ART 1001- Spiel

Idea came along when Isaac Newton discovered that a prism can break down white light into its component parts

Color spectrum

Orange=blue, Red=green, Violet=yellow

Complementary colors

-granted Christians tolerance, moved capital of (reunified) Roman Empire to Constantinople

Constantine the Great (End of Roman Empire)

work's subject matter, or what is being depicted

Content

blue, green, violet

Cool colors

defining feature: acanthus leaves- the third Greek order not discussed so far

Corinthian order

huge stones arranged in a circle -believed to have a religious association: cult of the dead or sun worship -the most famous such structure is that of Stonehenge GB

Cromlech

assumed almost religious dimensions in ancient Rome; each house had niches or shrines to receive the busts of ancestors

Cult of the ancestors

wedge-shaped; advent of writing in Sumerian culture

Cuneiform

Greek Islands

Cycladic Culture

rolled in soft clay to reveal positive imprint

Cylinder seals

Unique images produced by photography before photographic negatives

Daguerreotypes

All men and women are born with equal rights

Declaration of Human Rights

made of marble slabs, plaster, or ornamental brick- or stonework outside (opus incertum, opus reticulatum, etc.)

Decorative sheathing

During Persian wars of 480BCE Athens runs an alliance of Greek city-and island states

Delian League

An alternative dating method based on the tree rings found in timber, bristle cone pines in CA dating back as far as 4,000 BCEE serve as reference

Dendrochronology

typically involves stone or wood (unique works of art)

Direct carving of a sculpture

discus thrower

Discobolos

tomb structures consisting of rows of stones, planted vertically in the ground, covered with a slab

Dolmen

associated with mainland Greece, simpler, massive, older, rustic; distinctive features: plain, cushion like capitals, triglyph and metope on frieze(reminders of early wooden temples; triglyphs=ends of wooden crossbeams)

Doric Order

Figure groups organized in bands canonical

Egyptian formula for rendering of nature (esp. human figure) include:

"Hot wax painting"

Encaustic

Powered pigment, binder=beeswax, HEAT used as thinner. Used since ancient times (eg. mummy portraits of ancient Egypt)

Encaustic

ca700-510 BCE

Etruscan Art

-predates that of ancient rome -uses Greek colonies as models -cities are underneath modern cities of central Italy

Etruscan Culture

rare in traditional figures (and typically clothed), appear with increasing frequency during the Hellenistic Period

Female figures

Flemish painter Jan van Eyck, but the Italians perfected it and used it extensively

First to explore technique of oil on canvas

Work's style, technique and media used, and how elements of design are implemented

Form

Spatial division, colors, horizontal/vertical emphasis, no interest content (but: aids the orientation of the viewer/helps clarity of description), figurative work of art

Formal Analysis

the center of Roman political, business & social life

Forum Romanum

Romulus and Remus

Founding myth of Rome

founded in 1648; was influential in defining the modern identity of the artist as an independent intellectual

French Academy of Painting and Sculpture

codified values of the enlightenment; abolition of aristocratic privileges, declaration of human rights, republicanism

French Revolution of 1789

Powdered pigment, Binder=lime in PLASTER, thinner=water MUST be painted on fresh, wet plaster

Fresco

Drawings allow artists to collect and record ideas (sketchbooks), to try out proportions and to visualize ideas (preparatory drawings); sometimes, however, drawings can be an end in themselves

Functions of Drawings

France factory that became famous for its tapestries

Gobelin factories

Babylon's most powerful king; first ruler to establish codified (written) laws for his realm recorded on the "Stele of Hammurabi"

Hammurabi

Greek mainland

Helladic culture

-saw a decline of the ideals espoused by the age of Perikles and Phidias -Athenian dominance ended with defeat during Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE -Alexander the Great conquers Sumer, Babylon, Egypt, Assyria, Persia and parts of India -influx and absorption of Eastern (oriental) influences -departure from classical canon of idealized human beauty:drama suffering, age and physical decay become focus =>emergence of nude female figures

Hellenistic Period

323-30BC

Hellenistic Period

-barbarians, old-folk and children -objective: stir emotion of observer -disharmonious, unsettling and eccentric content

Hellenstic Art

Historical>Portraits>Genre>Landscape>Still Life Art Academies promoted art that was inspired by themes of classical antiquity and maintained ____________

Hierarchy of genres

king's body represented much larger than anybody else's to signify rank

Hieratic scale

translated by Rosetta stone; found to be phonetic, not pictographs

Hieroglyphic Writing

on top of hierarchy of genres

History painting

first works in the canon of Western literature, birth of mythology and poetry

Homer's Iliad and Odyssey

world view centers on human, not divine perspective; became popular during renaissance

Humanisms

predominates (mammoth, bison, reindeer, horses, boar, etc.); spears and traps; occasional hand prints

Hunting Iconography

-roof supported by columns using post and lintel system -Commonly had a clerestory or raised, central rows of columns (allowed light to filter in)

Hypostyle

Study of the content of images eg: Who was Marat? Who was David? What event is depicted?

Iconography

The visual images and symbols used in a work of art or the study or interpretation of these

Iconography (Form vs. Content)

first artist/architect of recorded history

Imhotp

Italian expression meaning thick (literally paste like) application of paint. Creates texture using diaphanous paint. Relief like, 3D quality of paint that sits on the surface

Impasto

-emphasis on public works, architecture, infrastructure

Imperial Rome

27BCE-337>Constantine the Great

Imperial Rome

launched incursions that damaged economic and administrative structure -problem magnified by introduction of Chrisitanity -Empire on verge of collapse; division of Roman empire and beginning of Byzantine

Imperial Rome

Texture of canvas and consistency of paint

Influences the character of oil on canvas paintings

Printmaking technique where crevice in the plate (engraved or etched with acid) hold the ink, the untouched part is wiped and does not hold ink eg: engravings and etchings

Intaglio techniques

associated with Asia Minor, decorative, recent, seems lighter, sophisticated; distinctive feature: volutes mimicking acanthus leaves

Ionic order

English expression "design" is a distant relative

Italian: disegno

Deciphered hieroglyphic writing in the early 1820s using the rosetta stone

Jean Francois Champollion

Printmaking technique using litho crayons on fine-grained Bavarian limestone; gum Arabic and acid as fixative, stone is wetted and greasy ink is applied which is repelled by water in the blank areas

Lithography

Techniques invented in the 19th century as commercial processes

Lithography and Photography

Method specific to cast metal, especially bronze, 3D positive figure is modeled in wax, then immersed in clay investment mould. Upon firing, wax melts

Lost Wax (Cire Perdu) Casting method

art is produced for the market place, artists no longer know their clients on a personal basis most of the time

Market place system

Greece, Mesopotamia, and Egypt are all a part of:

Mediterranean basin

The construction of the great pyramids are believed to be a consequence of moving a royal residence where during the third dynast?

Memphis

Middle stone age (from about 8000 BCE to 6000 BCE for Mediterranean; extends up to 4000 BCE for Spain and Northern Europe)

Mesolithic Period

a loose association of indep, cities, was one of the earliest great Mesopotamian civilizations: began early 4th millennium BCE

Mesopotamia-Sumer

defined by: -political organization in city-states, surrounded by nomadic people and interlinked by trade; cities were religious and administrative centers enjoying economic prosperity -building of temple structures (difference to Egypt: preoccupation with royal tombs)

Mesopotamian civilizations

2500-1400 BCE

Minoan

first instance of highly developed, urban culture in Western hemisphere

Minoan Architecture

located on the island of crete ca 2800-14550 BCE

Minoan culture

The cultural aspect of the modern experience expressed mainly in art and literature. Eg: individuality, alienation, psychological states, danyism, introspection, anesthetization of everyday experience

Moderism

The civilizational aspect of the modern experience, eg: scientific discoveries, technological advances, railroads, industrialization, mechanization, urbanization, rationalization, etc.

Modernity

a single, large stone

Monolith n. (adj.: monolithic)

small pieces of colored glass, stone or ceramic tile called tessera, are embedded in a background material such as plaster or mortar

Mosaic

1400-1200 BCE

Mycenaean Culture

culture of Greek mainland associated with Mycenae (on the Peloponnesus) ca.1550-1100 BCE

Mycenaean Culture

1200 BCE

Mycenaen culture collapsed

may be portrayed in "Head of Akkadian Ruler", culture blossoming under his rule -ruled and conquered by military force; called governors of subordinate cities his "slaves," himself "King of the Four Quarters" Ithe universe

Naram-Sin

under his rule there was a revival of Babylonian culture: hanging gardens, ziggurat temple of Bel (Bible:Babel)

Nebuchadezzar

Allows for an unlimited number of identical prints in photography, began being used by the middle of the 19th century

Negatives

Giant stride forward in human development: fixed abodes and domestication of plants and animals; village cultures surrounded by fields; change from hunter to herdsmen may have started in the Near East as early as 7000 BCE and in Europe about 4000 BCE

Neolithic Age

Late Stone Age (Eastern Mediterranean: 6000 BCE to 3500 BCE; Spain and Northern Europe: 4000 to 1500 BCE)

Neolithic Period

incursioins from Syrian and Mesopotamian uplands, new type of weaponry, conquests, new capital (thebes)

New Kingdom

1570-1070 BCE

New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt

Greek goddess of Victory

Nike

Cult of Emperor- Emperors were seen as god-like

Official Religion of Imperial Rome

Glazes: thin transparent layers of paint that build up on surface. Creates jewel like surface quality and smooth surfaces. Extremely time consuming. Flemish tradition of painting. eg. van Eyck

Oil glazes

First used in the 15th century (the renaissance)

Oil on canvas

Great pyramids, & Great Sphinx

Old Kingdom

ca.2686-2155 BCE

Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt

Chalk dust

Opaque watercolor (Gouache) adds......

built by Darius I and Xerxes I; destroyed by Greek conquerer Alexander the Great

Palace of Persepolis

Early stone age from about 35000 BCE to 8000 BCE

Paleolithic Period

takes place every four years: citizen of Athens carried in a ceremonial procession the peplos (or robe) to archaic statue of Athena

Panathenaic procession

Oldest and largest of the buildings on the Acropolis

Parthenon

artist produce for patrons, common since Renaissance; demised during the 18th/19th century

Patronage system

statesman who rebuilt Athens; including reconstruction of the Acropolis on grander scale

Pericle

538-331 BCE

Persian Empire

all hellenes joined forces against invasion of Greece by the Persians; Athen emerged as leading Greek power

Persian War (497-479BCE)

leaders/kings of ancient Eygpt

Pharaohs

Produced initially as unique images (Daquerreotypes) but by the middle of the century, photographic negatives came to be used that allowed for unlimited number of identical prints

Photography

"painting in the open, painting in nature" pioneered by Barbizon group of painters in France (Charles-Francois Daubigny). was made possible by the invention of tin tubes

Plein Air Painting

Great rival of Phidas in Athens

Polykleitos

- helped gain a lot of knowledge of daily life in Republic Rome - major volcanic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius =>79CE -Rediscovered in mid 18th century

Pompeii and neighboring Herculaneum

Stone Cromlech

Post-and-Lintel

Minoan culture and Mycenaean culture

Pre-Classical Greece

Red, Yellow, and Blue

Primary colors

Engravings, etching, lithographs, silkscreen prints, etc.

Prints

Multiples, distinct from original (one of a kind) works of art eg: cast sculptures, prints, potographs, etc.

Prints

entry gate (path of Panathenaic procession)

Propylaea

contemporary architecture in Greece by this time (ca.460BCE) had already entered classical period

Provincial conservation

Greek domination

Ptolemaic Period of Egypt

Invented in 1955, it is based on the fact that living organisms continually absorb carbon isotopes, including radioactive carbon-14, which disintegrates into nonradioactive nitrogen-14; upon death of an organism, absorption ceases, but disintegration continues. Since the rate of disintegration is known, deductions about age can be made based on the amount of carbon-14 remaining

Radiocarbon Dating

Egypt's great warrior pharaoh; his temple built far up the Nile

Ramses II

symbol was a pyramidal stone (the ben ben) by the fourth dynasty, the pharohs considered themselves the sons of him cult was nearby Helipolis

Re, the sun god

Front of oil on canvas

Recto

Assyrians excelled at this kind of sculpture; which is carved out of only one side of a block stone and was used to decorate their places

Relief sculpture

Printing technique that occurs with the raised parts of the plates; those parts that have not been cut away eg: linoleum cutes (linocuts), woodcuts (woodengravings)

Relieg processes

re-birth of classical antiquity

Renaissancce

509-27 BCE> Augustus proclaimed Emperor

Republican Rome

-skills in administration, building of infrastructure, and law and government; calendar, language - admiration of Greek culture and art => start reproducing on large scale

Republican rome

res publica=common good ex. right to pursue happiness > political advent of modernism

Republicanism

Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia (today: parts of Syria and Iraq), the Nile Delta of Egypt; move from the grassy uplands (beginning of agriculture) to the river valleys and deltas rich in fertile soils due to river deposits

River Valley cultures

Instead of pyramids, mortuary temples carved directly out of the cliffs were made during the New Kingdom

Rock-Cut Temples

Concrete (lime mortar, water, and volcanic dust) combined with use of arches and vaults

Roman innovations in building techniques

Depended on aqueducts; played very important role in Roman civilization

Running water and sewer system

Large or smaller copied

Scaled copies

where many Hellenistic sculptures originated

School of Rhodes

Green, violet, and orange

Secondary colors

obtained by mixing primary colors

Secondary colors

shoes warlike aspects of his rule: king with horned helmet near the pinnacle of the composition, treading on the bodies of the fallen enemies; below, the files of soldiers in his army

Stele

Refers to the formal qualities of a work of art that can typically be associated with a historical period and/or a specific geographical region, and which are shared across individual creators

Style

Art deco style characterized by angular shapes and dark colors; it celebrated the dynamism of the machine age and was prevalent during the 1920 and 1930s especially in the US and France

Style of "The Brooklyn Bride" and "Self-Portrait"

statues with clasped hands and large rendering of the eyes

Sumerian Art

ca2300 BCE: unified under ruler Sargon of Akkad of the Semitic Akkadian people

Sumerian Cities

Anu(god of the sky), En-lil/Bel (creator and ruler of earth and "lord of the storm")

Sumerian innovations: a system of gods

Seals, record keeping task of temple priests

Sumerian innovations: art of writing

Hawk (head)

Symbol for the sun

Term describing characteristics pertaining to the surface of a painting, sculpture, etc.

Texture

earliest form of democracy; body of citizens in a Greek city-state with voting rights

The Athenian polis

transition to high classical sculpture, so called sever style

The Riace Warriors

-care of dead/ afterlife was important to Egyptian culture -religious belief: Ka lived on after death and needed to be provided for (preservation of body, food, drink, art, etc) -Mastabas (Arabic:bench): rectangular with sloping sides and made of brick are the earliest type of funery monuments

Tomb architecture

discovered in 1922; took the attire/attributes of Osiris; lingering trace of naturalism

Tomb of tutankhamen

Fool the eye

Trompe l'oeil

type of tomb from Etruscan culture; interior excavated from tufa rock (soft stone originally formed in through volcanic eruptions), rock cut tomb, niches which would hold the sarcophagi of the deceased

Tumulus

became cradle of the oil on canvas technique due to problem of salinity and humidity affecting frescoes

Venice

Back of oil on canvas, shows stretcher, canvas, inscriptions (signature, title, date), and labels

Verso

Red, yellow, orange

Warm color

Drawings, Collages, Prints, Most prints from photographic negatives/ digital prints

Works on paper

Stepped temple structure made of sun-dried brick; it is typical for Mesopotamian civilizations (Sumer, Babylon, etc.)

Ziggurat

Elevation

a separate part of something

alternative model for artistic training; art schools today are distant relatives of this academic model

academy

training under a recognized master

apprenticeship system

several arches are placed next to eachother

arcade

advance guard: art as an agent for change in society, Utopias, Socialism/Communism, art needs to be radical, needs to be ahead of its time

avant-garde

decorating the metope panels set between triglyphs in outer faced

bas-relief sculture

consubstantial with the wall on which it is painted

buon fresco or True Fresco technique

follows a fixed set of rules from which artists rarely deviate and which turn into a standard

canonical (n: canon)

Gr. naos, or enclosed chamber inside temple

cellae

-most forums had them -often with temple dedicated to the protective deity of the titular emperor

colonnaded courts

inspired by scientific discoveries, many late 19th century artists tried to develop styles and painting methods that would incorporate color theory

complementary colors in pointillism

Ancient Eygptians had ______ taste in matters of art

conservative

the opposite of oil glaze

diaphanous paint

Binder of tempera

egg yolk

confraternities or craft associations

guilds

colors of the spectrum

hues

sculpture in the round of a male youth depicted nude

kuros figure

composite creatures between humans and animals standard feature of Mesopotamian art

lamassu

Binder for fresco

lime in plaster

Mycenaean Architecture on Peloponnesian penisula

palaces of Tiryns and Mycenae

chalk-like, friable medium; requires colored paper as support

pastel

aristocratic leadership class

patricians

household gods

penates

common people

plebians

severity

severitas

Lotus and papyrus decorations

symbol for unified Egypt

fertility and strength, revered through the New East and the Mediterranean (cf Picasso)

symbolism of the bull

Characteristic of pylon temples:

symetrical around central axis

designs were frequently woven after the design of famous artists/artwork; served as insulation from the cold

tapestry

Aesthetics defined....

the nature of beauty

ways of using the line to imply volumes of solid masses

tonal variations/shading or hatching/cross-hatching

Five lintel-topped pairs of the largest sarsen stones, each weighing 45 to 50 tons

trilithons

several arches are stacked up one behind the other

vault

literalness

veritas

________ colors seem to advance while ________ colors seem to recede

warm, cool

mass-transportation, railway system, consumer goods more accessible, leisure time, large metropolitan centers expand, Haussmannization in Paris, photography replaces painting, radical breaks with tradition, conventions of representation> modernism in art:Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, ultimately Cubism after 1907

1860s and 1870s

Perspective rendering

A two-dimensional picture of what the three-dimensional venue is going to look like.

Form of communication that uses visual vocabulary

ART

term stands in opposition of figurative art DESCRIBES WORKS THAT HAVE NO REFERENCE AT ALL TO NATURAL OBJECTS (Picasso never painted __________)

Abstract art

doctrine derived from the French Academy of Painting and Sculpture

Academicism

Invented machine that allowed for scaled copies of sculptures in 1839

Achille Colas

High Classical Architecture

Acropolis

an ensemble of structures built during the classical period

Acropolis

Relatively recent invention (second half of 20th century), transparent "films of color", dries fast, and allows for high degree of color intensity

Acrylics

Sub-displine of philosophy concerned with the nature of how we process and assess what we percieve; originally tried to define the nature of beauty

Aesthtics

-marked break with traditional canon of Egyptian art during rule of Amenhotep IV or Akhenton -religion of Aton and abolished native cult Amen -moved capital from Thebes downriver to Tel-el-Amarna

Amarna Period

preservation of the ka beyond death -define type of monuments, works of art: tombs and temples dominate

Ancient Eygpt: Preoccupation with the afterlife

individuality

Ancient Greece emphasized:

Invention of money (coins); scientific discoveries, mathematics, natural science; mastery of ship building and facilitating commercial exchanges

Ancient Greece is know for...

human-centered

Anthropocentric World View

Greek goddess of love and beauty

Aphrodite

700-480 BCE

Archaic Period

Academic discipline concerned with the historical contexts of works of art

Art History

Materiality of art; what the artist uses to make it

Artistic medium (media)

roughly 1000 year interval between Babylonian and neo-Babylonian empire, during which they were under __________ dominance The people came from way up north of the great river valley, from what is today northern Iraq

Assyrian

Tomb approached by a long passage (dromos), leading into a round tomb chamber (tholos)

Beehive tomb

Binder for encaustic paintings

Beeswax

Characteristics: farming and domestication of animals instead of food gathering; permanent human shelters/settlements; onset of village culture; earliest traces of urban settlements (Jericho 7000 BCE; Catal Huyuk 7000 to 5000 BCE)

Beginnings of Civilization

papyrus scrolls that were left with mummies after burial ceremonies; contained spelled, prayers, formulas, and counsels

Book of the dead

the materials of choice of Etruscan artists

Bronze and Terracotta

Remnants of classical ideal continue to live on in......

Byzantine Art

was defeated by Rome, thus paving the way for Roman dominance in the mediterranean

Carthage

Figural columns

Caryatid figures

centaurs (half-man, half-horse) and lapiths, gods and giants, Greeks and Amazons engaged in battle

Centauromachy

Fired clay

Ceramics

-massive ("cyclopean") walls -megaron (chief or throne room of the place)

Citadel of Tyrins

Archaic Period, Classical Period, Hellenistic Period

Classical Greece

480-230 BCE Ride of Alexander the Great concludes transition

Classical Period

Ancient Greece, Rome, tradition

Classicism

Cut and glued pieces of paper (French coller=to glue)

Collage

One of the most famous representatives is Rembrandt van Rijn; great interest in the visual representation of emotion: confidence, fear, anger, pain

"Golden Age" of Dutch Painting (17th Century)

Emperor Augustus defeated Anthony and Cleopatra, bringing an end to the civil wars at the end of the Republican Rome; "Roman Peace"

"Pax Romana"