 18th and early 19th century; very attractive: visually pleasing enough to be the subject of a painting or photograph

APSE

The circular or multi -angular termination of a church sanctuary. A rounded projection of a building

SOFFIT

The exposed undersurface of any overhead component of a building such as an arch, balcony, beam, cornice, lintel or vault. bottom surface: the underside of a structural component of a building, for example the underside of a roof overhang or the inner curve of an arch

PLINTH

The lowest square member of the base of a column

NAVE

The principal or central longitudinal area of a church, extending fro m the main entrance or narthex to the CHANCEL (area of church near altar: an area of a church near the altar for the use of clergy and choir, often separated from the nave by a screen or steps) usually flanked by aisles of less height.

CELLA

The sanctuary of a classical temple, containing the cult statue of the god

ARRIS

The sharp edge formed by the meeting of two surface usually in DORIC columns

FLUTES

The vertical channeling on the shaft of a column ; architecture: groove in column: a groove running down an architectural column

TRIUMPHAL ARCH

These are arches erected to emperors and generals commemorating victorious campaigns; has one or three openings. Such arches were adorned with appropriate bas-reliefs (flat sculpture; slightly projecting) and usually carried grit-bronze statuary (statues considered collectively) on an attic storey and having a dedicatory inscription in its face.

AGORA

Town square, was the center of soci al and business life, around which were stoas, or colonnaded porticoes, temples, markets, public buildings, monuments, shrines

FONT

a basin usually of stone which holds the water for baptism.

FORTRESS

a large fortified (armed) place; a fort often including a town; any place of security.

PENDENTIVE

the term applied to t he triangular curved overhanging surface by means of which a circular dome is supported over a square or polygonal compartment. a sloping triangular piece of vaulting between the arches that support a dome and its rim