Psychology Chapter 11
Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?
cognitive dissonance
What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?
cognitive dissonance
_______ cultures value the group and cooperation
collectivist
What type of love occurs later in a relationship and is characterized by strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?
companionate love
Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make ______ rapidly
decisions
_____ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility
deindividuation
_______ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups
empathy
Altruism is which of the following?
giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself
Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive
greater
_____ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view
groupthink
_______ racism refers to prejudicial attitudes that exist on a deeper, unconscious level
implicit
What is the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) designed to assess?
implicit racism
_____ is a key aspect of altruistic behavior
reciprocity
Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the _____ accountability for individual effort
reduced
_______ love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation
romantic
(T/F)The physical attractiveness of an individual delivering a message can affect how persuasive the message is
true
Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____ cause
uncontrollable
Bill pays for Madeline's lunch and seems very happy. Madeline thinks to herself, "Bill must be in an unusually good mood today." Madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____ cause
unstable
________ love is also called companionate love, and it occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another
affectionate
Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause
external
Social _____ is when an individual's performance improves in the presence of others
facilitation
(T/F) When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present?
false
The _____ may be explained by the fact that when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention-grabbing than the observed person's behavior
fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______
fundamental attribution error
When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following?
fundamental attribution error
In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school segregation, in which Whites and Blacks attended separate schools, was unconstitutional. This illustrates which strategy to diminish the effects of prejudice and discrimination?
increasing contact between majority and minority groups
We _____ the positive aspects of our in-group and at the same time _____ those of out-groups
inflate; devalue
The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____
informational social influence
Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____ cause
internal
The bystander effect makes it _______ likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.
less
When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social _______
loafing
The _______ _______ effect means that the more we encounter someone (or something), the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing
mere exposure
People are _____ likely to detect variations among individuals who belong to their in-group, compared to individuals who are part of their out-groups
more
Miko has just transferred to a new high school and starts to dress and act like the popular students there because she wants them to like her. This is an example of ________ social influence
normative
The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is ____
normative social influence
Milgram's classic study involving teachers, learners, and electric shock was designed to examine the power of _____
obedience
What is the social psychological term for a change in behavior in response to the commands of others?
obedience
Groupthink is more likely to occur when the group does which of the following?
overestimates their power and morality
What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?
passionate
When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with the religious or ethnic group affiliations, this is stating their _______ identity
social
______ identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership
social
______ psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others
social
________ ________ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information
social cognition
_______ states that the way we define ourselves in terms of our group memberships is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves
social identity theory
Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.
stable
Checking a box that asks respondents to indicate their ethnicity can, in turn, activate _____
stereotype threat
Checking a box that asks respondents to indicate their ethnicity can, in turn, activate _____.
stereotype threat
Women in science and math settings may perform more poorly because the self-fulfilling prophecy, in the form of ________ ________, took their attention
stereotype threat
Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?
stereotyping
Person perception is which of the following?
the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
What is the definition of social psychology?
the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
Attribution theory is which of the following?
the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others
Social cognition is which of the following?
the way in which individuals think in social situations
A ________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.
threat
A person who experiences stereotype ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group
threat
(T/F)Happy people are more likely than unhappy people to help others
true
Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior?
when the person's attitudes changed recently
The ________ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family
evolutionary
_______ psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes, by this account, is to procreate
evolutionary
The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures
self-serving bias
Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?
-a person's romantic interest in the participant -a person's propensity for violence -a person's sexual orientation
Critics of evolutionary psychology theory cite which of the following findings to bolster their criticism of evolutionary theory in attraction?
-cross-cultural variation in gender behavior -variation in mate preference
Which of the following are contributing factors in prejudice?
-cultural learning -competition for resources that are scarce -feeling bad about oneself
Ethnocentrism involves which of the following?
-encouraging in-group/out-group thinking -taking pride in one's group -asserting one's group as superior over other groups
People are more likely to perceive variety and differences in members of an _______ -group, whereas they are more likely to view members of an _______ -group as "all looking the same."
-in -out
When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior?
-when a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes -when a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes -when a person has strong attitudes
In Milgram's classic obedience study, what percentage of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator -- 450 volts -- to shock the learner?
65 percent
In which of the following situations is groupthink most likely to occur?
a powerful leader is surrounded by people of lower status
Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?
a person's artistic ability
In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, he or she was more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was ____, he or she was likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all
alone, with 2 passive confederates, 2 other naive participants
Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?
altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes
_______ are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts
attitudes
In an effort to maximize our sense of self-esteem, we may come to think that our own group (in-group) is _____ groups to which we don't belong (out-groups)
better than
What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?
bystander effect
The expectation of reciprocity _____
can encourage altruism
Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?
change the behavior causing the dissonance change the attitude causing the dissonance
We all adhere to the rules and norms of society to some degree. The fact that we attend work or school clothed, rather than nude, is an example of _______
conformity
_______ is a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people
conformity
Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____ cause.
controllable
The term _______ is used to describe a process that occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity
deindividuation
_____ is a negative or harmful action directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group
discrimination
Cognitive _______ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts
dissonance
To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called _____
effort justification
_____ involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring
egoism
The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive
elaboration
A key social emotion in altruism is _______ , a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another
empathy
_______ _______ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
person perception
Evolutionary psychologists propose that sex differences in mate selection relate to biological differences in the production of offspring. Evolutionary psychologists have used _____ as evidence of these evolutionary differences
personal ads
What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?
personal attitudes and the perception of others
___________ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or their behavior
persuasion
Group _______ effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion
polarization
_______ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership
prejudice
What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur?
self-fulfilling prophecies
If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?
self-fulfilling prophecy
