Psychology Chapter 11

Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?

cognitive dissonance

What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?

cognitive dissonance

_______ cultures value the group and cooperation

collectivist

What type of love occurs later in a relationship and is characterized by strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?

companionate love

Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make ______ rapidly

decisions

_____ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility

deindividuation

_______ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups

empathy

Altruism is which of the following?

giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive

greater

_____ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view

groupthink

_______ racism refers to prejudicial attitudes that exist on a deeper, unconscious level

implicit

What is the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) designed to assess?

implicit racism

_____ is a key aspect of altruistic behavior

reciprocity

Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the _____ accountability for individual effort

reduced

_______ love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation

romantic

(T/F)The physical attractiveness of an individual delivering a message can affect how persuasive the message is

true

Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____ cause

uncontrollable

Bill pays for Madeline's lunch and seems very happy. Madeline thinks to herself, "Bill must be in an unusually good mood today." Madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____ cause

unstable

________ love is also called companionate love, and it occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another

affectionate

Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause

external

Social _____ is when an individual's performance improves in the presence of others

facilitation

(T/F) When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present?

false

The _____ may be explained by the fact that when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention-grabbing than the observed person's behavior

fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______

fundamental attribution error

When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following?

fundamental attribution error

In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school segregation, in which Whites and Blacks attended separate schools, was unconstitutional. This illustrates which strategy to diminish the effects of prejudice and discrimination?

increasing contact between majority and minority groups

We _____ the positive aspects of our in-group and at the same time _____ those of out-groups

inflate; devalue

The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____

informational social influence

Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____ cause

internal

The bystander effect makes it _______ likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.

less

When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social _______

loafing

The _______ _______ effect means that the more we encounter someone (or something), the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing

mere exposure

People are _____ likely to detect variations among individuals who belong to their in-group, compared to individuals who are part of their out-groups

more

Miko has just transferred to a new high school and starts to dress and act like the popular students there because she wants them to like her. This is an example of ________ social influence

normative

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is ____

normative social influence

Milgram's classic study involving teachers, learners, and electric shock was designed to examine the power of _____

obedience

What is the social psychological term for a change in behavior in response to the commands of others?

obedience

Groupthink is more likely to occur when the group does which of the following?

overestimates their power and morality

What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?

passionate

When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with the religious or ethnic group affiliations, this is stating their _______ identity

social

______ identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership

social

______ psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others

social

________ ________ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information

social cognition

_______ states that the way we define ourselves in terms of our group memberships is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves

social identity theory

Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.

stable

Checking a box that asks respondents to indicate their ethnicity can, in turn, activate _____

stereotype threat

Checking a box that asks respondents to indicate their ethnicity can, in turn, activate _____.

stereotype threat

Women in science and math settings may perform more poorly because the self-fulfilling prophecy, in the form of ________ ________, took their attention

stereotype threat

Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?

stereotyping

Person perception is which of the following?

the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

What is the definition of social psychology?

the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

Attribution theory is which of the following?

the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others

Social cognition is which of the following?

the way in which individuals think in social situations

A ________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.

threat

A person who experiences stereotype ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group

threat

(T/F)Happy people are more likely than unhappy people to help others

true

Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior?

when the person's attitudes changed recently

The ________ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family

evolutionary

_______ psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes, by this account, is to procreate

evolutionary

The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures

self-serving bias

Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?

-a person's romantic interest in the participant -a person's propensity for violence -a person's sexual orientation

Critics of evolutionary psychology theory cite which of the following findings to bolster their criticism of evolutionary theory in attraction?

-cross-cultural variation in gender behavior -variation in mate preference

Which of the following are contributing factors in prejudice?

-cultural learning -competition for resources that are scarce -feeling bad about oneself

Ethnocentrism involves which of the following?

-encouraging in-group/out-group thinking -taking pride in one's group -asserting one's group as superior over other groups

People are more likely to perceive variety and differences in members of an _______ -group, whereas they are more likely to view members of an _______ -group as "all looking the same."

-in -out

When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior?

-when a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes -when a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes -when a person has strong attitudes

In Milgram's classic obedience study, what percentage of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator -- 450 volts -- to shock the learner?

65 percent

In which of the following situations is groupthink most likely to occur?

a powerful leader is surrounded by people of lower status

Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?

a person's artistic ability

In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, he or she was more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was ____, he or she was likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all

alone, with 2 passive confederates, 2 other naive participants

Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?

altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes

_______ are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts

attitudes

In an effort to maximize our sense of self-esteem, we may come to think that our own group (in-group) is _____ groups to which we don't belong (out-groups)

better than

What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?

bystander effect

The expectation of reciprocity _____

can encourage altruism

Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

change the behavior causing the dissonance change the attitude causing the dissonance

We all adhere to the rules and norms of society to some degree. The fact that we attend work or school clothed, rather than nude, is an example of _______

conformity

_______ is a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people

conformity

Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____ cause.

controllable

The term _______ is used to describe a process that occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity

deindividuation

_____ is a negative or harmful action directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group

discrimination

Cognitive _______ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts

dissonance

To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called _____

effort justification

_____ involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring

egoism

The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive

elaboration

A key social emotion in altruism is _______ , a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another

empathy

_______ _______ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

person perception

Evolutionary psychologists propose that sex differences in mate selection relate to biological differences in the production of offspring. Evolutionary psychologists have used _____ as evidence of these evolutionary differences

personal ads

What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?

personal attitudes and the perception of others

___________ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or their behavior

persuasion

Group _______ effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion

polarization

_______ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership

prejudice

What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur?

self-fulfilling prophecies

If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?

self-fulfilling prophecy