Art: Final Exam (Chapter 12-20)

Oculus

"eye"; round opening or window at the top of a dome

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. Inspired by Ancient Greece and the Classical Age. Artists rediscovered the techniques of contrapposto and Polykeitos' idealized proportions for the human figure based on the Golden Ratio. Figure triangle compositions are a good example of the mathematical influence of the Greeks.

Bauhaus

("the house of building") A German school devoted to the cause of integrating the arts and modern technology and to transcending the boundaries among craft, design, and art. Founded in 1919 by the architect Walter Gropius, the school stressed a simple, modern, geometrical style.

Donatello

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably showed the greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues showed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature. Some examples were: * Saint Mark he completed it at 25 years old; showing he understood anatomy and form. * David and it was the first freestanding life-size figure that was bronze. He was the first artists that was from the Renaissance using live models and to portray David nude. Felt nudity wasn't shameful but that it was beautiful and capable of humanities highest perfection

Da Vinci

(1452-1519) he was an painter, architect, and student of all things scientific. Da Vinci believed there was indisputable connection with science and nature. Some artworks he did included time pieces in the areas of the Renaissance, Italian Renaissance, and High Renaissance. Some famous paintings he did included: *Mona Lisa in 1503 *The Last Supper in 1498 *Virgin on the rocks in 1483

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Monet

(1840-1926, French): Impressionist movement. His paintings studied the effect of light at different times of day and year. His garden is now frequently visited, where he pained nympheas.

van Gogh

(1853-1890) Dutch postimpressionist painter noted for his use of color and odd swirly brushstrokes. Painted Starry Night.

Doryphoros

*Greek Sculpture *Made by Polykleitos *its made up of bronze *Stands 6 ft tall *made during the time period of 440 BCE *impressed the Roman elite that they wanted to begin meeting the demands of the wealthy wanting them in their villas

Courbet

1819-1877 *French painter and leader of the Realist movement *rebelled against Romantic painting during his time and turned to everyday events for the subject matter he did. *influenced by works of Lelia and Victor Hugo *started the movement called Realism during the 19th century

Hudson River School

1825-1875 *Group of American landscape painters *Parts of increasing American nationalism following the War of 1812 *The influence of the European Romantic movement led many American artists to paint their homeland *Depicted important landscapes such as Niagara Falls, the Catskills, the Rocky Mountains, and the Hudson River Valley *Artists included Thomas Doughty, THomas Cole, George Inness, and S.F.B. Morse *It was a mid-19th century American art movement founded by Thomas Cole in 1825. Using the river as inspiration, these painters were celebrated for their realistic depictions of the regions stunning and distinctive landscape. Their radiant, majestic style was influenced by European romanticism.

Munch

1863-1944 *Norwegian Painter and Print maker *best known work was The Scream *known for painting and graphic artist *his style of art revolved around Expressionism, Post Impressionism, symbolism, and modern art. *his work influenced German Expressionism in early 20th century *was an artists like Van Gogh who suffered from a mental illness *he was influenced by Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Arnold Bocklin

Magritte

1898-1967 *Belgian Surrealist artist *Was well known for creating many paintings with witty and thought provoking images for people. *often depicted ordinary objects in an unusual way that his work often was for challenging observers that often preconditioned of their reality *He was influenced by Andre Breton, Sigmund Freud, and Jack Boynton

Mannerism

A 16th century Italian art movement that was a reaction to Renaissance ideals. Mannerist artists used distortion to demonstrate their inventiveness. their highest aim was elegance.

Stupa

A Buddhist religious shrine in the shape of a mound. Pilgrims walk around it, symbolizing the Path of Life around the World Mountain. The walking is a form of meditation and worship.

Stoicism

A Greek philosophy that encouraged dignity, rational thought, and control over one's emotions

Ancient Rome

A civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula. Ancient Roman society has contributed to modern government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, and society, and it was also the first to become a republic. It achieved impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the construction of an extensive system of aqueducts and roads, as well as large monuments, palaces, and public facilities. Some other interesting facts about this time was that they the time when Octavius ruled it was a time when the roman called Pax Romanus or "Roman peace". The roman cultures often modeled the Greeks but there was a difference however and those were that the Romans were more realistic and more active than philosophical, while also they were more pragmatic than creative. Pieces of art includes - Augustus of Prime Porta *that was made with marble -Colosseum, Rome, Italy -Column of Trajan - The pantheon Now typically these pieces of art and architecture were made for *entertainment and others various reason for example the Colosseum was made for fighting; *the Column of Trajan was made because of General Trajan who made roman the biggest size during his reign. Did Romans invent anything artistic or contribute anything unique to the art world? *Yes, they did they contributed things like many art forms like: high and low relief, freestanding sculptures, bronze casting, vase art, mosaic, cameo, coin art, and fine jewelry and metalwork, funerary sculpture, perspective drawing, caricature, genre and portrait painting, landscape painting, architectural sculpture.

Ancient Greece

A civilization that lasted from the 8th/6th century BCE to 600 AD. Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine Era. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean Basin and Europe, for which Classical Greek is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture. The Greece cultures were different from the Egyptians and the Romans in the way that: *their language *Greeks statesman and generals were recognizable by their physically idealized *Athens for instance had built their power by sea trade *their governments varied from kings and oligarchs to the totalitarian, and other things like race and warrior culture of places like Sparta and the direct democracy of Athens Some art and architecture of the greeks included: Art pieces are: *Parthenon *Three Goddesses *Parthenon Freize Architecture pieces are: *Temple of Apollo *Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens *Periclean Parthenon Now typically these pieces of art and architecture were made for *because the Greeks wanted to honor their Gods. *Greeks typically valued clarity, order, and unity which can be shown in the exterior design of Parthenon. Did Greece invent anything artistic or contribute anything unique to the art world? *Yes, it introduced details to sculpture. Also introduced pattern to pottery, and it made the base for the materials that we use.

Rotunda

A completely round building or a circular interior with a dome

Color-field Painting

A kind of Abstract Expressionism characterized by large areas of color that are more dominant than any particular shape

Mihrab

A niche for prayer in a mosque, oriented to face in the direction of Mecca

Realism

A nineteenth-century movement that rejected the idealized historical and mythological subjects of academic Neoclassicism; instead it focused on umbelished ordinary contemperary life as the source of truth and meaning

Romanticism

A nineteenth-century reaction to Neoclassicism, by rejecting logic and order and looking for the inner truth of intuition and passions. Romantic artists admired the untamed power of nature and used a painterly style.

Neoclassicism

A reaction to Rococo art and the visual expression of the ideals of the Enlightenment of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Its characteristics include clarity of line, color, and form. Its artists sought to create universal moral lessons that would educate and improve the viewer

Minaret

A slender tower on the exterior of Islamic buildings

Chiaroscuro

A technique in drawing and painting where a dramatic contrast between light and dark areas creates a convincing illusion of three-dimensional forms. The Italian Baroque painter Michelangelo da Caravaggio is noted for using this technique

Superrealism

Also known as photorealism. Its a movement that began in the 1970s that in two dimensions, re-creates the look of photographs. In three dimensions, casting is often used to achieve the utmost fidelity to reality.

Frank Lloyd Wright

American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures, 532 of which were completed.

Mosque

An Islamic place of worship

Cubism

An alternative to linear perspective organization of space developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in the early 20th century. Built from a collection of observations, objects are seen from several angles simultaneously. Each part is equal in importance- there is no conventional foreground and background. The result is a significantly shallower space compared to linear perspective, as well as a less naturalistic appearance.

Abstract Expressionism

An american art movement that began in the 1950s. Large-scale art that combined Expressionism's potent psychological content and the gestural application of paint with an abandonment of any clear reference to the visual world.

Futurism

An early 20th century italian modern art movement led by the poet Filippo Marinetti. A celebration of the age of the machine, it called for a complete and utter rejectiomn of the art of the past

Minimalism

Art broken down into its most basic components of line, geometric shapes, and color. It's not supposed to represent anything but that. A good example of a minimalist work of art would be a large sculpture of cube painted blue, or a red painting with a blue stripe down the middle of it.

Rococo

Art made for the French Aristocracy. It was about making beautiful things with no moral or educational lesson. Typical subject matter would've been about young lovers.

Early Christian Art

Art of the Christian in the Roman Empire after the fall of Rome. Will tend to focus on Spiritual not Naturalism.

Baroque

Baroque art was emotional and all about creating drama. Renaissance art appealed to the intellect of the viewer by offering idealistic images. Baroque appealed to the viewers emotions often called grotesque by Renaissance thinkers due to the violent and bloody nature of many of its images. Baroque artists are known for using the dramatic lighting technique we know it as chiaroscuro.

Figure triangle

Common in Renaissance compositions, a triangular arrangement of elements, often figures.

Dada

Dada was a movement that questioned the values of society. After WWI, they felt the world was an absurd place and that something was fundamentally wrong with society. They felt everything needed to be reevaluated to try and avoid another World War. In art, the artists questioned the very nature of art making. Duchamp's Fountain is a good example of this as well as his L.H.O.O.Q. painting that referenced the Mona Lisa.

De Stijl

Dutch, "the style"; an artistic movement associated with a group of early 20th-century Dutch painters who used rectangular forms and primary colors in their works and who believed that art should have spiritual values and a social purpose.

Turner

English Romantic painter, print maker and used watercolors. He is known for his expressive colourisations, landscapes and turbulent landscapes, and often violent marine paintings.

Warhol

Famous Pop Artists; early paintings include Campbell's soup cans and cardboard sculptures. Warhol used photographically created silkscreens of his subjects and then would print them directly onto the canvas.

Le Corbusier

French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writers, one of the pioneers who is most famously regarded as a modern architecture.

Donatello's David (Renaissance)

General Facts: * was that it was the first freestanding life-size bronze figure since the ancient times. Donatello followed the Greek style and portrayed David nude. David was barely an adolescent, a child who seems unable to do a deed like this. It shows that his muscles are weak barely able to hold Goliath's sword. It also shows that below him is the head of Goliath. It shows that the boy is not aware of the intercession but is proud of himself for accomplishing something like this. Why this is a good example of this art movement: *it is a good example in the ways that it showed the Renaissance naturalism. It was also that it was the first freestanding bronze figure and the Renaissance itself was seen as a rebirth after the Middle Ages.

Polykleitos' Spear Carrier (called "Doryphoros" in book) (Greek)

General Facts: *He holds a spear in his left hand and is about to take a step as he looks off to the right. *All his weight is supported by the right leg *His right arm is relaxed, his left tense. *made of bronze *artist is Polykleitos *best known Greek sculptures of classical antiquity *a solidly built, muscular, standing warrior *originally bearing a spear that was balanced on his left shoulder. Why its important: *Roman elite were set up to meet the growing amount that the wealthy roman wanted .

Monet's Impression: Sunrise (Impressionism)

General Facts: *Sunrise was painted in 1872; Monet was 32 when he did this painting *It depicts the port of Le Havre in France, where Monet grew up. It shows the sun just barely visible over the horizon; the vivid colors and not much detail gives an immediate impression of a place and the time of day. *originally when it was painted during the 1870s it was seen as a joke or insult. *it was a painting that was apart of the first independent exhibit that was organized in 1874. (Societe Anonyme/ Incorporated Society) which was made up of artists, painters, sculptures,engravers, and many more. Why its important: *this painting sparked an art movement that became known as Impressionism who left a legacy that would continue on for a long time after..

Turner's The Slave Ship (Romanticism)

General Facts: *he painting was based on a poem that described a slave ship caught in a typhoon, and on the true story of the slave ship Zong who had thrown overboard the sick and those who were dying. Why its important: *during the anti-slavery conference, intending for Prince Albert, to see it and to increase British anti-slavery efforts.

Augustus of Prima Porta (Roman)

General Facts: *is a full-length portrait statue of Augustus Caesar *the first emperor of the Roman Empire. *marble statue stands 2.08 meters tall and weighs 1,000 kg. *The statue features references to Augustus' descent and his political achievements. Why its important: *is one of the ways that the ancients used art for propagandistic purposes. *this statue is not simply a portrait of the emperor. It expresses Augustus' connection to the past, and his role as a military victor, also his connection to the gods, and role as he brought the Roman Peace.

Christ as the Good Shepherd (Early Christian Art)

General Facts: *is this would symbolize the significance of Jesus coming to not just risk his life so that he could give his life for the sheep that belong to his dad. *made by Hermes Kriophoros Why its important: *Christ is seen twisting his body to comfort a sheep near him and this comes directly from the gospel of John in which Christ is leading the faithful and will lay down his life for the sheep, or those who are faithful to him.

Courbet's Two Girls on the Banks of the Seine (Realism)

General Facts: *made during 1870s *Courbet took a scene from everyday life in Paris that the middle and higher classes wouldn't have even looked at and made it to where it was immortalizing on a canvas. Now these same people who would've turned their eyes from this would now not be able to see this steamy side of the life of a Parisian. Why its important: *It showed that these young women weren't respected and that after this painting was done it became unavoidable to look at because it showed the life of Parisian that even the upperclassmen couldn't ignore. It showed a real and honest day in the life of someone like that during this time period

Laocoön (Greek)

General Facts: *was a priest from Troy, who—along with his two sons, Antiphantes and Thymbraeus—was attacked by sea serpents sent by a god. *represents Classical Mythology * artist was agesander of Rhodes, and many others Why its important: *a marble sculpture from the Hellenistic Period *Following its discovery in a Roman vineyard. *In true Hellenistic fashion, Laocoön and His Sons showcases an interest in the realistic depiction of movement.

Munch's The Cry (Expressionism)

General Facts: *was a result of the anxiety and fear he felt on a day while walking with two friends. *The serene atmosphere, which he had hoped to enjoy, was interrupted by changes in the sky, caused by the setting sun. *made in 1895 by Edvard Much Why its important: *inspiration for the Expressionist movement of the early 20th century. *Symbolist artists of diverse international backgrounds confronted questions regarding the nature of subjectivity and its visual depiction. *It was to also to teach the viewers that it was to create a visceral reaction

Bernini's David (Baroque)

General Facts: Bernini did this at the age of 25. David is being captured in this sculpture right at the moment he is about to sling the rock at Goliath. The gaze of the statue itself is very intense. David is being shown as a mature man and puts all of his effort into this shot. Why its important: Symbolized the Republic of Florence and was blessed by God and that we see David standing over the head of Goliath.

Duchamp's Fountain (Dada)

General Facts: Duchamp called it a "ready-made." which meant that the art was asserted a new right for him as an artist. Duchamp showed that everyday items could be art. Why its important: It showed that any item could be art

Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (Renaissance)

General Facts: Her eyes and mouth were bathed in Sfumato lighting; Da Vinci showed that since they were left unclear our minds fill them in; the lips seem to move which gives the painting life; the background doesn't line up on either side of the Lisa shoulder's (however this was intentional because Da Vinci wanted to create an illusion that her shoulder was shifting while people looked at the painting itself and Da Vinci wanted to created that illusion that the Mona Lisa was a real person.) Why its important: In the Renaissance this particular painting shows ideals of realism, individualism, and secularism. In the ways it showed secularism is that this is a portrait of a woman and nothing to do with God.

Magritte's The Treachery of Images (Surrealism)

General Facts: In Translation it saying "This is not a pipe" and was inspired by the artists to show that "were chosen to inspire a justifiable mistrust of any tendency the spectator might have to over-ready self-assurance." he wanted his viewers minds to see the limitations it has of signs, labeling, and languages. why its important: It forces us to question the importance of a sentence and a word. For ex" "Pipe" is no more an actual pipe than one of a painting of a pipe itself.

Michelangelo's David (Renaissance)

General Facts: Showing David before he kills Goliath; that he is tense but confident also while having the sling over his shoulder and the stone loosely in his right hand and waiting for the right moment to do his attack. In Michelangelo's David it shows he isn't a child but a powerful man and he is worthy of vitality in Florence. David was made out of a eighteen foot block of marble. Why its important to this art movement: it showed that the significance size because it was the first time that a large scale statue which was nude was made in the Renaissance time period at least since antiquity. Michelangelo's David we are actually seeing the face of David better than we did in Donatello's version of David.

Mycerinus and His Queen (Ancient Egyptian)

General Facts: The stiffness of the poses, the symmetry of the faces, and bodies, the staring eyes, and the angular outlines of the queen's elbow and the pharaoh's headdress all creates an impression that visual of solidity and strength. Why this is a good example of this art movement: It emphasized on sexual characteristics that wasn't meant to be pornographic but was meant to symbolize human fertility

Jacques-Louis David's Oath of the Horatii (Neoclassicism)

General Facts: This painting tells a story and that it wants to teach people proper values. Its based off the early year of the Republic in Rome. The three brothers made a promise to protect the Roman state from another set of three brothers, all because one of the brothers where engaged to their sister. The father calls his sons to make a promise to sacrifice their lives for the country, it would also mean killing the sister's fiance. This painting showed patriotism, also sacrifice one self. Why its important: It showed the importance of overriding the Republic empire which brought David fame and also confirmed his position as one of the greatest artists in france

Vincent van Gogh's Starry Night (Post-impressionism)

General Facts: it was painted at a time when van gogh was in a crazy house and wasn't in his right mind when he painted this. he often preferred the sky by memory rather than outside. Gogh wasn't happy with an imitation of the world itself but he wanted an intense version of the feeling. Why its important: it was made at a time when people were getting tired of impressionism so they developed a new approach which ultimately showed the avant-grade style of this time

Fragonard's The Swing (Rococo)

General Facts: its showing that the mood is light and playful and that its the beginning of a courtship. A young woman is dressed very well who is being swung by her lover that is hiding in the bushes. The man who loves this women paid someone to push her higher and higher each time so that he could see under her dress/skirt. The woman does play along though with it while being full aware of what's going on she decides to kick off one of her shoes Why its important: It reveals the fun and fantasy and that it often is a style and continue source of creative inspiration and just plain enjoyment of a swing

Titian's Venus of Urbino (Renaissance)

General Facts:Titan was wanting to show that this was an openly sexual women who was lying on cool sheets on a very hot day. That the purpose of this wasn't to give moral but to give element. After this painting many artists would borrow for many centuries (for example: Romantics, Classicists, Realists, and impressionists) Why its important: It represents the story of marriage and also while teaching eroticism, fidelity and motherhood.

Walter Gropius

German architect who broke form previous design with light, airy, bright buildings of glass and iron

Duchamp

He did many scandalous works of art. An organizer for an exhibit at the Society of Independent Artists in NYC. Resigned from this society after a piece of his art was literally thrown out of a show.

Polykleitos

High Classical Sculptor; devised mathematical formula for representing the perfect male body; famous work=Doryphoros (bronze statue of young man holding spear)

Sfumato

In Italian "the soft mist of a fountain" by Leonardo Da Vinci. It makes both edges and details unclear. The lack of definite edges forces viewers to use their imagination making portraits like the Mona Lisa seem more lifelike.

Transept

In a medieval church, the short rectangular space that ran perpendicular to the nave, forming the Latin-cross floor plan

Serpentinata

In mannerism, the most elegant pose for a body-when the limbs and torso resembled the letter "S". It refers to the twisting of a snake.

Surrealism

Inspired Freud's study of dreams and the unconscious mind, Surrealist were questioning the very nature of reality. They questioned how much our thoughts and the inner working of our minds effect our perceptions of reality. The Treachery of Images is about that. Its an image of pipe with the phrase "this is not a pipe" written under it. Is it a pipe? No, it isn't. You cant smoke it. Its a painting of a pipe. not a real pipe. Magritte's work was also about the nature of language and how it effects our perception of the world. Some languages have words and concepts they do not translate into other languages. Why is it called a pipe? Only because someone labeled it so in the past. Once we label something it has been changed and we don't see it the same way anymore. Think about a small child seeing a bird for the first time. They don't know what it is but they're amazed by it. The parent tells them its a bird. The more the child sees birds and is told what to call them, the less amazed they are by them. Eventually they just become birds. This isnt a bad thing as we couldnt fuction if we're constantly amazed by everything we see.

Expressionism

Inspired by Van Gogh and his desire to paint things based on how he was feeling. They used subjective color to explore deep, dark, emotional, and psychological content.

Age of Reason (Enlightenment)

It was a movement that began during the eighteenth century. This time period often encouraged criticism of Louis XIV and the aristocracy of France that lead to the beginning of the French Revolution into the late 1780s.

Ancient Egypt

Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. The visual art and architecture of ancient Egypt includes things like *monuments, paintings, and decorative crafts. The work each Egyptian made was they invented and used many simple machines, such as the ramp and the lever, and the construction of tombs and other processes easier. They used rope trusses to stiffen the beam of ships. Egyptian paper, made from papyrus. Pottery were mass-produced and exported throughout the Mediterranean. The Egyptian cultures were different from the Greeks and the Romans in the way that: *They focused on death and the afterlife *they felt what you did while you were alive often determined if your heart was heavy or not; and if it was lighter than a feather you would be able to go into the Kingdom of Osiris which is where there family members would be; if however your heart wasn't lighter than a feather then you got eaten by Amemet. Some art and architecture of the Egypt's included: Art pieces are: *King Tutankhamun's Tomb *Throne of Tutankhamun *Canopic jars Architecture pieces are: *temples *chapels *obelisks *columns *statues Now typically these pieces of art and architecture were made for *religion *they would also fill up tombs with paintings and other items of Pharaohs and other high royalty people but mainly Pharaohs. Did Egypt invent anything artistic or contribute anything unique to the art world? *Yes, they invented mathematics, geometry, surveying, metallurgy, astronomy, accounting, writing, paper, medicine, the ramp, the lever, the plough, mills for grinding grain. To the art world they contributed Tomb paintings, statuary, temple reliefs, pectorals, headdresses, and other jewelry.

Earth Art

Large-scale environmental sculpture outside of a gallery or museum; interacts directly with nature

Post-impressionism

Originally, many of them were impressionists but they felt like the style didn't offer enough in terms of personal expression. Basically, these artists works as a whole are very different from one another. The only thing they really share in common is the use of subjective color to create a personal style. Compare Van Gogh's work to Seurat who used the technique of pointillism.

Pop Art

Short for popular culture. This is art that is about popular culture of the time. In the 50s and 60s when this movement was first developed, artists were obsessed with celebrities, movies, television, advertising, rock and roll, and the new mass availability of consumer products

Analytic Cubism

The first phase of Cubism. A collection of views from different angles fused into a balanced design with limited color.

Classical Age

The flourishing of Greek culture during the fourth and fifth centuries B.C. Classical Greek art empressed ideals of clarity, order, balance, proportion, harmony, and unity

Nave

The large, central space in a medieval church. Long rectangular room.

Cathedral

The major church of a diocese, where the bishop has his seat.

Pointillism

The neo impressionist style developed by George Seurat. By placing small spots of pure color side by side, Seurat let the viewers eye optically mix the colors and thereby increase their luminosity

Synthetic Cubism

The second phase of cubism, where more colorful and playful visual symbols replaced the limited colors and angular planes of analytical cubism

Impressionism

They were interested in how light effects color. Capturing a specific moment in time. Impressionism was hated at first by the Neoclassical establishment. It broke all the rules of technical art making perfected during the Renaissance. There was no attempt to hide the fact that it was a painting. You could see the artists brush strokes. They didn't worry about atmospheric perspective.

impasto

Thick paint that reveals the action of brushstrokes

Fauvism

Used subjective color as a source of pleasure. Paintings that were about painting only and not any emotional or psychological content

Elgin Marbles

Was also known as British Lord Elgin and there now being housed in a British Museum. The elements of the sculpture were meant to look more lifelike so they could be easily seen by the viewers from the ground.

Dürer

a leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance (1471-1528)

Titian

greatest painter of the venetian school, use of vivid color and movement, in contrast to more subtle colors and static figures of the florentine style.

Postmodernism

refers to a reaction against modernism. It can be characterized by deliberate use of earlier styles and conventions; also by mixing different artistic and popular styles and even mediums themselves were used.

Action Painting

the energetic brushwork of Abstract Expressionism, apparently done in fits of intense and almost violent activity

Jacques-Louis David

was a 19th century painter that is considered to be a key component to the Neoclassical style.

Bernini

was a highly successful person that also was a famous architect and sculpture. He was smart sculpture particularly in marble while he was also a painter and a poet. Bernini was known for his charm; very devoting of people while also being a good man (meaning husband and father).

Fragonard

was a product of the stages later to come after the Rococo period the time frame showed or characterized freedom and the pursuit of everything pleasing.