Art 101 Exam 2
The Cross-carpet page from the Lindisfarne Gospels displays
fantastic images like snakes that twist themselves into knots or the heads of birds
The decoration of Romanesque churches is usually simple and includes:
geometric shapes
mandorla
glory when it surrounds the entire figure of God, Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint with a large oval of radiant light
clerestory
refers to a wall of a building which is raised above an adjoining room, and this section of wall has windows.
Why is Charlemagne important?
He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor since the fall of Rome.
Artist created linear perspective by first creating a
Horizon line
The earliest and simplest of Islamic scripts is:
Kufic
catacombs
Underground tunnels in which the early Christians in Rome and other communities buried their dead.
The Pantheon was used as:
A religious building
What are the factors that go into a painting's "wall-power?"
Composition, color, and emotional power.
The Colossus of Constantine resembles which earlier sculpture most?
Constantine's appearance is unique and marks a transition in sculptural styles.
Gothic cathedrals did NOT have which of the following? A. A directional orientation toward Jerusalem B. A floor plan in the shape of a cross. C. Side chapels. D. Narrow doors to accentuate the ceiling height once inside.
D
Which culture heavily influenced Roman art?
Greece
How did Gothic architecture differ from earlier styles?
Grew out of the Romanesque style. The most fundamental element of the Gothic Style was the pointed arch. It had slender columns
What did gothic architecture allow?
allowed for more windows and more light.
orb
any concentric spheres
Pagan art
art by the Romans, used polytheistic religions.
What is the most important type of Islamic art?
art of the book
The beginnings of an identifiable Christian Art occurred:
at the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century C.E.
What is the most pervasive and important element in Islamic art?
calligraphy
Early Christian imagery could be found where:
catacombs, sarcophagi, and mausoleums
Justinian commissioned the renovation of approximately 30 of these types of buildings
churches
niche
concavity in the thickness of a wall, especially for the display of a statue.
equestrian statue
depicts a figure on a horse EX: Marcus Aurelius
monotheism
devotion to a single god EX: Islam and Judaism
Romans used art for which purpose:
1. To commemorate great battles 2. To illustrate scenes from myth and literature. 3. To communicate History
Which of the following is not true about Roman art? A. It was designed to draw only from the Roman traditions. B. Roman art was taken throughout the Roman Empire. C. Relief sculpture was prominent. D. The architecture was grand rather than simple.
A
bestiary
A collection of allegories with descriptions of real or imagined animals.
arabesque
A complicated, intertwined, flowing design of stylized floral and plant motifs loosely based on Arabian decoration.
ambulatory
A continuous aisle around a circular building, or a semi-circular aisle curving around the apse of a church behind the main altar.
porphyry
A hard igneous rock, originally recognized as the Egyptian variety now known as "Imperial" porphyry containing crystals of feldspar in a purplish groundmass.
diptych
A picture or bas-relief made of two panels hinged together, often an altarpiece. Also, any picture consisting of two individual surfaces. Also, an ancient Roman or Early Christian two-hinged writing tablet, or two ivory memorial panels
fibulae
A pin or brooch used to fasten fabric at the shoulder of togas of ancient Greece and Rome. They were often of decorative design.
scriptorium
A room in a monastery in which books and scrolls are written, copied, illuminated, and housed. This was especially significant during the Middle Ages, when scriptoriums served as the principal European sites for the production and preservation of manuscripts.
naturalistic style
A style of art that seeks to represent objects or living beings as they appear to the eye. A naturalistic work appears to reproduce the visible world.
groin vault
A vault formed when two barrel vaults meet at right angles. Groin vaults were used by Roman builders in the construction of the central hall of the Baths of Caracalia.
mosque
An Islamic place of worship.
transept
An aisle between the apse and nave.
relics
An object or a custom that remains from a previous time or culture. Something prized for its age or historic interest, especially something that can be linked to a particular person, place or event.
roundels
Any circular work of art or other object, or a circular element of a work, design or symbol.
What building is considered Gothic architecture's birthplace?
Basilica of Saint Denis
San Vitale is one of the most important surviving examples of:
Byzantine architecture
Which of the following describes the building methods used for Gothic cathedrals? A. The methods required extensive testing before anyone dared try new methods on an actual cathedral. B. The methods required that the entire cathedral be completed before it could be used. C. The methods were innovative and experimental which often led to small and sometimes major problems. D. The methods were time-tested as evidenced by the number still in used hundreds of years later.
C.
historiated capital
Capital letters ornamented with representation, such as plants, animals, or human figures, that has a narrative
Which of the following is TRUE of cathedral construction in the Gothic period? A. The roof of the cathedral was made of wood because builders loved the look. B. Builders liked using stone because it was easy to mold. C. Builders were unconcerned with fires. D. Builders used iron
D
coffered dome
Decorative recessed square (on ceiling surface)
Salisbury Cathedral is an example of:
English Gothic architecture
Who created the first accurate theory of color vision?
Ewald Hering
Color nerves can sense green AND red together at the same time
False
Our modern representative of color space is exactly the same as hering's circles
False
True or False: Junius Bassus had become a convert to Christianity long before his death.
False
True or False: The Pantheon is a temple for only one Roman god.
False
True or False: The cult of relic was at its lowest point during the Romanesque period (c. 1000 - 1200 C.E.).
False
True or False: The decoration on the capitals inside Hagia Sophia contribute to the overall feeling of heaviness and darkness of the building.
False
True or False:The Equestrian Sculpture of Marcus Aurelius is one of many sculptures of its size to survive from Antiquity.
False
True or False: The doors of the Hildesheim Church, c. 1015, were carved in wood.
False; Bronze
True or False: The Alhambra's most celebrated structures are its two original royal palaces.
False; Three original royal palaces
triumphal arch
Free-standing monumental gateway. 2nd Century BCE by Roman magistrates in honour of victorious generals. Constructed of stone, decorated with sculptures, as city gates or entrances to forums, but also as urban decorations.
minaret
In Islamic tradition, a tall, slender tower attached to or built near a mosque. Every minaret photo of a minarethas a balcony that a muezzin (Muslim crier) uses to call the faithful to prayer five times a day.
radiating chapels
In a church, projecting chapels arranged radially around the ambulatory of a semicircular or polygonal liturgical east end
oculus
In architecture, a circular opening
portal
In architecture, a door or gate, usually of importance or large in size.
barrel vault
In architecture, a half-round ceiling made by placing a series of arches from front to back. Traditionally constructed in stone it was developed by the Romans and adopted later by Romanesque church builders.
aisle
In architecture, a long, narrow space on either side of the nave of a church, usually between a row of columns or piers and the outer wall. It is often referred to as a side aisle.
narthex
In architecture, a porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave.
tracery
In architecture, branching, ornamental stonework, generally in a window, where it supports the glass.
tympanum
In architecture, the half-round panel that fills the space between the lintel and the arch over a Romanesque or Gothic doorway.
Kufic
In calligraphy, the earliest extant Islamic style of handwritten alphabet that was used by early Muslims to record the Qur'an
nave
In the architecture of a church, the major, central area where the congregation gathers. It leads from the main entrance to the altar and choir, and is usually flanked by side aisles
The discovery that the skeleton of the cathedral bore the weight of the structure led to what development?
Increase in the amount of windows for light
Where was the rib vault likely invented?
Islamic Spain
Who is the most famous Islamic artist?
Islamic art is usually anonymous, so there is not one
Augustus of Primaporta is a significant sculpture because:
It shows Augustus as a great military victor and a staunch supporter of Roman religion.
The Dome of the Rock is located in:
Jerusalem
Monotheism refers to the belief in:
Just one God
According to the website on perspective, which painting is considered to be the first accurately perspectival painting in the western tradition?
Masaccio, Trinity
orant figure
Outstretched hands in Early Christian art represent a praying figure.
Which features are known for gothic architecture?
Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting
Augustus of Primaporta resembles which statue:
Polykleitos' Doryphoros
idealized sculpture
Regarded or treated as ideal, or made or envisioned as ideal.
What does Islamic art share with other Western art?
Royal patronage
What does Provence mean?
The history of the painting itself, whose collection the painting has been in, and where the painting has been exhibited.
repoussee
The method of producing metal relief by hammering and/or punching a sheet of metal from the back.
apse mosaic
The semicircular or polygonal recess at the end of a Christian church opposite the main entry, or in a wall of a Roman basilica. It was here that the altar was placed.
What allowed for larger windows and more light in Gothic cathedrals?
The slender columns and lighter systems of thrust.
abstract style
The subjects often stylized, blurred, repeated or broken down into basic forms so that it becomes unrecognizable. Intangible subjects such as thoughts, emotions, and time are often expressed in abstract art form
jambs
The vertical sides of an opening. In Romanesque and Gothic churches, the jambs of windows and doors are often cut on a slant outward, or "splayed," thus providing a broader surface for sculptural decoration.
A painting could be worth more money if the artist had unhappy love-affairs
True
Anamorphoses occurs when an image created using linear perspective is stretched in one or more directions to change the original form.
True
Artist go in and out of fashion and that contributes to the financial value of their paintings.
True
True or False: Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France; Author Dictating to a Scribe is an example of a moralized Bible.
True
True or False: For the average person in the 12th Century, a pilgrimage to the Holy Land of Jerusalem was out of the question—travel to the Middle East was too far, too dangerous and too expensive.
True
True or False: Hagia Sophia is the symbol of Byzantium in the same way that the Parthenon embodies Classical Greece or the Eiffel Tower typifies Paris.
True
True or False: Included in the Sutton Hoo burial are some of the finest pieces of barbarian metalwork known.
True
True or False: Santa Sabina is a basilica.
True
True or False: The Portraits of the Four Tetrarchs are meant to look similar and convey equal power.
True
True or False: The Temple of Portunus was created during the Roman Republic.
True
True or False: The most fundamental element of the Gothic style of architecture is the pointed arch.
True
True or False: We see a reverence for geometry in Islamic mosaic tile work.
True
mausoleum
a building used to house tomb or tombs
An arabesque is
a curved, almost abstracted shape that can look like flowers and plants
A triclinium is
a dining room
The Byzantine panel with archangel, ca. 525-50 is an example of:
a diptych
triclinium
a formal dining room
triforium
a gallery or arcade above the arches of the nave, choir, and transepts of a church.
constrapposto stance
a graceful arrangement of the body based on tilted shoulders and hips and bent knees
hypostyle hall
a hall with a roof supported by columns;
pilgrimage
a journey or search of moral or spiritual significance
What did the rib vault allow?
a lighter, more elevated interior
tempera
a method of painting with pigments dispersed in an emulsion miscible with water
The relief sculptures on the Arch of Constantine show a move away from:
a naturalistic style
icon
a picture of jesus christ or another holy figure.
Pantocrator
a specific depiction of Chirst.
gallery
a structure projecting from one or more interior walls (as of an auditorium or church) to accommodate additional people; especially : the highest balcony in a theater commonly having the cheapest seats
bay
a subdivision or compartment of a building. In Romanesque and Gothic churches, the space between one column or pier and the next, including the vault or ceiling above it
tower
a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant margin
spire
a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, often a skyscraper or a church tower, similar to a steep tented roof.
buon (true) fresco
alkaline-resistant pigments, ground in water, are applied to wet plaster.
Which culture did Charlemagne emulate to exemplify and express his reign/power?
he built churches in the Christian Rome style in the days of Constantine, the first Christian Roman emperor.
crossing
he space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept.
The placement of the Emperor Justinian in the middle of the San Vitale mosaic shows:
how Justinian has religious, administrative, and military authority just like the Roman Emperors of the past
Which type of painting began during Justinian's reign?
icon painting
Second Style Roman wall painting
illusion of nature
Veristic Portrait
images often show their male subjects with receding hairlines, deep winkles, and even with warts.
The Romanesque style is named such because:
it is based on Roman architectural elements
Why is the Column of Trajan named such?
it was named in honor of Emperor Trajan's victory over Dacia (now Romania).
moralized Bible
made expressedly for the French royal house, include lavishly illustrated abbreviated passages from the Old and New Testaments.
flying buttress
masonry struts that transfer the thrust of the nave vaults across the roots of the side aisles and ambulatory to a tall pier rising above the church's exterior wall
ribbed vault
met in the center of the ceiling of each bay
The typical kind of art found in the early Middle Ages in the West is
metalcraft that displays interlace patterns and zoomorphic forms
Which of the following was NOT found in early Medieval Western manuscripts?
moralized Bible pages
barbarian metalwork
most popular type of fibula, that made a "crossbow" at the end. Because it resembled a weapon. Lombards are thought to be Germanic origin. They conquered Byzantine land, and were defeated by Charlemagne.
Iconoclasm
one who destroys sacred religious images.
Why does Islamic art not feature imagery?
only religious pieces lack imagery, secular pieces have images
Clerestory
refers to a wall of a building which is raised above an adjoining room, and this section of wall has windows. for example, and the clerestory contains windows for light and ventilation.
Greco-Roman
relating to the ancient Greeks and romans
What is featured on Trajan's column?
relief sculpture
pointed arch
relieved some of the thrust, and therefore, the stress on other structural elements. It then became possible to reduce the size of the columns or piers that supported the arch.
What did the pointed arch help?
relieved thrust and stress on other structural elements. Then it became possible to reduce the size of the columns on piers that supported the arch.
tierceron
ribbed vaulting crossed with lierne ribs into complex webs, or the addition of cross ribs
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Gothic buildings:
rounded arches
mihrab
s a semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla; that is, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying.
What two characteristics did Roman architecture exhibit?
secular and utilitarian
What art form was introduced to the West by Byzantium?
silk
Barrel vaulting refers to:
simple, semicircular roof vaults
mosaic
small tiles of stone, or glass
What does the repeating patterns of Islamic art signify?
the infinite nature of God
What type of art typifies the Byzantine style and was used in the renovation of Hagia Sophia?
the mosaic
What is a major Gothic innovation?
the pointed arch
What was the paramount achievement of Justinian's building program?
the rebuilding of Hagia Sophia
fresco
the technique of painting on a moist, plaster surface with colors ground up in water or a limewater mixture.
cross-carpet page
the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations
illuminated manuscripts
the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations
What Roman invention was revived in the Renaissance?
the triumphal arch
horseshoe arch
this arch was common in the architecture of the visigoths
basilica
type of public building used by the ancient Romans, and then adopted by the early Christians as places of worship.
secco fresco
wall painting technique where pigments mixed with an organic binder and/or lime are applied onto a dry plaster.