Art 101 Exam 2

The Cross-carpet page from the Lindisfarne Gospels displays

fantastic images like snakes that twist themselves into knots or the heads of birds

The decoration of Romanesque churches is usually simple and includes:

geometric shapes

mandorla

glory when it surrounds the entire figure of God, Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint with a large oval of radiant light

clerestory

refers to a wall of a building which is raised above an adjoining room, and this section of wall has windows.

Why is Charlemagne important?

He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor since the fall of Rome.

Artist created linear perspective by first creating a

Horizon line

The earliest and simplest of Islamic scripts is:

Kufic

catacombs

Underground tunnels in which the early Christians in Rome and other communities buried their dead.

The Pantheon was used as:

A religious building

What are the factors that go into a painting's "wall-power?"

Composition, color, and emotional power.

The Colossus of Constantine resembles which earlier sculpture most?

Constantine's appearance is unique and marks a transition in sculptural styles.

Gothic cathedrals did NOT have which of the following? A. A directional orientation toward Jerusalem B. A floor plan in the shape of a cross. C. Side chapels. D. Narrow doors to accentuate the ceiling height once inside.

D

Which culture heavily influenced Roman art?

Greece

How did Gothic architecture differ from earlier styles?

Grew out of the Romanesque style. The most fundamental element of the Gothic Style was the pointed arch. It had slender columns

What did gothic architecture allow?

allowed for more windows and more light.

orb

any concentric spheres

Pagan art

art by the Romans, used polytheistic religions.

What is the most important type of Islamic art?

art of the book

The beginnings of an identifiable Christian Art occurred:

at the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century C.E.

What is the most pervasive and important element in Islamic art?

calligraphy

Early Christian imagery could be found where:

catacombs, sarcophagi, and mausoleums

Justinian commissioned the renovation of approximately 30 of these types of buildings

churches

niche

concavity in the thickness of a wall, especially for the display of a statue.

equestrian statue

depicts a figure on a horse EX: Marcus Aurelius

monotheism

devotion to a single god EX: Islam and Judaism

Romans used art for which purpose:

1. To commemorate great battles 2. To illustrate scenes from myth and literature. 3. To communicate History

Which of the following is not true about Roman art? A. It was designed to draw only from the Roman traditions. B. Roman art was taken throughout the Roman Empire. C. Relief sculpture was prominent. D. The architecture was grand rather than simple.

A

bestiary

A collection of allegories with descriptions of real or imagined animals.

arabesque

A complicated, intertwined, flowing design of stylized floral and plant motifs loosely based on Arabian decoration.

ambulatory

A continuous aisle around a circular building, or a semi-circular aisle curving around the apse of a church behind the main altar.

porphyry

A hard igneous rock, originally recognized as the Egyptian variety now known as "Imperial" porphyry containing crystals of feldspar in a purplish groundmass.

diptych

A picture or bas-relief made of two panels hinged together, often an altarpiece. Also, any picture consisting of two individual surfaces. Also, an ancient Roman or Early Christian two-hinged writing tablet, or two ivory memorial panels

fibulae

A pin or brooch used to fasten fabric at the shoulder of togas of ancient Greece and Rome. They were often of decorative design.

scriptorium

A room in a monastery in which books and scrolls are written, copied, illuminated, and housed. This was especially significant during the Middle Ages, when scriptoriums served as the principal European sites for the production and preservation of manuscripts.

naturalistic style

A style of art that seeks to represent objects or living beings as they appear to the eye. A naturalistic work appears to reproduce the visible world.

groin vault

A vault formed when two barrel vaults meet at right angles. Groin vaults were used by Roman builders in the construction of the central hall of the Baths of Caracalia.

mosque

An Islamic place of worship.

transept

An aisle between the apse and nave.

relics

An object or a custom that remains from a previous time or culture. Something prized for its age or historic interest, especially something that can be linked to a particular person, place or event.

roundels

Any circular work of art or other object, or a circular element of a work, design or symbol.

What building is considered Gothic architecture's birthplace?

Basilica of Saint Denis

San Vitale is one of the most important surviving examples of:

Byzantine architecture

Which of the following describes the building methods used for Gothic cathedrals? A. The methods required extensive testing before anyone dared try new methods on an actual cathedral. B. The methods required that the entire cathedral be completed before it could be used. C. The methods were innovative and experimental which often led to small and sometimes major problems. D. The methods were time-tested as evidenced by the number still in used hundreds of years later.

C.

historiated capital

Capital letters ornamented with representation, such as plants, animals, or human figures, that has a narrative

Which of the following is TRUE of cathedral construction in the Gothic period? A. The roof of the cathedral was made of wood because builders loved the look. B. Builders liked using stone because it was easy to mold. C. Builders were unconcerned with fires. D. Builders used iron

D

coffered dome

Decorative recessed square (on ceiling surface)

Salisbury Cathedral is an example of:

English Gothic architecture

Who created the first accurate theory of color vision?

Ewald Hering

Color nerves can sense green AND red together at the same time

False

Our modern representative of color space is exactly the same as hering's circles

False

True or False: Junius Bassus had become a convert to Christianity long before his death.

False

True or False: The Pantheon is a temple for only one Roman god.

False

True or False: The cult of relic was at its lowest point during the Romanesque period (c. 1000 - 1200 C.E.).

False

True or False: The decoration on the capitals inside Hagia Sophia contribute to the overall feeling of heaviness and darkness of the building.

False

True or False:The Equestrian Sculpture of Marcus Aurelius is one of many sculptures of its size to survive from Antiquity.

False

True or False: The doors of the Hildesheim Church, c. 1015, were carved in wood.

False; Bronze

True or False: The Alhambra's most celebrated structures are its two original royal palaces.

False; Three original royal palaces

triumphal arch

Free-standing monumental gateway. 2nd Century BCE by Roman magistrates in honour of victorious generals. Constructed of stone, decorated with sculptures, as city gates or entrances to forums, but also as urban decorations.

minaret

In Islamic tradition, a tall, slender tower attached to or built near a mosque. Every minaret photo of a minarethas a balcony that a muezzin (Muslim crier) uses to call the faithful to prayer five times a day.

radiating chapels

In a church, projecting chapels arranged radially around the ambulatory of a semicircular or polygonal liturgical east end

oculus

In architecture, a circular opening

portal

In architecture, a door or gate, usually of importance or large in size.

barrel vault

In architecture, a half-round ceiling made by placing a series of arches from front to back. Traditionally constructed in stone it was developed by the Romans and adopted later by Romanesque church builders.

aisle

In architecture, a long, narrow space on either side of the nave of a church, usually between a row of columns or piers and the outer wall. It is often referred to as a side aisle.

narthex

In architecture, a porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave.

tracery

In architecture, branching, ornamental stonework, generally in a window, where it supports the glass.

tympanum

In architecture, the half-round panel that fills the space between the lintel and the arch over a Romanesque or Gothic doorway.

Kufic

In calligraphy, the earliest extant Islamic style of handwritten alphabet that was used by early Muslims to record the Qur'an

nave

In the architecture of a church, the major, central area where the congregation gathers. It leads from the main entrance to the altar and choir, and is usually flanked by side aisles

The discovery that the skeleton of the cathedral bore the weight of the structure led to what development?

Increase in the amount of windows for light

Where was the rib vault likely invented?

Islamic Spain

Who is the most famous Islamic artist?

Islamic art is usually anonymous, so there is not one

Augustus of Primaporta is a significant sculpture because:

It shows Augustus as a great military victor and a staunch supporter of Roman religion.

The Dome of the Rock is located in:

Jerusalem

Monotheism refers to the belief in:

Just one God

According to the website on perspective, which painting is considered to be the first accurately perspectival painting in the western tradition?

Masaccio, Trinity

orant figure

Outstretched hands in Early Christian art represent a praying figure.

Which features are known for gothic architecture?

Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting

Augustus of Primaporta resembles which statue:

Polykleitos' Doryphoros

idealized sculpture

Regarded or treated as ideal, or made or envisioned as ideal.

What does Islamic art share with other Western art?

Royal patronage

What does Provence mean?

The history of the painting itself, whose collection the painting has been in, and where the painting has been exhibited.

repoussee

The method of producing metal relief by hammering and/or punching a sheet of metal from the back.

apse mosaic

The semicircular or polygonal recess at the end of a Christian church opposite the main entry, or in a wall of a Roman basilica. It was here that the altar was placed.

What allowed for larger windows and more light in Gothic cathedrals?

The slender columns and lighter systems of thrust.

abstract style

The subjects often stylized, blurred, repeated or broken down into basic forms so that it becomes unrecognizable. Intangible subjects such as thoughts, emotions, and time are often expressed in abstract art form

jambs

The vertical sides of an opening. In Romanesque and Gothic churches, the jambs of windows and doors are often cut on a slant outward, or "splayed," thus providing a broader surface for sculptural decoration.

A painting could be worth more money if the artist had unhappy love-affairs

True

Anamorphoses occurs when an image created using linear perspective is stretched in one or more directions to change the original form.

True

Artist go in and out of fashion and that contributes to the financial value of their paintings.

True

True or False: Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France; Author Dictating to a Scribe is an example of a moralized Bible.

True

True or False: For the average person in the 12th Century, a pilgrimage to the Holy Land of Jerusalem was out of the question—travel to the Middle East was too far, too dangerous and too expensive.

True

True or False: Hagia Sophia is the symbol of Byzantium in the same way that the Parthenon embodies Classical Greece or the Eiffel Tower typifies Paris.

True

True or False: Included in the Sutton Hoo burial are some of the finest pieces of barbarian metalwork known.

True

True or False: Santa Sabina is a basilica.

True

True or False: The Portraits of the Four Tetrarchs are meant to look similar and convey equal power.

True

True or False: The Temple of Portunus was created during the Roman Republic.

True

True or False: The most fundamental element of the Gothic style of architecture is the pointed arch.

True

True or False: We see a reverence for geometry in Islamic mosaic tile work.

True

mausoleum

a building used to house tomb or tombs

An arabesque is

a curved, almost abstracted shape that can look like flowers and plants

A triclinium is

a dining room

The Byzantine panel with archangel, ca. 525-50 is an example of:

a diptych

triclinium

a formal dining room

triforium

a gallery or arcade above the arches of the nave, choir, and transepts of a church.

constrapposto stance

a graceful arrangement of the body based on tilted shoulders and hips and bent knees

hypostyle hall

a hall with a roof supported by columns;

pilgrimage

a journey or search of moral or spiritual significance

What did the rib vault allow?

a lighter, more elevated interior

tempera

a method of painting with pigments dispersed in an emulsion miscible with water

The relief sculptures on the Arch of Constantine show a move away from:

a naturalistic style

icon

a picture of jesus christ or another holy figure.

Pantocrator

a specific depiction of Chirst.

gallery

a structure projecting from one or more interior walls (as of an auditorium or church) to accommodate additional people; especially : the highest balcony in a theater commonly having the cheapest seats

bay

a subdivision or compartment of a building. In Romanesque and Gothic churches, the space between one column or pier and the next, including the vault or ceiling above it

tower

a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant margin

spire

a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, often a skyscraper or a church tower, similar to a steep tented roof.

buon (true) fresco

alkaline-resistant pigments, ground in water, are applied to wet plaster.

Which culture did Charlemagne emulate to exemplify and express his reign/power?

he built churches in the Christian Rome style in the days of Constantine, the first Christian Roman emperor.

crossing

he space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept.

The placement of the Emperor Justinian in the middle of the San Vitale mosaic shows:

how Justinian has religious, administrative, and military authority just like the Roman Emperors of the past

Which type of painting began during Justinian's reign?

icon painting

Second Style Roman wall painting

illusion of nature

Veristic Portrait

images often show their male subjects with receding hairlines, deep winkles, and even with warts.

The Romanesque style is named such because:

it is based on Roman architectural elements

Why is the Column of Trajan named such?

it was named in honor of Emperor Trajan's victory over Dacia (now Romania).

moralized Bible

made expressedly for the French royal house, include lavishly illustrated abbreviated passages from the Old and New Testaments.

flying buttress

masonry struts that transfer the thrust of the nave vaults across the roots of the side aisles and ambulatory to a tall pier rising above the church's exterior wall

ribbed vault

met in the center of the ceiling of each bay

The typical kind of art found in the early Middle Ages in the West is

metalcraft that displays interlace patterns and zoomorphic forms

Which of the following was NOT found in early Medieval Western manuscripts?

moralized Bible pages

barbarian metalwork

most popular type of fibula, that made a "crossbow" at the end. Because it resembled a weapon. Lombards are thought to be Germanic origin. They conquered Byzantine land, and were defeated by Charlemagne.

Iconoclasm

one who destroys sacred religious images.

Why does Islamic art not feature imagery?

only religious pieces lack imagery, secular pieces have images

Clerestory

refers to a wall of a building which is raised above an adjoining room, and this section of wall has windows. for example, and the clerestory contains windows for light and ventilation.

Greco-Roman

relating to the ancient Greeks and romans

What is featured on Trajan's column?

relief sculpture

pointed arch

relieved some of the thrust, and therefore, the stress on other structural elements. It then became possible to reduce the size of the columns or piers that supported the arch.

What did the pointed arch help?

relieved thrust and stress on other structural elements. Then it became possible to reduce the size of the columns on piers that supported the arch.

tierceron

ribbed vaulting crossed with lierne ribs into complex webs, or the addition of cross ribs

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Gothic buildings:

rounded arches

mihrab

s a semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla; that is, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying.

What two characteristics did Roman architecture exhibit?

secular and utilitarian

What art form was introduced to the West by Byzantium?

silk

Barrel vaulting refers to:

simple, semicircular roof vaults

mosaic

small tiles of stone, or glass

What does the repeating patterns of Islamic art signify?

the infinite nature of God

What type of art typifies the Byzantine style and was used in the renovation of Hagia Sophia?

the mosaic

What is a major Gothic innovation?

the pointed arch

What was the paramount achievement of Justinian's building program?

the rebuilding of Hagia Sophia

fresco

the technique of painting on a moist, plaster surface with colors ground up in water or a limewater mixture.

cross-carpet page

the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations

illuminated manuscripts

the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations

What Roman invention was revived in the Renaissance?

the triumphal arch

horseshoe arch

this arch was common in the architecture of the visigoths

basilica

type of public building used by the ancient Romans, and then adopted by the early Christians as places of worship.

secco fresco

wall painting technique where pigments mixed with an organic binder and/or lime are applied onto a dry plaster.