Arguments

Characteristics of a proposal

* call for a change in response to a problem * focus on the future *they center on the audience

Elephants have cells in their bodies and all cells have DNA. Therefore, elephants have DNA.

Deductive Reasoning

What are grounds?

Evidence provided to support an enthymeme.

Every cart that you've observed purrs. Therefore, all cats must purr.

Inductive Reasoning

Every time you eat peanuts, you start to cough. You are allergic to peanuts.

Inductive Reasoning

All farmers like burgers. Jethro likes chicken wings. Therefore, Jethro is not a farmer.

Invalid Deductive Reasoning

What are conditions of rebuttal?

Recognitions of potential rebuttals to an argument.

What is the definition of backing?

The evidence provided to support a warrant.

What are qualifiers?

Words or phrases that limit the scope of a claim.

Proposal Argument

a claim is made in favor of or opposing a specific course of action *call audience to action

What is an Enthymeme?

a statement that links a claim to a supporting reason

Policy Proposal

broad plan to fix a major global problem

Toulmin Argument

helps to come up with ideas + test them 1. claim 2. qualifiers 3. reasons/evidence 4. warrants 5. backing

Deductive reasoning

moves from generalized principles that are known to be true to a true and specific conclusion

inductive reasoning

moves from specific instances into a generalized conclusion

Warrant

statement that explains how the evidence supports and connects to the claim

Practical Proposal

to fix a local problem