Art Chapter 2,5,8

meander pattern

A decorative motif of intricate, rectilinear character applied to architecture and sculpture.

stylobate

A platform or masonry floor above the stereobate forming the foundation for the columns of a Greek temple.

abacus

A slab of stone at the top of a Classical capital just beneath the architrave

black-figured

A style of ancient Greek pottery decoration characterized by black figures against a red background. The black-figured style preceded the red-figured style.

entasis

A swelling of the shaft of a column.

hydria

A type of jar used by ancient Greeks to carry water. Some examples were highly decorated.

iwan

A vaulted chamber in a mosque or other Islamic structure, open on one side and usually opening onto an interior courtyard.

cuneus (pl. cunei)

A wedgelike group of seats in a Greek or Roman theater.

chiton

A woman's garment made out of a rectangle of fabric draped and fastened at the shoulders by pins. The garment is worn by some Archaic Greek korai, where it provides a decorative effect.

lamassu

An ancient Near Eastern guardian of a palace; often shown in sculpture as a human-headed bull or lion with wings.

blind arcade

An arcade with no openings. The arches and supports are attached decoratively to the surface of a wall

hieratic scale

An artistic technique in which the importance of figures is indicated by size, so that the most important figure is depicted as the largest.

apotropaic device

An object deployed as a means of warding off evil. Often a figural image (such as a Medusa head) or a composite image (like a Near Eastern lamassu), inserted into an architectural setting

Judging from the similarity between this work and another discussed in the chapter, this work can be determined to have been made in the _______ period. A) Classical B) Hellenistic C) Archaic D) Orientalizing

Archaic

glazed brick

Brick that is baked in a kiln after being painted.

Who initiated the construction of Persepolis? A) Adashir B) Xerxes C) Darius I D) Shapur I

Darius I

Byzantine images of the Anastasis feature Christ's A) Ascension into Heaven B) Final Judgement C) Descent into Limbo D) Death on the Cross

Descent into Limbo

What is a defining characteristic of the Corinthian capital that distinguishes it from the other major Greek orders? A) volutes B) an abacus C) fluting D) acanthus leaves

acanthus leaves

icon

From the Greek word for "image." A panel painting of one or more sacred personages, such as Christ, the Virgin, or a saint, particularly venerated in the Orthodox Christian church.

stele

From the Greek word for "standing block." An upright stone slab or pillar, sometimes with a carved design or inscription.

What aspect of Head of an Akkadian Ruler most contributes to its eternal quality? A) Abstraction B) Copper Material C) Frontality D) Intricate Patterning of the Beard

Frontality

What began to appear on pottery toward 800 BCE? A) Human and animal figures B) scenes of war C) the Greek alphabet D) geometric patterns

Human and animal figures

peripteral temple

In Classical architecture, a temple with a single colonnade on all sides, providing shelter.

kylix

In Greek and Roman antiquity, a shallow drinking cup with two horizontal handles, often set on a stem terminating in a foot.

guttae

In a Doric entablature, small peglike projections above the frieze; possibly derived from pegs originally used in wooden construction.

All of the following are differences between the Kritios Boy and the Kore due primarily to their having been created at different times, EXCEPT: A) S-curve of the Kritios Boy B) Kritios Boy's full nudity C) relative naturalism of the Kritios Boy D) Kritios Boy's facial expression

Kritios Boy's full nudity

The creatures fronting the Gate of the Citadel of Sargon II are known as A) apadanas B) cuneiforms C) Lamassus D) capitals

Lamassus

For whom was the Mausoleum at Halikarnassos designed? A) Skopas of Paros B) Artemisia C) Telephos D) Mausolos

Mausolos

tempera

Medium for painting in which pigments are suspended in egg yolk tempered with water or chemicals; this mixture dries quickly, reducing the possibility of changes in the finished painting.

frontality

Representation of a subject in a full frontal view

The painting in the Paris Psalter recalls the style and subjects of A) Classical Greek releifs B) Roman paintings C) Early Byzantine mosaics D) Early Christian mosaics

Roman paintings

nike

The ancient Greek goddess of victory, often identified with Athena and by the Romans with Victoria. She is usually represented as a winged woman with windblown draperies.

heroön

The center of a hero cult, where Classical Greeks venerated mythological or historical heroes.

triglyph.

The element of a Doric frieze separating two consecutive metopes and divided by grooves into three sections.

The Church of the Dormition departs from the conventions established in Hagia Sophia in its inclusion of A) pendentives B) clerestory windows C) a drum D) a dome

a drum

naos

see cella

All of the following aspects of this vase constitute innovations of the sixth century BCE EXCEPT: A) Borders of palmettes B) red-figured technique C) diversity of figural poses D) foreshortening of the figures

Borders of palmettes

Compared to a Doric column, an Ionic column is A) less plant-like B) more muscular C) more ornate D) less slender

more ornate

frieze

(1) A continuous band of painted or sculptured decoration. (2) In a Classical building, the part of the entablature between the architrave and the cornice. A Doric frieze consists of alternating triglyphs and metopes, the latter often sculptured. An Ionic frieze is usually decorated with continuous relief sculpture.

baroque

A style of Hellenistic Greek sculpture, characterized by extreme emotions and extravagant gestures, as seen on the Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon. The term is usually used to describe a style of 17th-century CE art, and scholars of ancient art coin it in recognition of similarities of style.

red-figured.

A style of ancient Greek ceramic decoration characterized by red figures against a black background. This style of decoration developed toward the end of the 6th century BCE and replaced the earlier black-figured style.

octastyle

A term used to describe the façade of a Greek or Roman temple, meaning that it has eight columns.

enneastyle

A term used to describe the façade of a Greek or Roman temple, meaning that it has nine columns.

hexastyle

A term used to describe the façade of a Greek or Roman temple, meaning that it has six columns.

truss

A triangular wooden or metal support for a roof that may be left exposed in the interior or be covered by a ceiling.

stereobate.

The substructure of a Classical building, especially a Greek temple.

The temple of the Parthenon was built in honor of A) Aphrodite B) Zeus C) Poseidon D) Athena

Athena

Which of the following was housed in a shrine at Dura-Europos? A) etrog B) menorah C) Torah D) shofar

Torah

Which of these was included among the seven wonders of the ancient world? A) Processional Way B) Ishtar Gate C) Hanging Gardens of Babylon D) tower of Babel

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Although now in ruins, this site's squat, thick stature, long staircases, monumentality, and resemblance to a mountain demonstrate that it was designed as a(n) A) palace B) Ziggurat C) Apadana D) Citadel

Ziggurat

A structure might be suggested to have been a synagogue from mosaics representing A) the Eucharist B) a throne C) a lamb D) a menorah

a menorah

A canopy designating a place of honor is known as a A) catacomb B) cubiculum C) baldacchino D) mandorla

baldacchino

In Ionic temples, architects occasionally substituted columns with female statues known as A) korai B) caryatids C) acroteria D) geisons

caryatids

In Hellenistic theaters the area reserved for the audience was known as the A) orchestra B) skene C) cavea D) cunei

cavea

In a Sumerian temple, the rectangular main room is called the A) alter B) cella C) wedge D) ziggurat

cella

The ideal system of proportions used in Polykleitos' Doryphoros came to be known as the A) symmetria B) harmonia C) kanon D) rhythomas

kanon

What was represented extensively in Assyrian art? A) abstractions of nature B) scenes of the afterlife C) military power D) domestic scenes of family

military power

The Temple of Apollo at Didyma emphasizes architectural A) serenity B) austerity C) decoration D) theatricality

theatricality

Man and Centaur was probably intended as a A) votive offering B) household decoration C) child's doll D) temple decoration

votive offering

cella

(1) The principal enclosed room of a temple used to house an image. Also called the naos. (2) The entire body of a temple as distinct from its external parts.

cornice

(1) The projecting, framing members of a classical pediment, including the horizontal one beneath and the two sloping or "raking" ones above. (2) Any projecting, horizontal element surmounting a wall or other structure or dividing it horizontally for decorative purposes

squinches

Arches set diagonally at the corners of a square or rectangle to establish a transition to the round shape of the dome above.

Sasanian art came to influence the art of the Christian West largely though its export to A) Persepolis B) Egypt C) Constantinople D) Greece

Constantinople

3. Gudea sculptures exalted the ruler's position and also testified to his A) Military ferocity B) Humility C) Divinity D) Piety

Piety

rococo.

The ornate, elegant style most associated with the early-18th-century in France, and which later spread throughout Europe, generally using pastel colors and the decorative arts to emphasize the notion of fantasy.

cavea

The seating area in an ancient theater. In a Greek theater, it was just over semicircular; in a Roman theater, it was semicircular. Access corridors divided the seating into wedges (cunei).

orthostats

Upright slabs of stone constituting or lining the lowest courses of a wall, often in order to protect a vulnerable material such as mud-brick.

chryselephantine

Usually refering to a sculpture in Classical Greece, signifying that it is made of gold and ivory. Pheidias' cult statues of Athena in the Parthenon, and Zeus at Olympia, were chryselephantine.

white-ground.

Vase-painting technique in which artists painted a wide range of colors onto a white background. This was a favorite technique for decorating lekythoi (vases used in a funerary context in ancient Greece.)

Hippodamos of Miletos was the first to write a treaties on A) city design B) lighthouses C) wall painting D) sculpture

city design

The architectural irregularities used in the construction of the Parthenon were meant to A) make the Parthenon appear small only B) counteract optical illusions and make the Parthenon more dynamic C) solve drainage problems only D) make the Parthenon appear larger only

counteract optical illusions and make the Parthenon more dynamic

Praxiteles' statue of Aphrodite was initially rejected because of its A) size B) gender C) nudity D) medium

nudity

All of the following were part of the original Parthenon EXCEPT: A) sculptures of goddesses in the pediment B) a stylobate C) a statue of Athena D) perfectly vertical Doric columns

perfectly vertical Doric columns

What is an aryballos? A) two-handled drinking cup B) jar to transport water C) large all-purpose storage jar D) perfume jar

perfume jar

parchment

From Pergamon, the name of a Greek city in Asia Minor where parchment was invented in the 2nd century BCE. (1) A paperlike material made from bleached animal hides used extensively in the Middle Ages for manuscripts. Vellum is a superior type of parchment made from calfskin. (2) A document or miniature on this material.

vellum

From Pergamon, the name of a Greek city in Asia Minor where parchment was invented in the 2nd century bce. (1) A paperlike material made from bleached animal hides used extensively in the Middle Ages for manuscripts. Vellum is a superior type of parchment made from calfskin. (2) A document or miniature on this material.

ziggurat

From the Assyrian word ziqquratu, meaning "mountaintop" or "height." In ancient Assyria and Babylonia, a pyramidal mound or tower built of mud-brick forming the base for a temple. It was often either stepped or had a broad ascent winding around it, which gave it the appearance of being stepped.

chiastic pose

From the Greek letter chi: an asymmetrical stance, where the body carries the weight on one leg (and often bears a weight with the opposite arm). Also described as contrapposto.

deësis

From the Greek word for "entreaty." The representation of Christ enthroned between the Virgin Mary and St. John the Baptist, frequent in Byzantine mosaics and depictions of the Last Judgment. It refers to the roles of the Virgin Mary and St. John the Baptist as intercessors for humankind.

protome

A decorative, protruding attachment, often on a vessel. Greek bronze-workers attached griffin-shaped protomes to tripod cauldrons in the 7th century BCE.

archaic smile

A fixed, unnaturalistic smile characteristic of many archaic Greek sculpted images. Artists ceased to depict figures smiling in this way once they began to explore greater naturalism.

register

A horizontal band containing decoration, such as a relief sculpture or a fresco painting. When multiple horizontal layers are used, registers are useful in distinguishing between different visual planes and different time periods in visual narration.

folio

A leaf of a manuscript or a book, identified so that the front and the back have the same number, the front being labeled recto and the back verso.

repoussé

A metalworking technique where a design is hammered onto an object from the wrong side. Sasanian craftsmen used this techniques for silver vessels.

foreshortening

A method of reducing or distorting the parts of a represented object that are not parallel to the picture plane in order to convey the impression of three dimensions as perceived by the human eye.

altar

A mound or structure on which sacrifices or offerings are made in the worship of a deity. In a Catholic church, a tablelike structure used in celebrating the Mass

pinakotheke

A museum for paintings. The first known example may have been in the Propylaia on the Athenian Akropolis

synoptic narrative.

A narrative with different moments presented simultaneously, in order to encapsulate the entire story in a single scene. The device appears in early Greek pediment sculpture.

aryballos

A perfume jar, generally small in size, and often minutely decorated. This was a favorite type of vessel for Corinthian vase-painters

house church

A place for private worship within a house; the first Christian churches were located in private homes that were modified for religious ceremonies.

geison

A projecting horizontal cornice. On a Greek or Roman temple, the geison will often be decorated.

The widespread use of the meander pattern in the decoration of a vessel would suggest its style to be A) Archaic B) Classical C) Geometric D) Orientalizing

Geometric

kore (pl. korai)

Greek word for "maiden." An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, draped female.

kouros (pl. kouroi)

Greek word for "male youth." An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, nude youth.

What id the use of diorite represent in Gudea sculptures? A) Gudea's respect respect for people of the other lands B) Gudea's great wealth C) Gudea's power as a ruler D) Gudea's connection with God

Gudea's great wealth

pronaos.

In a Greek or Roman temple, an open vestibule in front of the cella.

symposium.

In ancient Greece, a gathering, sometimes of intellectuals and philosophers to discuss ideas, often in an informal social setting, such as at a dinner party.

During Naram-Sin's time, metallurgy was primarily associated with A) Portraiture B) Adornment C) Cookware D) Weaponry

Weaponry

To classify sculptures as acroteria they would need to A) exhibit pronounced contrapposto B) come from the upper part of a structure C) represent figures in standing postures D) possess sufficiently idealized features

come from the upper part of a structure

What was the most probable function of Greek bronze tripod cauldrons? A) dedications for sanctuaries B) votive offerings for burials C) fertility charms for weddings D) decorative objects for private homes

dedications for sanctuaries

How does this sculpture most clearly demonstrate innovation? A) fleshy treatment of the face B) use of marble as a sculpture material C) close-cropped hairstyle D) deep cutting of the stone around the eyes

deep cutting of the stone around the eyes

capital

The uppermost member of a column or pillar supporting the architrave

A kouros is a A) statue of an idealized clothes young female B) marble copy of a bronze sculpture C) portrait sculpture D) freestanding statue of a nude male youth

freestanding statue of a nude male youth

What implement was used to write cuneiform? A) Cylinder Seal B) Orthostat C)Register D) Stylus

Stylus

dipteral

Term used to describe a Greek or Roman building—often a temple or a stoa—with a double colonnade.

doric column

A column characterized by a simple cushionlike abacus and the absence of a base. One of three styles of column consistently used by Greek and Roman architects.

engaged column

A column that is joined to a wall, usually appearing as a half-rounded vertical shape.

drum

(1) A section of the shaft of a column. (2) A circular-shaped wall supporting a dome.

lunette

(1) A semicircular or pointed wall area, as under a vault, or above a door or window. When it is above the portal of a medieval church, it is called a tympanum. (2) A painting, relief sculpture, or window of the same shape.

glaze

(1) A thin layer of translucent oil color applied to a painted surface or to parts of it in order to modify the tone. (2) A glassy coating applied to a piece of ceramic work before firing in the kiln as a protective seal and often as decoration.

pediment

(1) In Classical architecture, a low gable, typically triangular, framed by a horizontal cornice below and two raking cornices above; frequently filled with sculpture. (2) A similar architectural member used over a door, window, or niche. When pieces of the cornice are either turned at an angle or interrupted, it is called a broken pediment.

peristyle.

(1) In a Roman house or domus, an open garden court surrounded by a colonnade. (2) A colonnade around a building or court.

entablature

(1) In a classical order, the entire structure above the columns; this usually includes architrave, frieze, and cornice. (2) The same structure in any building of a classical style.

orchestra

(1) In an ancient Greek theater, the round space in front of the stage and below the tiers of seats, reserved for the chorus. (2) In a Roman theater, a similar space reserved for important guests.

psalter

(1) The book of Psalms in the Old Testament, thought to have been written in part by David, king of ancient Israel. (2) A copy of the Psalms, sometimes arranged for liturgical or devotional use and often richly illuminated.

nave

(1) The central aisle of a Roman basilica, as distinguished from the side aisles. (2) The same section of a Christian basilican church extending from the entrance to the apse or transept.

iconography

(1) The depicting of images in art in order to convey certain meanings. (2) The study of the meaning of images depicted in art, whether they be inanimate objects, events, or personages. (3) The content or subject matter of a work of art.

relief

(1) The projection of a figure or part of a design from the background or plane on which it is carved or modeled. Sculpture done in this manner is described as "high relief" or "low relief" depending on the height of the projection. When it is very shallow, it is called schiacciato, the Italian word for "flattened out." (2) The apparent projection of forms represented in a painting or drawing. (3) A category of printmaking in which lines raised from the surface are inked and printed.

ambulatory

A covered walkway. (1) In a basilican church, the semicircular passage around the apse. (2) In a central-plan church, the ring-shaped aisle around the central space. (3) In a cloister, the covered colonnaded or arcaded walk around the open courtyard.

arch

A curved structure used to span an opening. Masonry arches are generally built of wedge-shaped blocks, called voussoirs, set with their narrow sides toward the opening so that they lock together. The topmost voussoir is called the keystone. Arches may take different shapes, such as the pointed Gothic arch or the rounded Classical arch

lekythos (pl. lekythoi)

A Greek oil jug with an ellipsoidal body, a narrow neck, a flanged mouth, a curved handle extending from below the lip to the shoulder, and a narrow base terminating in a foot. It was used chiefly for ointments and funerary offerings.

krater

A Greek vessel, of assorted shapes, in which wine and water are mixed. A calyx krater is a bell-shaped vessel with handles near the base; a volute krater is a vessel with handles shaped like scrolls.

liturgy

A body of rites or rituals prescribed for public worship.

skene

A building erected on a Greek or Roman stage, as a backdrop against which some of the action took place. It usually consisted of a screen of columns, arranged in several storeys

polis.

A city-state, in the Classical Greek world. City-states began to develop in the course of the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, and were governed in a variety of different ways, including monarchy and oligarchy.

fibula

A clasp, buckle, or brooch, often ornamented.

corinthian capital

A column capital ornamented with acanthus leaves, introduced in Greece in the late fifth century BCE, and used by Roman architects throughout the Empire

ionic column

A column characterized by a base and a capital with two volutes. One of three styles of column consistently used by Greek and Roman architects.

buttress

A projecting support built against an external wall, usually to counteract the lateral thrust of a vault or arch within. In Gothic church architecture, a flying buttress is an arched bridge above the aisle roof that extends from the upper nave wall, where the lateral thrust of the main vault is greatest, down to a solid pier.

opisthonaos

A rear chamber in a Greek temple, often mirroring the porch at the front. The opisthonaos was sometimes used to house valuable objects. Access to the chamber was usually from the peristyle rather than the cella.

lantern

A relatively small structure crowning a dome, roof, or tower, frequently open to admit light to an enclosed area below.

guilloche pattern

A repeating pattern made up of two ribbons spiraling around a series of central points. A guilloche pattern is often used as a decorative device in Classical vase-painting.

allegory

A representation in which figures or events stand for ideas beyond themselves as symbols or metaphors, to create a moral or message for the viewer.

mandorla

A representation of light surrounding the body of a holy figure.

caryatid

A sculptured female figure used in place of a column as an architectural support. A similar male figure is an atlas (pl. atlantes)

gallery

A second story placed over the side aisles of a church and below the clerestory. In a church with a four-part elevation, it is placed below the triforium and above the nave arcade.

volute.

A spiraling architectural element found notably on Ionic and Composite capitals but also used decoratively on building façades and interiors.

orant

A standing figure with arms upraised in a gesture of prayer.

perspective

A system for representing spatial relationships and three-dimensional objects on a flat two-dimensional surface so as to produce an effect similar to that perceived by the human eye. In atmospheric or aerial perspective, this is accomplished by a gradual decrease in the intensity of color and value and in the contrast of light and dark as objects are depicted as farther and farther away in the picture. In color artwork, as objects recede into the distance, all colors tend toward a light bluish-gray tone. In scientific or linear perspective, developed in Italy in the 15th century, a mathematical system is used based on orthogonals receding to vanishing points on the horizon. Transversals intersect the orthogonals at right angles at distances derived mathematically. Since this presupposes an absolutely stationary viewer and imposes rigid restrictions on the artist, it is seldom applied with complete consistency. Although traditionally ascribed to Brunelleschi, the first theoretical text on perspective was Leon Battista Alberti's On Painting (1435).

The two panels from the Royal Standard of Ur show the king in two ways, as A) An archer and a deity B) A priest and a deity C) A hunter and a warrior D) A warrior and a priest

A warrior and a priest

scriptorium (pl. scriptoria)

A workroom in a monastery reserved for copying and illustrating manuscripts

Who burned the Palace of Darius and Xerxes? A) Xerxes B) Darius C) Alexander the Great D) Cyrus the Great

Alexander the Great

Where was the Pharos lighthouse located? A) Alexandria B) Athens C) Pergamon D) Knidos

Alexandria

section

An architectural drawing presenting a building as if cut across the vertical plane at right angles to the horizontal plane. A cross section is a cut along the transverse axis. A longitudinal section is a cut along the longitudinal axis.

aeolic

An early style of Greek architecture, found in northwestern Asia Minor. The Aeolic style is often considered a precursor to the Ionic style.

Engraved into the Stele of Hammurabi is a A) Prose Poem B) Code of laws C) Prayer D) Military narrative

Code of laws

classicism

Art or architecture that harkens back to and relies upon the style and canons of the art and architecture of ancient Greece or Rome, which emphasize certain standards of balance, order, and beauty.

niello

Dark metal alloys applied to the engraved lines in a precious metal plate (usually made of gold or silver) to create a design.

manuscript illumination

Decoration of handwritten documents, scrolls, or books with drawings or paintings. Illuminated manuscripts were often produced during the Middle Ages.

acroterion (pl. acroteria)

Decorative ornaments placed at the apex and the corners of a pediment.

The Phoenicians incorporated the sphinx motif form A) Egypt B) Israel C) Canaan D) Spain

Egypt

echinus

In the Doric or Tuscan Order, the round, cushionlike element between the top of the shaft and the abacus.

contrapposto

Italian word for "set against." A composition developed by the Greeks to represent movement in a figure. The parts of the body are placed asymmetrically in opposition to each other around a central axis, and careful attention is paid to the distribution of weight.

The greatest number of early Byzantine monuments survive in present-day A) Italy B) Syria C) Turkey D) Greece

Italy

The discovery of Dura-Europos was momentous because it demonstrated A) menorahs held candles B) Jews produced art C) Jews worshiped in synagogues D) Torahs were made of parchment

Jews produced art

The Stele of Naram-Sin Commemorates a A) New Law Code B) Royal Birth C) Royal Wedding D) Military Victory

Military Victory

How were kraters sometimes used as funerary vessels? A) They were buried with the dead for use in the afterlife B) They were filled with food by friends and family for the survivors of the deceased C) Mourners would pour libations or liquid offerings from them onto graves D) They transported remains to cemeteries.

Mourners would pour libations or liquid offerings from them onto graves

The Great Ziggurat of Ur was dedicated to A) Abu, the god of vegetation B) Shamash, the god of the sun C) Anu, Chief of the Sumerian Gods D) Nanna, the god of the moon

Nanna, the god of the moon

The head is sometimes identified as A) Nebuchadnezzar II B) Hammurabi C) Darius I D) Naram-Sin

Naram-Sin

nomad's gear

Portable objects, including weaponry, tackle for horses, jewelry and vessels, crafted by nomadic groups such as the tribes of early Iran, and sometimes buried with their dead

What may ziggurats have represented? A) Portals to the underworld B) Portals to the heavens C) Demonstrations of military strength D) Demonstrations of mineral wealth

Portals to the heavens

continuous narration

Portrayal of the same figure or character at different stages in a story that is depicted in a single artistic space.

The first monumental building constructed mostly of marble was the A) Temple of Hera II at Paestum B) Temple of Hera I at Paestum C) Temple of Artemis at Ephesos D) Panhellenic sanctuary at Delphi

Temple of Artemis at Ephesos

The style of representation in this mosaic most clearly recalls the mosaics of the A) Persians B) Egyptians C) Etruscans D) Romans

Romans

The Palace of Shapur I was greatly influenced by the architecture of A) Egypt B) Sumer C) Rome D) Greece

Rome

The First Temple on Mount Moriah (present-day Temple Mount) was completed by A) Moses B) Solomon C) David D) Isaac

Solomon

Why did the Sumerians build their ziggurats with mud brick? A) Carving stairways from stone was too labor-intensive B) Stone was scarce in the region (Find source in chapter) C) Mud signified the connection between heaven and earth D) the humble material made the ziggurat more approachable.

Stone was scarce in the region

cathedral

The church of a bishop; his administrative headquarters. The location of his cathedra or throne.

iconoclasm

The doctrine of the Christian church in the 8th and 9th centuries that forbade the worship or production of religious images. This doctrine led to the destruction of many works of art. The iconoclastic controversy over the validity of this doctrine led to a division of the church. Protestant churches of the 16th and 17th centuries also practiced iconoclasm

spatial perspective

The exploration of the spatial relationships between objects. Painters were especially interested in spatial perspective in the Hellenistic period in Greece.

architrave

The lowermost member of a classical entablature, such as a series of stone blocks that rest directly on the columns.

typology

The matching or pairing of pre-Christian figures, persons, and symbols with their Christian counterparts.

shading

The modulation of volume by means of contrasting light and shade. Prehistoric cave-painters used this device, as did Greek tomb-painters in the Hellenistic period.

prefiguration

The representation of Old Testament figures and stories as forerunners and foreshadowers of those in the New Testament.

intercolumniation

The space between two columns, measured from the edge of the column shafts. The term is often used in describing Greek and Roman temples.

catacombs

The underground burial places of the early Christians, consisting of passages with niches for tombs and small chapels for commemorative services.

flutes

The vertical channels or grooves in Classical column shafts, sometimes thought to imitate the faceting of a hewn log.

jambs

The vertical sides of an opening. In Romanesque and Gothic churches, the jambs of doors and windows are often cut on a slant outward, or "splayed," thus providing a broader surface for sculptural decoration.

cuneiform

The wedge-shaped characters made in clay by the ancient Mesopotamians as a writing system.

Why are Archaic Greek temples sometime said to demonstrate "petrification"? A) Their stone material replaced the wood used in earlier temples B) A main chamber called a cella was included to contain a cult statue C) Porches came to be surrounded by peristyles D) Enclosed structures replaced earlier open-air structures.

Their stone material replaced the wood used in earlier temples

What did the indirectness of the approach into the "White Temple" represent? A) Priest's separation from the community B) Visitor's ascent into the divine realm C) Irrigation system's delivery of a bountiful harvest D) City ruler's journey from the divine realm to earth

Visitor's ascent into the divine realm

All of the following were parts of the royal palace at Babylon EXCRPT the A) Processional Way B) Ishtar Gate C) Throne Room D) White Temple

White Temple

A narthex is A) the main space in a longitudinal-plan building B) a space set perpendicular to the nave C) an entrance hall into a church D) a semicircular space at one end of a church

an entrance hall into a church

Which aspect of Santa Costanza most clearly suggests its original funerary purpose? A) arcade B) clerestory C) central plan D) Corinthian columns

central plan

By what achievement can the dawn of history best be marked? A) development of writing B) establishment of central government C) accomplishment of agriculture D) development of metallurgy

development of writing

What aspect of Gudea sculptures is NOT shared by the votive statues from Tell Asmar? A) wide eyes B) clasped hands C) demonstration of piety D) diorite material

diorite material

The Parthenon can be determined to be in Doric order by the A) 4:9 ration of the width of the building to its length B) direct placement of the columns on the stylobate C) swelling of the columns D) inclusion of a pediment with a frieze

direct placement of the columns on the stylobate

Pendentives are used to support A) exedrae B) domes C) minarets D) piers

domes

What aspect of Sumerian sculpture best demonstrates an attempt to ward off evil? A) frontal presentation B) enlargement of eyes C) abstraction of form D) clasping together of hands

enlargement of eyes

A manuscript leaf is known as a A) codex B) folio C) scriptorium D) mandorla

folio

The artist who produced the illustration in the Quedlinburg Itala worked by A) following an illustrated model of biblical scenes B) creating an illustrated model and submitting it for approval and revisions C) following written instructions that described the scene D) directly improving while personally interpreting the story with no model

following written instructions that described the scene

Comparted to Roman mosaics, Early Christian mosaics were more brilliant in color because they consisted of tesserae made of: A) ivory B) silver C) marble D) glass

glass

Late Babylonians faced their buildings with A) carved stone B) glazed brick C) gold D) unbaked clay

glazed brick

A protome is an image of a A) siren B) king C) warrior D) griffin

griffin

The reliefs in the Palace of Darius emphasize a theme of A) harmony B) domesticity C) Victory D) Fertility

harmony

What purpose did the Ark of the Covenant serve in the Temple of Solomon? A) it contained the cherubim B) It provided buttressing for the Wailing Wall C) it provided support for the pomegranate-shaped capitals D) it held the Ten Commandments

it held the Ten Commandments

What distinguishes a cathedral from other churches? A) it rejects Orthodox Christianity B) it is a palace chapel C) it rejects the practice of iconoclasm D) it is a bishop's church

it is a bishop's church

The Iconoclastic Controversy effectively accomplished what action? A) it prohibited Christian worship in basilicas B) it banned the construction of new catacombs C) it prohibited religious images only D) it banned illustrations of any kind

it prohibited religious images only

Hammurabi is best known for his A) imperial ambitions B) law code C) tyrannical rule D) architectural commissions

law code

What is one of the hallmarks of early classical sculpture? A) lack of nudity B) rigidity C) movement D) abstration

movement

The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia can be determined not to be a basilica by its lack of a(n) A) nava equal in length to the transepts B) dome supported by pendentives C) nava flanked by side aisles D) apse surrounded by an ambulatory

nava flanked by side aisles

The architectural plan of San Vitale is A) rectangular with a square core B) octagonal with a circular core C) circular with an octagonal core D) hexagonal with a circular core

octagonal with a circular core

The triangular section at the top of the front elevation of a Greek temple is called a(n) A) frieze B) pediment C) abacus D) echinus

pediment

The colonnade surrounding the cella and porch of a large temple is known as A) naos B) pronaos C) peristyle D) frieze

peristyle

Scholars have contracting views on which aspect of the decoration of the Hammath Tiberaias Synagogue? A) meaning of the lulav B) medium used in painting it C) purpose of the cultural borrowings D) status of the building as sacred or secular

purpose of the cultural borrowings

Which of these features represent the departure of the Temple of Apollo in Didyma from the conventions of Classical temple architecture? A) use of the Ionic order B) impression of accessibility from all sides C) inclusion of a stylobate D) raised position of the cella

raised position of the cella

What aspect of The Crucifixion represents a shift from earlier Byzantine traditions? A) the presentation of Christ is frontal B) the medium is mosaic C) the emotions of the characters are represented D) no space beyond the foreground is represented

the emotions of the characters are represented

On the stele inscribed with his Law Code, Hammurabi is shown in closer relationship with A) the mood god B) his people C) the sun god D) a shaman

the sun god

How does Darius and Xerxes Giving Audience depart from Assyrian palace decorations? A) stylization of hair and beards B) arrangement of figures in a horizontal composition C) theme of harmony and integration D) use of sculpted relief

theme of harmony and integration

How did the Hebrews differ from all preceding Ancient Near Eastern peoples? A) their temples had sanctuaries B) they were monotheistic C) they worshiped in temples D) they lived by a set of rules

they were monotheistic

The only surviving relatively complete Greek wall paintings have been found in A) tombs B) theaters C) homes D) temples

tombs

What is a synoptic narrative? A) a technique that shows objects receding or projecting into space B) elongation of the limbs in sculpture C) various events of a story unfolding on superimposed registers D) two separate moments from a story fused into a single image

two separate moments from a story fused into a single image

An orthostat is a(n) A) large audience hall B) grave marker stone C) stepped platform structure D) upright gypsum slab

upright gypsum slab

What would be required for a painting to be classified as an icon? A) representation of any biblical figure B) placement in a church C) representation of Jesus D) use as an object of veneration

use as an object of veneration

What aspect of this work is NOT particular to Hellenistic art? A) use of the relief frieze format B) heightened emotional expression C) dynamic poses D) exaggerated musculature

use of the relief frieze format

If a Greek sculpture is said to have arete, its proportions demonstrate A) wisdom B) virtue C) emotional expression D) piety

virtue

The figure in The Archangel Michael can be related to earlier images of A) Apollo B) sphinxes C) winged Victories D) emperors

winged Victories

A lamassu is a(n) A) winged human-headed bull B) idealized representation of the king C) image dedicated to the gods D) element of an idealized royal cavalry

winged human-headed bull

on the Ishtar Gate, which creatures were dedicated to Marduk? A) yellow bills with blue hair B) yellow snake-necked dragons C) multi-colored lamassus D) white and yellow lions

yellow snake-necked dragons