Arguments
Characteristics of a proposal
* call for a change in response to a problem * focus on the future *they center on the audience
Elephants have cells in their bodies and all cells have DNA. Therefore, elephants have DNA.
Deductive Reasoning
What are grounds?
Evidence provided to support an enthymeme.
Every cart that you've observed purrs. Therefore, all cats must purr.
Inductive Reasoning
Every time you eat peanuts, you start to cough. You are allergic to peanuts.
Inductive Reasoning
All farmers like burgers. Jethro likes chicken wings. Therefore, Jethro is not a farmer.
Invalid Deductive Reasoning
What are conditions of rebuttal?
Recognitions of potential rebuttals to an argument.
What is the definition of backing?
The evidence provided to support a warrant.
What are qualifiers?
Words or phrases that limit the scope of a claim.
Proposal Argument
a claim is made in favor of or opposing a specific course of action *call audience to action
What is an Enthymeme?
a statement that links a claim to a supporting reason
Policy Proposal
broad plan to fix a major global problem
Toulmin Argument
helps to come up with ideas + test them 1. claim 2. qualifiers 3. reasons/evidence 4. warrants 5. backing
Deductive reasoning
moves from generalized principles that are known to be true to a true and specific conclusion
inductive reasoning
moves from specific instances into a generalized conclusion
Warrant
statement that explains how the evidence supports and connects to the claim
Practical Proposal
to fix a local problem