Art History Exam 1

where were the first 2 universities established in Europe?

Bologna, italy (1088) & Padua, Italy (1222) exchange of knowledge

who was the most influential artist of the Baroque period & lived for a short time...

Caravaggio

Medieval

(adjective) late medieval= beginnings of the Renaissance --expands from the fall of the Roman Empire in 300AD to the beginnings of the Renaissance in 1400AD --Early Christian, Romanesque, and Gothic periods

Middle Ages

(noun) =Dark Ages --transition to a new appreciation for humanism, new awareness of the place of human beings in the world, a change from the preoccupations of the European world (religion, catholic was dominant) --art subjects were restricted to creating religious art --Catholic Church was the biggest patron of the arts --muted colors --classical antiquity --fresco paintings, mosaics, illuminated manuscripts --Early Christian, Romanesque, and Gothic periods --city-states --art almost wholly religious (Christian) --Italo-Byzantine style --period in the middle of classical antiquity and the italian renaissance period

Renaissance

--"Art in the Dark" --rebirth --immediately follows the Middle Ages --revival of interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome --development of new technologies, philosophy, literature, & art --The style of painting, sculpture and decorative arts identified with the Renaissance emerged in Italy in the late 14th century --Italian masters such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael --expression of classical Greco-Roman traditions --Renaissance art sought to capture the experience of the individual and the beauty and mystery of the natural world --1300-1700AD

effects of the Bubonic Plague in the 14th century...

--(1/3 of Europe died) --Victim- Ambrosio Rosseti and brother --A lot of major artists died --Art started going back to the Italo-Byzantine style --Wanted to pay homage to god after plague cause they felt that it was his way of punishing them

"Judith Beheading Holofernes" 1619-20

--Artemisia Gentileschi --Follower of Caravaggio --Shows the influence of Caravaggio --Very rare for their to be female painters --Had to be a relative of a male artist to get trained in the art of painting --Scene from the old Testament --Judith was a hero to the Jewish --Judith was very beautiful & she flirted with Holofernes, got him drunk, then beheaded him with the help of her servant --Beheading of Holofernes was symbolic of the man who raped her --Influence of Caravaggio: high contrast of the light & dark, spotlight on them, asymmetry, dramatic diagonals, very dramatic, you feel as if you are there, a lot of detail, close to the foreground --17th century in Europe

"St. Francis", 1235

--Berlinghieri --Italo-Byzantine artist --more posed, gold, symmetrical (compared to Giotto's "St. Francis Preaching to the Birds") --beginnings of the Renaissance

Cornaro Chapel, 1642-52

--Bernini --Bernini created the scheme of the Cornaro Chapel --Built statues --Theatrical boxes --Spanish Saint --Mystical experience of the Saint --Angel is piercing Saint with an arrow on a cloud --An illusion of weightlessness --Created a theatrical experience --Includes donors (on the right) look like they are in a theater box --Illusionism & theatricality (aspects of the Baroque period) --Also naturalism! --Borghese Palace --17th century in Europe

"Baldacchino", 1624-33

--Bernini --Bernini was primarily a sculptor but he was commissioned by the Pope to build the colonnade --He also built Baldacchino --Large-scale (almost 100 ft tall) --At the center, below is where mass was celebrated --Center of focus for the large building (grandiose an element of the Baroque) --Made of bronze --Bronze was melted down from the dome of the Pantheon & used other bronze the Pope bought --The Baldacchino marks the spot of St. Peters tomb & the celebration of Mass --17th century in Europe

"David", 1623

--Bernini --Bernini was the greatest sculptor of the Baroque --Figure of biblical David --Fought and slayed Goliath with his slingshot --Unlike any other David sculpture --Sculptor shows a different point in time he is slaying Goliath --The other sculptures: Donatello- David with the head of Goliath at his feet & Michelangelo- David looking for Goliath to fight him --Many viewpoints --Not just one optimal viewpoint like Michelangelo's --Best viewpoint is to be in the position of Goliath about to be struck with his slingshot --Involves you in the action of the sculpture --More emotion in Bernini's David --Bernini used a mirror to copy his expression to get it just right --He isn't nude --Reflection of the Counter-Reformation (there was a reaction against nudity) --Draped Bernini is more modest --Important characteristic of the Baroque period--> the use of the diagonal (less stable than horizontals & verticals) --Diagonal exaggerates the action --17th century in Europe

"St. Teresa of Avila in Ecstasy", 1645-52

--Bernini --Light rays coming down over them --Baroque illusionism a miracle of mystical happening --Light comes from window above sculptor --Takes into account the natural phenomena from the window --Sweetness of the pain from the arrow of the angel --She wished it would never end --Lasted for a long moment --Physical & spiritual (hallmark of the Baroque) --Not blasphemous; supposed to show the totality of the physical & the mystical --17th century in Europe

Church of San Carlo all Quattro Fontane, 1638-67

--Borromini --Bernini was traditional with how he revived classicism --Borromini's architecture has the feeling of rubber --Doesn't have the classical stability of St. Peters --17th century in Europe

"The Birth of Venus", c. 1484-86 /

--Botticelli --Ideal female nude & florentine beauty --Botticelli one of the most important artists of the latter part of the 15th century; florentine artist --1st full length female nude done since antiquity --Venus born full formed from the castration of Uranus by Cronos --Female perfection --Not convincing that she is standing on the shell very stylized --Beautiful, elegant, artificial --Botticelli fell under the idea that paintings of nudity & mythology was blasphemy so his future paintings were religious --Venus modestly tries to cover herself --15th century in Italy

"Tempietto", 1502-10 /

--Bramante --Bramante- most important architect of the high renaissance in Rome --Little temple --St. Christopher crusification site --He was crucified upside down cause he didn't think that he was worthy to be crucified the same way as Jesus --Top of the column- captial; plain capital --Doric order- oldest of the Greek orders (purest of the orders) --Ionic (scroll), Corinthian (leaves)--> other orders --Central plan building (circular, but not always circular; symmestrical) --Perfection= circle (divine, harmonious, pure) --Collunade--> extension of the circle, building --Circular dome--> classical antiquity --16th century in Italy

designs for St. Peter's, 1506&1546

--Bramante & Michelangelo --Pope Julius (wanted Michelangelo to build his tomb) --Torn down & built St. Peters --2 architects --The design= a Greek cross (the length of each of the arms is the same; Latin cross--> one is longer) --Several centuries to complete --16th century in Italy

Florence Cathedral ("The Duomo"), 1420-36 /

--Brunelleschi --The Duomo- Dome of the Cathedral of Florence --The Florence Cathedral was designed to have a dome from the beginning but it wasn't well planned --No dome had existed since the time of Roman antiquity of this size --Brunelleschi thought of the double shell dome --The ribs hold the weight of it --Brunelleschi studied monuments of ancient Rome --Brunelleschi Renaissance man --15th century in Italy

Villa Rotunda /

--Built by Palladio --Comissioned by a priest who wanted to use the building as a party house --Villa- building on working farms --Not a working farm --Outside of Venice on the countryside --¾ facades are exactly the same (one is larger than the other) --Symmetrical quality --Not on N, S, E, W coordinates to maximize sunlight --Villa modeled after the Pantheon --Built so that you can sit in one porch in the sun or go to another sun --One of the 1st suburban houses --American architect Thomas Jefferson was influenced by him --16th century in Italy

"Conversation of St. Paul" c. 1601

--Caravaggio --Did for a church in Rome --Figure's name is Saul --On his way to Damascus & was struck down from his hourse by a voice and a light from the heavens that tells him to follow --Saul aka Paul --Standing man- takes care of his horse --Or maybe he fell off his horse drunk --The light coming down on him & Saul's arms extended to the sky conveys that something supernatural is happening --Caravaggio died of sickness at 39 on the road on his way back to Rome --Left Rome because he murdered someone then he eventually came back --17th century in Europe

"The Calling of St. Matthew" 1599-1600

--Caravaggio --He is best known for 2 paintings he did for a church in Rome --The people who commissioned him often didn't accept his paintings --Baroque illusionism there was a window to the right; actual light was coming in through the window --Group of people counting money (tax collector) --St. Matthew pointing to himself in the middle of the circle of guys or he is pointing to the guy on the far left with his head down --Christ is coming in from the right & pointing --Naturalism --Details of facial features & hair --Caravaggio creates a quality of light --Spotlight on the figures & they are emerging from the darkness --Dark vs. light --Asymmetry --Diagonal of the light --Sense of theater & drama --One figure's back is facing the viewer --Looks like it is on a stage --Engages the audience --Needs the viewer to complete it --gestures & expressions are important to Caravaggio --17th century in Europe

"Bacchus", 1595-96

--Caravaggio --Painting from Baroque Rome --Major painter of Baroque Rome--> Caravaggio --Raised in Milan --Father, grandfather, and uncle all died from the plague --On his own --Put in studio of minor painter in Milan when he was 12 --His primary medium was oil on wood or panel --Associated with 1 maybe 2 murderers --Aggressive personality --Came to Rome possibly to escape the law after he murdered someone --One of the most influential painters --Painting of Bacchus--> Greek God of wine --Bacchus is offering the viewer a glass of wine --Like how the Romans used to eat on couches --Kind of androgyny --Soft & effeminate qualities --Tanned hands & face but white body --Caravaggio was gay so subjects of his painting were probably his lovers --Painting him as is --Dressed him up as Bacchus --Caravaggio creates the illusion that he is Bacchus but poses him to be a model of Bacchus (they weren't really Bacchus) --Playing; dress-up --He is admitting that it is fake --Early work of Caravaggio --He did many paintings of Bacchus --Still life--> important aspect of Baroque --The fruit isn't perfect, it's rotting all beauty is transient; we are all going to die someday; everyone ages --Adds a moral lesson --17th century in Europe

Tintoretto vs. Leonardo ("Last Supper")

--Christ is the major figure in Leonardo's & Tintoretto' painting --Natural light in Leonardo --Light comes from lantern in Tintoretto --Leonardo doesn't have the halos around the figures; more natural --Light in Leonardo is brighter and more even (covers the entire scene) --Tintoretto has whole areas that are in darkness; lighting is more dramatic; more theatrical; mystery; supernatural --Leonardo wants us to recognize & know that we could participate --Nothing supernatural in Leonardo --More people in Tintoretto's & space is more complex --Leonardo only shows Christ and the apostles to have a kind of clarity about it --Colors are more natural in Leonardo's --Blues and reds in Tintoretto's unite the composition (complexity of spacial organization) --Horizontal (Leonardo) --Vertical (Tintoretto) --16th century in Italy

"Madonna Enthroned" (Florence, c. 1280) /

--Cimabue --Northern Italy --Tempre (a medium): an egg based paint that is applied to a panel --It is bright and vibrant & has a sparkling quality --Gold leaf painting applied to give it value (the mother of Christ has an important position in the Church should be honored by being painted with gold leaf & the second most expensive color (lapas lassury?: blue)) --Gold leaf sky creates a supernatural environment (not our world) --There is symmetry (creates a different realm kind-of enviroment) --Overlaps the angels (to the side and going up the side of the throne) --Byzantine style symmetrical, still, flat --beginnings of the Renaissance

compare/contrast Cimabue and Giotto's "Madonna Enthroneds" /

--Cimabue's shown --Giotto: Tempre on panel; Gold leaf & blue; Formal & symmetrical --But how is it different from the style of Cimabue? It has more volume to it, less flat, more life-like, different colors, appears more natural --Ideals of physical beauty changes over the years (feminity of woman—Mary in this case) --Lost sense of supernatural world from making the subjects look more like us, natural --Refined, spiritual beauty --beginnings of the Renaissance

Siena and Florence (the beginnings of Renaissance)

--City centers of city-states --Tower at the center (city hall) serves as defense for the city (fortress) & symbol of civic pride --Competition and war between city-states

"Water Carrier of Seville" c. 1619

--Diego Velazquez --Went to Italy twice --Important Spanish artist --Influenced by Carrabachio --Mundane lit as importance --Monochromatic approach --Pallet of whit, brown, and black --Major talent --Part portrait --Emerge from clark --Sparness & eloquance --Portrait-like --Caravagio told holy emperor, King of France, King of Spain --17th century in Spain

"David", c. 1446-60 /

--Donatello --David is a figure from the Bible (David and Goliath) --Victorious David who slayed Goliath --Cocky stance --First full length nude since classical antiquity --Bronze: more naturalistic medium than marble (gives more life-like detail) --Feminine --Hat--> hunting --Was in the garden of the Medici (ruling, family in Florence) --David was the symbol of florence; strong and independent --Homoerotic --Donatello never married --Donatello homosexual? --Sculpture could be random person, signifant other, studio assistant? --15th century in Italy

"St. George", 1417-20 /

--Donatello --Real St. George --St. George famous for fighting a dragon (holding shield, wearing armor) --Realism of sculpture --15th century in Italy

"Maesta", 1308-11 /

--Duccio --Siena, Italy --A reconstruction of one of his works (the most famous work created in Siena) --predella --beginnings of the Renaissance

"The Betrayal of Christ" /

--Duccio --less space between people compared to Giotto's "The Kiss of Judas" --cluster of heads --less sense of dramatic urgency in Duccio --beginnings of the Renaissance

St. Serapion, 1628

--Francisco de Zurbaran --Spain --White contrasts (Spanish) --Slothing is like a still life --Attention to detail --Starkness --Naturalism (like nature) --Staged the pose --Painting is manipulated for viewpoint --17th century in Spain

"Officers of the Haarlem Militia Company of St. Adrian" c. 1627

--Frans Hals --Frans Hals--> one of the most important artists in the Netherlands in the 17th century --A portraitist --Group portrait --Group portraits became really popular in the Netherlands --Nothing about it that we would associate with militias --It's more of a social scene --Militias were just as much a social group as it was a military entity --Doesn't have timelessness associated with the High Renaissance --Is more of just a moment; a second in time --> like St. Matthew; David (he is throwing the sling shot at Goliath) --Man in the back is dumping out his glass (just a moment) --Overlapping figures --Complicated & exciting --Diagonals & movement within the composition that gives it a sense of instability --Individual portrait-like figures --Brush stroke is very light & has a life of its own (it isn't smoothed out) --17th century in Holland

"The Raising of Lazarus", Giotto /

--Fresco more natural --softer contours --less of a supernatural aspect compared to Duccio's --beginnings of the Renaissance

"Jacob and Esau" panel of "Gates of Paradise", c. 1435 /

--Ghiberti --2 sons of Isaac (twins) --2 sons were destined to be leaders of warring nations --Esau born first (entitled to a birth right to seced his father) --Trades food for Esau's birth right --Jacob pretends to be Esau and his father gives him his blessing (father is blind) --Famous panel- one of the first to show correct linear perspective --Linear perspective was invented by Brunelleschi --Linear perspective is a mathematical way to show depth and space --All lines that are parallel at the picture frame secede into one vanishing point (lines of tile floor merge at a point in the central distance & sizes of figures are smaller the closer they are to the vanishing point (everything remains proportionate to each other: the size a figure to the size of a tile) --Figures are round and detailed, the ones in the background are less detailed and are shallower relief --Ghiberti didn't have linear perspective in all of his tiles --More artists will adopt linear perspective (the major discovery of 15th century Florence, Italy) --Linear perspective allows the artist to create a more convincing scene, like peering in a window to another world --15th century in Italy

"The Gates of Paradise", Baptistry, Florence, 1425-52 /

--Ghiberti --Done two different times, different stages, same place --Had to compete against Brunelleschi for the Baptistry doors --Relief sculptures --Bronze (additive) --Called Gates of Paradise (named by Michelangelo) --15th century in Italy

"Capture of a Sabine Woman", 1581-2

--Giambologna --Statue --Story rooted in ancient legend --Connected to the history of Rome too many men not enough women so invited neighoring tribe over & got them drunk then kidnapped all of the wives --Woman is distressed & screaming out --Twisting & turning quality --Can see it from many angles --Looking forward to the Baroque period --16th century in Italy

"The Tempest", c. 1506 /

--Giorgione --Venice; in Northern Italy --Republic of wealthy men (oligarchy) --Seaport city --Traded with people all over the world --Marco Polo began there --Cosmopolitan --Style of painting is different than the art in Florence and Rome in the 16th century --Only one work that we are certain is done by Giorgione through references to the artists (Fresco) --Venetian painting- interest in nature (more than Florentines & renaissance Romans) --Dramatic sky, weather (storm) --Called The Tempest because it is more about the weather --Oil on canvas--> a medium that has persisted for 6 centuries (invented in Venice) --1st oil on canvas --Van Eyck was known for oil on panel --Many glaze layers --Start with areas of light & dark then build layers to add detail --Oil glazes are akin to light Softer --More "painterly"--> softer contours --Luminous quality --Artists would draw on it in charcoal then fill in shapes/figures --16th century in Italy

who was Cimabue's pupil (1305-1310)?

--Giotto --1st 20 years of the 14th century--> Giotto's career

"The Kiss of Judas", 1305-1306 /

--Giotto --Arena Chapel --Judas one of the 12 disciples --The Kiss of Judas is how he betrayed Jesus to the Roman soldiers --Halo around Christ and other decipels to point out the holy, important figures --Shows people with their backs to us to emphasize the presence of the ones that are fully seen and facing forward and to give you the sense of being present in the scene where people blocking your view reinforces the dramatic urgency of it --Fresco painting not tempre, fresco is a more natural medium --beginnings of the Renaissance

"Lamentation" /

--Giotto --Arena Chapel --Shows Christ after his death taken down from the cross --Apostles and mother in mourning --Fresco --Landscape --Most important aspect of this painting is the dead Christ --He makes Christ the center of the painting by the natural painting, the gestures and positioning of the other people surrounding him, the angels are pointing to him) --Turned backs of some poeple incorporates the viewer to give us the sense of being there with the people --beginnings of the Renaissance

"St. Francis Preaching to the Birds", 1299

--Giotto --St. Francis could supposedly talk to the birds and had a communion with nature --more natural (compared to Berlinghieri's "St. Francis") --beginnings of the Renaissance

Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel c. 1304-1313 /

--Giotto --in Padua--> Northern Italy, near Venice --Called the Arena Chapel in Padua paid for by Scrovegni (father was a money lender (sin) and built chapter to make up for the sins of his father) --Scenes of the life of the virgin and of Christ --Fresco painting --Three levels on each side of painting --A narrative cycle of painting --On the right of a panel a famous scene after the resurrection of Christ --Borders separate each individual scene --Compositionally tries to create connections between each of the scenes --beginnings of the Renaissance

"St. Francis in Ecstasy", c. 1470s /

--Giovanni Bellini --Venice --Bellini's- father & 2 sons --Most important artists in Venice for over 40 years --Oil painting (has come south to Italy) --St. Francis was from 2 centuries before & founded the Franciscan order --Was wealthy but gave money to poor --Had particular relationship with nature & could speak with the birds --Stigmatta--> mark of the crusifiction --ecstasy--> intense religious experience --Sharp, hard, enamel-like quality --Different from the soft Fresco & different from Botecelli's oils --Very detailed --Easel painting --Owned by the Frick collection in NY (robber baron, from pittsburg, made money from Cocacola, home on 5th avenue and 70 street) --15th century in Italy

"Malle Babbe" c. 1630-33

--Hals --Known figure --Woman who was thought to be crazy --Known from the bars/taverns --Also a scene out of everyday life --It looks like she is in mid-sound --She is opening up the tankered --She seems to be responding to something outside the frame (Baroque) open composition --Brush stroke is quick and spontaneous --Mouth is open --Light is shining on her cheeks & she has red in her face --Asymmetrical composition --Monochromatic --Lightness & playfulness that comes through despite the monochromatic pattern --Sense of control despite the feeling of spontaneity --17th century in Holland

"St. Sebastian tended by St. Irene" 1625

--Hendrick ter Brugghen --Religious painting --From Netherlands --St. Sebastian was a Christian martyr --Was tied to stake and shot through with arrows --He has been taken down from the post and is being taken care of by St. Irene --Can tell it was influenced by Caravaggio by the light (tenebrism) emerging from the shadows & the highlights in the foreground of the figure & there is a diagonal --Can tell it is Baroque because it is theatrical & it needs the viewer to complete it and admire it --Diagonal is important for creating the sense of drama --Dramatic use of light and dark in the Baroque period--> Caravaggio --17th century in Holland

Bernini vs. Michelangelo ("David")

--High Renaissance exists at the perfect equilibrium it doesn't need the viewer --Baroque Art incorporates the viewer --Opened (Bernini: David is moving out from himself) vs. closed (Michelangelo) form --Bernini's is moving out into the imaginary space --Appreciation for detail in Bernini's (muscles in legs; facial expression) --Michelangelo's--> larger than life (carved from 11 feet) --Bernini's--> closer to life-size --17th century in Europe

"Louis, XIV" 1701

--Hyancinthe Rigaud --Louis XIV one of the most long lived monarchs --Full-lengthed, official portrait of the King --Confident, powerful pose --Clothes display wealth --King of France --autocrat --17th century in France

Italo-Byzantine

--Italy c. 1200 --(the maneira greca) --the use of the Byzantine style in Italy, especially prevalent after the fall of Constantinople in 1204, which led to the migration of Byzantine artists to Italy. --Byzantine art: christian art

"View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen" c. 1670

--Jacob van Ruisdael --Landscapes and cityscapes were important --Ruisdael was an important Dutch landscape artist --Figures are very small scale --Landscape is settled --Architecture was familiar to the Dutch at the time --Little detail that tells the story of the people that lived there --Dutch empire didn't survive beyond the 17th century --17th century in Holland

"Feast of St. Nicholas" c. 1660-65

--Jan Steen --Genre scene --Everyday life --Important for the Dutch --St. Nicholas--> ancestor of Santa Claus --Naughty or nice all began with St. Nicholas --Dutch like details of different sexes, ages, & classes --Read into painting --17th century in Holland

"Man in a Red Turban", 1433 /

--Jan van Eyck --Jan van Eyck so associated with oil paintings --Some say he invented it but that's not true --Young man when he died --Most important painter in the court of the Duke of Burgundy & a diplomat who went on diplomatic missions for the Duke --Usually considered to be a self-portrait (but we will never know for sure) because he is looking out right at us and is squinting some result of looking in a mirror? --Example of secularization an interest in people instead of religious icons --Red turbans were not common in portraits--> he is showing off (very difficult to get the highlights, shadows, and other details of the turban and the wrinkles in his face) --Shows the importance of surface and detail in Northern painting --The 15th Century in the North (Flanders and France)

"Double Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife", 1434 /

--Jan van Eyck --Most famous painting in the National Gallery of London --High level of detail --Oil painting --Used to be called the Arnolfini wedding (at the time a priest didn't have to marry you, you just needed a witness (Jan van Eyck was the witness cause his name is written on the wall in the back)) --Many theories for the story of the painting (tribute to Arnolfini's wife who died in childbirth?) --Man & his wife --Is she pregnant? She is holding up the fabric (shows off how wealthy she is so she can afford all the fabric) --Marital bed on the right procreation --Starting to know details of artist's lives in the 15th century --If you were wealthy enough then you could commission artists --Shows priest (witness of marriage) --And a man in a red turban Jan van Eyeck? (more reason while that was a self-portrait) --Reference to the sacrement of marriage taking shoes off cause they are on holy ground --The 15th Century in the North (Flanders and France)

Ghent Altarpiece (open), 1432 /

--Jan van Eyck (and Hubert?) --Commissioned by the Cathedral in Ghent --Don't know if Jan's brother Hubert helped or if Hubert just made the altarpiece for Jan to paint or if Hubert was just a sculptor? --Confiscated, stolen --At the end of World War I it was finally returned to its home --One panel has actually never been found so they had to do a copy to make it look all put together --Adam and eve pictured --God the father, Mary, and St. John pictured --Ichanography --Picture of the lamb symbol of Christ and gave wool --Details with fabric and landscape, surface, texture (characteristics of early 15th century Northern art) --Altarpiece was designed so that you are looking up at it from the congregation paints the images from that viewpoint (Adam's foot is sticking out so you can see the bottom of it --A new appreciation for human beings and how they look --Ideal body types & plucked forehead --Eve's bodyshape is shows the shape of the voluminous clothing worn at the time --Relief sculpture above them and they were in their niche? --They weren't ashamed of their nakedness until after the were thrown out of the Garden of Eden so then they are forced to cover of themselves --The 15th Century in the North (Flanders and France)

"Self-Portrait" 1635

--Judith Leyster --Example of emergence of female artists (starting in the 16th century) --Painting was attributed to Frans Hals for a long time (gave it more monetary value) --Has qualities that was attributed to Hals's work spontaneity, of the moment --17th century in Holland

Garden facade of Versailles, 1678-85

--Le Vau and Mansart --Palace of Versailles --Was formally a hunting loge but was converted to a palace --His apartment was at the center --Wanted the royals to live with him to make sure they wouldn't overthrow him --17th century in France

"Last Supper" (Milan) 1495-98 /

--Leonardo da Vinci --Done for the Duke of Milan (city in Northern Ilaty) --The refitree for the monks --Started to disintegrate soon after it's creation --Oil paint on wet plaster started to flake within a couple of years --The monks in the 17th century cut a door through it (bottom center) --Was bombed & the refitree was destroyed around the Last Supper --Constructed the painting so the viewer cannot see the whole thing at once --Ideal perspective (not linear) if you were divine you could see the whole thing, but we are just humans --12 apostles divided into 4 groups of 3 (four seasons, four ages of man; three= the trinity) and Christ in the center --Jesus is the vanishing point --Apostles are facing in except for one but his arm is pointing in towards Christ --He said that one of them would betray him so apostles are reacting; very dramatic --window functions as halo around Jesus --each apostle is responding in his own individual way --16th century in Italy

"Mona Lisa", 1503-06 /

--Leonardo da Vinci --Not a very big painting --In the Louvre --Don't know who the woman is --Leonardo was gay --Pyramid structure: her arms are the base and her head is the peak --atmospheric perspective --Sfumato & chiaroscuro --Facial expression: enigmatic, mysterious --16th century in Italy

"Virgin of the Rocks", c. 1485 /

--Leonardo da Vinci --The High Renaissance- considered to be a high point of the adaption of classical principles to Italian painting --More paintings are recognizable by us --Pope became secular power extending his powers beyond Rome (Popes would go to war); The Medici were a ruling power Leonardo da Vinci (oldest, Florentine, The Last Supper- Milan), Michelangelo, Raphael, --Leonardo was interested in science and art; he created the first flying machine; interested in anatomy; very social but never developed close relationships; he had a hard tume finishing anything --Shows the Virgin Mary, and angel, Christ, and St. John the Baptist (cousin of Jesus) --John is on one knee to honor Jesus and Jesus is showing a sign of blessing to John --High Renaissance loves pyramid form cause of stability --Mary has a protective gesture over Christ --Christ and angel pointing to John and then eyes go back up to Mary --Chirascurro- modeling in light and dark; highlights shadow; creates the illusion of 3-dimensionality --spumato- softening of contours --Haziness or fogginess --Influential with romantic paintings --Isn't a happy, serene landscape; somber for a sense of darkness and mistreat Jesus's future --Atmospheric perspective- taking into account atmosphere; atmosphere softens the contours in the distance & the color becomes less intense; shows effects of atmosphere within the landscape --16th century in Italy

"February" (Tres Riches Heures), 1411-16 /

--Limbourg Brothers --A book of hours contains various prayers for different times and seasons --First snow scene in Western art --Shows a series of months --Peasants living on land owned by aristocrats like the Duke Duberrie? --Window into life in the 15th century --Leave out the wall of the home to see what is going on inside --Everyday life (detail) --Duke comissioined the Limbourg Brothers to create this for his home --Rich blue color and detail --More about surface, texture, and detail than Italian painting --The 15th Century in the North (Flanders and France)

St. Peter's Basilica and Piazzi, Vatican, Rome, 1607-26 and c 1656-57

--Maderno & Bernini --Bernini--> colonnade part of it --Maderno--> top half --Secular; didn't look Christian enough --Corinthian columns (classical antiquity; greek temples) --A lot of criticism --New admiration of classicism during the Baroque period --The colonnade was built to accommodate large crowds --The ovalist was already there (at the center of the colonnade) --It is a double colonnade (can walk through it) --Wanted the colonnade to resemble arms (coming out & enclosing the crowds) --Wanted to close it off but it was never finished --Grand avenue built in the 1930s by Mussolini that leads up to it --Glory of Florence has passed --17th century in Europe

Mannerism

--Mannerist used to be insulting in a way somewhat artificial, not rooted in natural forms, late Renaissance, decadent, artificial, anti-natural --High Renaissance isn't better than Mannerism, it's just different --Artists got bored with perfection and started to change styles --16th century in Italy

"The Trinity with the Virgin, St. John the Evangelist, and Donors", Florence, c. 1425-28 /

--Masaccio --Not many works are associated with Masaccio because he died young --Baroque period- 17th century Fresco painting --More the painting was revealed after it was cleaned --God the Father, Christ, and the Holy Spirit --Donors & St. John & Mary pictured --Fresco- earthy, muted colors, not sharp like tempre, not luminous like oil --Taught public the mysteries of Catholicism (Bibles were few) --Takes the viewer into account so gives the allusion that you are in the space --Bottom part is the painted tomb --Reminder of death & resurrection --On the tomb "what i am you will be, what you are i once was" --15th century in Italy

"The Tribute Money", c. 1427 /

--Massacio --Brancacci Chapel, Florence --frescos --Went back to a medieval convention --Christ is entering the town with his decipels --They are met by a tax collector --Christ tells St. Peteer to go to fish and get money--> gold coin in mouth --Monumental figures --Assert themselves in a strong way --Giotto's paintings 100 years before--> also heavy figures --Light is coming from the windows in the chapel --Life-size figures in a convincing manner --See the back of the tax collector--> Giotto --Massacio known for his Frescos --15th century in Italy

Brancacci Chapel, Florence--> Adam & Eve being thrown out of the Garden of Eden /

--Massacio's most well-known image --They are upset --Angel is throwing them out --Full-length figures --Naked assumes the absence of clothes --to be nude is to be in a state of perfect ideal beauty (statues of Greece, David) --Adam and Eve were happy with themselves and their lives until they were thrown out of the Garden and they realized they weren't wearing clothes and became ashames --15th century in Italy

"Last Judgment", Sistine Chapel, 1536-41 /

--Michelangelo --Michelangelo lived a long life (80s) --Invited back to the Sistine Chapel to paint the wall behind the alter --35 years after he painted the ceiling --Pictures the Last Judgment--> end of the world, people come up from the grave and are reunited with their bodies and either go to heaven or hell --Emphasis on hell (bottom) --Heaven at the top --Vengeful Christ pictured --Bartholomew's skin is pictured (was skinned alive) --Michelangelo pictured holding Bartholomew's skin --Counter-Reformation --Reformation--> Protestants break away from the Catholic Church; Martin Luther (95 disputes with the Church, nailed it to the door of the catholic church in 1517, argued against the selling of indulgences to wipe away sins & buy way into heaven (95 Theses)) --16th century in Italy

"David", 1501-04 /

--Michelangelo --Michelangelo was born mid-way between Leonardo and Raphael but he lived much longer --Son of a stone mason --He felt that carving stone was a genetic gift --Baroque --His first great work --Done in Florence --Place in front of the city hall in Florence (Palazzo Veccio) --14ft of marble --Artists were worried they were going to crack the marble; difficult to do --He felt he was freeing the figure from the marble --Figure is over life size --Proportions are anti-classical --Thought that it was created for viewers to see it from below; he thought that it was going to be placed up high in the Palazzo Veccio --There is no Goliath cause it is before he kills the giant --He killed Goliath with a rock and a sling shot --Marble: subtractive form of sculpture --Male nude: going back from classical antiquity --From the Old Testament so not a classical myth --Idealized figure: larger than life; perfect --16th century

sistine Chapel ceiling, 1508-12 /

--Michelangelo --Michelangelo was called to Rome --Pope Julius II was very ambitious; he wanted Rome to be a cultural and artistic center --Asked Michelangelo to design a tomb for the pope; it had 40 figures but was never finished --Also asked him to point the ceiling (took 4 years); Michelangelo is a sculptor --Distinct difference between the 1st half of the ceiling he painted on the right and the second on the left --He noticed that from the bottom it is hard to see all of the figures he painted on the right cause he put them so close together, so on the left he opened it up more --God the father and Adam --Eve created from Adam's rib --Eve pictured by God's side --Adam struggles to lift arm and figure because he is not totally alive yet --Very muscular figures cause Michelangelo is a sculptor so he is interested in showing the muscular structure of bodies --16th century in Italy

"Landscape with St. John on Patmos" 1640

--Nicholas Poussin --Poussin, landscape artist in France --Spent most of his adult life in Italy --People were small scale in paintings --Landscape was an excuse for the depiction of whoever was in the painting --Ideal landscape (from the head & mind of artist) --17th century in France

Ghent Altarpiece (closed) /

--Not as colorful, closer to sculpture --Shows the two doners of the Ghent altarpiece (man & wife) --Shows the enunciation the angel Gabriel, Mary, and the Holy Spirit (on top of the angel's head) --In the cathedral in Ghent --An object of religious devotion that would've been open to a wider public --The 15th Century in the North (Flanders and France)

Unicorn Found at the Fountain, Unicorn Tapestries, c. 1500 /

--Not many tapestries have survived (made of wool and silk—not has durable has paintings on panel or sculptures) --Tapestry- fine art --Unicorn encarnation of Christ (symbolic meaning for Christian communities) --Wealthy, powerful people commissioned tapestries to be made for their homes --Museums weren't available at the time to hold works of art for everyone to see --Metropolitan Museum of Art holds the Unicorn Tapestry among their Medieval collection --Like mural paintings (Fresco) in their scale --The 15th Century in the North (Flanders and France)

"Madonna with the Long Neck", 1534-40

--Parmigianino --Madonna is the center of the composition --And other angelic figures are pressed together on one side --Isaiah--> figure at the bottom left --Madonna resembles the feminine ideal of the period (looks like a vase, anti-natural) --Long neck, little head, huge lap --Christ child--> looks dead (foreshadowing of the crusification of Christ) --Child looks like he is going to fall of Madonna's lap into out space --Ideal woman resembles a vase (comes from mind- conceptual) --Space is bizarre; doesn't give space the figures need --Too much space on the right, crowded on the left --Art for art's sake, not art for nature's sake --Often compared to Leonardo ("Virgin of the Rocks") --Harmony & perfection (Renaissance) vs. imperfection --16th century in Italy

"The Raising of the Cross" 1610-11

--Peter Paul Rubens --Cross forms diagonal --Embodies Baroque characteristics --Emotion in Christ's face --Emerging Jesus from dark --Open composition --Dramatic & theatrical --Need audience to complete drama --17th century in Flanders

"Self-Portrait with Isabella Brandt" 1609-10

--Peter Paul Rubens --Notorious for asking artists to paint parts --Trying to express joy --Marriage portrait --Genius at oil on canvas --Stable --Detail oriented --Rubens & Bride --17th century in Flanders

"Still Life with Tazza" 1636

--Pieter Claesz --Still life --Objects owned by wealthy --Presented as if it is in the middle of a meal & person got up from the table --Makes you feel like you are there & you are the one that peeled the orange, etc. --Immediacy; of the moment (Baroque characteristic) --Moralistic interpretation --You may be happy & eating with friends but death can come at any moment --Scene was interrupted (death) --17th century in Holland

"Good Government", Siena, 1338-39 /

--Pietro Lorenzetti --A Fresco painting done by Lorenzetti that shows a secular subject not a religious subject --An allegory an expression of an abstract idea (good government) --Shows people harmoniously working together & going about their business & landscape --Classical antiquity --Increasing interest in us, humans, the world, how we built the world, and how we function in it --beginnings of the Renaissance

"The Glorification of the Papacy of Urban VIII" 1632-39

--Pietro da Cortona --Italy --Obscure --Mural --Ceiling --Passed our guide to viewers --Aspect of Baroque- naturalism --Highlights Baroque illusionism --Over the top, extravagant --17th century

"Deposition", 1525-28 /

--Pontormo --Descent from the cross --Apostles surrounding Christ --In a Church, part of an alter --Don't have a sense of the figures standing clearly on Earth --No sense of stability with the figures (part of the Renaissance) --Stretched out --Not anatomically correct --No natural proportions --Christ seems weightless --Androgyny --Not based on nature & observation --Conceptual (an idea in your mind; anti-natural) --Don't have a sense of where the light comes from (unlike the Renaissance) --Looks like it is done with a flash (light comes from the front) --16th century in Italy

"School of Athens", 1510-11 /

--Raphael --Died relatively young --Apprentice to artist of the Sistine Chapel --Came to success almost effortlessly --Some people think he lacks the drama of Michelangelo --Art, painting, sculpture- liberal arts --Change in the status of the arts (same level as poets and writers) --Images from library (theology, philosophy, law) --School of Athens was his contribution to the papal apartments --A scene in ancitent Athens --Pictures Plato and Aristotle --Plato is pointing upward cause he was interested in things of space --Aristotle pointing down cause he was interested in things of the Earth --Strictly male society --Characters moving around space --Uklid drawing on blackboard --Bramante architecture --Pythagorist pictured (pythagorean theorem) --Fresco: muted earthy colors & wall painting --16th century in Italy

"Agnelo Doni", c. 1506 /

--Raphael --Oil painting --Naturalism --Perfect technique --A little off center but a large sense of balance and symmetry --16th century in Italy

"Small Cowper Madonna", c. 1505 /

--Raphael --Raphael known for a number of Madonna's --Ideal Florentine type --Effortlessness --Madonna holds Christ in a naturalistic way --Atmospheric perspective --Pyramid: lap the base & head the top --16th century in Italy

"The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (aka The Night Watch)" 1642

--Rembrandt --Misinterpreted for many years --Militia scene --Militia being led by Captain & lieutenant --Woman in middle ground is Rembrandt's wife --Heavy 19th century application of varnish --Thought to be a night but they are actually just emerging from a dark buildling --Light, festive atmosphere --Going on a watch --Group portrait --Connected with Rembrandt's decline --His decline happened when he lost popularity ---Thought that people in militia were angry with Rembrandt --Huge painting --Figures are life-size --Engages the viewer --Incredible sense of light --Figures in foreground are lit up (like Caravaggio's figures) --Creates a sense of immediacy through the crowd --Figures seem to be coming into our space --Lots of diagonals --Oil painting on canvas --17th century in Holland

"Self-Portrait" 1658

--Rembrandt --Rembrandt has a bunch of claims to fame --He did more self-portraits than almost any other artist did --Evolution of Rembrandt as an artist --Man of status and position --His face is honest (about his age & beauty) --He knows who he is & he is accepting of it --In the past he would try to make himself more beautiful than he was or put himself in shadows to cover details --Palpable, tangible --Subtlety o flight Baroque period --17th century in Holland

"Three Crosses" 1st and 4th States

--Rembrandt --Typically associate prints with the North (Durer is known for his prints) --Rembrandt known for etching with prints --Etching was on metal plates --Carve out image on plate then bathed in acid (acid would etch into the plate) --Subtlety and sophistication --Don't have the clear clean outlines like in Durer's work --Seems to be smudged out --Prints were profitable for him --Can make lots of copies of prints --Rembrandt was involved in religious art (like when he was influenced by Caravaggio) --Connect with the supernatural (use of light) --Depicting the 3 crosses and the people around the crucifixion --Light coming from God --Many layers of light --17th century in Holland

"Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp" 1632

--Rembrandt van Rijn --Rembrandt was on the of the most important artists of the 17th century; most important Netherlandish artist of the 17th century --Started as a follower of Caravaggio but he went through a lot of artistic changes --Long career --Was happily married & had a lot of children but his 1st and 2nd wife died and his son died --Life went downhill in terms of his economic reputation --Group portrait of Dr. Tulp and his students --Predominantly shows Dr. Tulp as a performs an anatomy lesson --Gives insight into scientific nature of the 17th cenutry understanding the human body (strong influence on artists and how they portrayed the human body) --Church forbade human dissections --Secular & scientific --Intensely curious & inventive --Not many paintings that show a close alliance between science and art --Cadaver shows diagonal --17th century in Holland

"Deposition", c. 1440 /

--Rogier van der Weyden --Jan died, well-known for his oil paintings --Rogier van der Weyden influenced by Jan --Shows Christ being taken down from the cross --In the great Museum in Madrid --Deposition or the descent from the cross --Christ unifies the two halves of the composition --Figures compressed in a tight space --The virgin Mary shown, most often in blue (blue was almost as valuable as gold) --Gold background --Shallow space --Figures in the background, foreground, and middle ground --Figures are relief sculpture, projecting from a surface --Unifies composition because he is the lightest cause he is not dressed --Relatively limited pallet? (a range of colors used by the artist) --Red creates a rhythm across the canvas --Mary and Jesus are in similar poses --They are all looking in the same general area --Each pose and expression was designed to focus the viewers attention to a certain aspect of the image --Christ appears to be weightless (would be criticized by Italian artists) --Deep emotion (would be shocking to Italian artists) --Single tear on Mary's face --Will contrast with Italian art.... --Done by artist in the North --Translucence of the tear --Oil paint- tear --The 15th Century in the North (Flanders and France)

"Last Supper", 1592-94 /

--Tintoretto --Mannerist Venetian painting --Tintoretto was a student of Titian --Was thrown out of Titian's studio because he had a horrible temper --Chalkiness quality --Version of the Last Supper --Strong diagonal used --Composition is full (a lot going on) --Christ has a golden halo --16th century in Italy

"Pastoral Concert" 1510

--Titian --One of the most well-known paintings of Titian --Pastoral Concert or Pastoral Symphony --Musical instruments pictured --Men aren't staring at the nude women --Supposed to be an allegory (express an abstract idea--> pastoral poetry) --Nude women supposed to be muses or goddesses (perfect female form) --Ideal women body was big and round--> well fed, enough money to be well fed --Painting that was considered a liberal art (musicians, poetry) --Position of the artist improving dramatically --Artists were admired more--> Titian was wealthy --Arcadian --Perfect time in history; before people wore clothes --Sheep (far right of painting) --Expression of human desire of a simple time --Nostalgic (nature & human form is perfect) --Painterlyness--> softness; everything blends into the atmosphere --Pre-civilization --16th century in Italy

"'Venus'" of Urbino", c. 1538 /

--Titian --Reclining female nude --Giorgione is thought to be the first to do reclining female nudes Titian got the idea from him --Female is welcoming to her bed --Assumed that the viewer is male only --About male desire --There aren't any paintings that are about female desire (women don't have desire) --No clue about any mythological content ("Venus") --Interpreted as mistress (sexuality is first and foremost what she is about) --Or teaches women about wifely duties to their husbands's desires --Venus's handmaidens in the back right --Fido (at the end of the bed) stands for fidelity & faithfulness --Interpretations of paintings never remain the same --Reclining female nude was resurrected by the Venetians (from classical antiquity) --Human pleasures; not divine or connected to our Christian beliefs --Sensuality of the flesh (part of it comes from the oil on canvas) --In major museum in Florence --16th century in Italy

"Pesaro Madonna" 1519-1526 /

--Titian --Titian--> most famous artist of the Venetian Renaissance; most successful financially; most sought after artist in the 16th century by the richest people & royalty; large studio --Story that the Holy Roman Emperor visited his studio and picked up a brush for him that he dropped --Thanks to the God for the victory in the military campaign against the Turks --St. Peter (blue, gold) pictured --St. Francis pictured to the far right --Flag pictured that was the the victorious battle --The Madonna pictured --Titian--> puts Madonna and child to the right (triangle) --Steep diagonal goes up to the Madonna & Christ, and short line straight down to St. Francis --Gestures & poses & facial expressions tie it all together --Triangle feels natural --Oil on canvas (unusual to use in Church) --Titian painted a red brick color over canvas to add richness --Titian--> sort of effortlessness that is also associated with Raphael --16th century in Italy

"The Surrender at Breda (The Lances)" 1634-5

--Velazquez --Details of clothing and facials --Patriotic appeal --Naturalist --Posture --Rely on natural apperant to --See them on your level 17th century in Spain

"Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), 1656

--Velazquez --Most famous by Velasquez --Theology of painting --He's looking at you --Portrait of Velazquez (painting) --Looks like a mirror depict of King & Queen of Spain --Genre scene --About to paint only child of King and Queen (little girl) --All hopes of Spain --Hanging out scene --Dwarf because a[[ropriate to take care of kids --Painted the order of Santiago on his outfit after --Paint strokes dissolve --17th century in Spain

"View of Delft" c. 1662

--Vermeer --Rembrandt didn't create the major genres or art forms of the Netherlands in the 17th century --Vermeer--> movie Girl with the Pearl Earing --Not much known about Vermeer --Life was less documented --Vermeer was mostly known for his figural works/studies --View of Delft--> city in the Netherlands --Details of city are carefully delineated --Rearranged parts of the city to make it a better composition --Camera obscura a box with 1 hole that was pierced through it (primitive camera; no way of making sure the image would stay there) --Camera obsucra existed at least since the 16th century; used by artists --Was much more popular --If he used it he was able to copy the city with a high degree of detail --17% of Holland has been reclaimed by water --Gives a lot of attention to the sky (details of the sky) --Sense of atmosphere and weather --17th century in Holland

"Woman Holding a Balance" c. 1664

--Vermeer --Woman performing everyday activity --Holding a balance --Weighing jewels --Vermeer is so popular because of the quality of light --Common composition for him window to the left & figure to the right & light coming in from the left --Silent, solemn scene --In Holland there was a very strong merchant class (patrons); strong Calvinist society; didn't want religious paintings & didn't care about classical antiquity; wanted things that they knew & recognized in paintings --Golden age of Dutch painting (most paintings of the 17th century from the Netherlands we still recognize today) --17th century in Holland

"Page with Thamyris from Boccaccio", 1402 /

--Woman doing a manuscript illumination in the article (private prayers, story of the saints... & had text & pictures) --Text --> illumination --Long tradition in Western art --Commissioned in convents to do manuscript illumination --Invention of the printing press ended hand-made creations of manuscript illuminations --Boccaccio wrote the Decameron written in Latin? about stories of pilgrims(famous author)--> secularization of the Western world (not about a religious subject, about a secular subject (people)) --The 15th Century in the North (Flanders and France)

"The Merode Altarpiece", c. 1430 /

--Workshop of the Master of the Female --Don't know who created the Merode Altarpiece --The center part shows the enunciation the angel Gabriel comes down and tells Mary that she will give birth to the son of God and the Holy spirit foming down by the windows to impregnate Mary --Importance of the virgin Mary to Catholics at the time --On the left, a donor who actually paid for the altarpiece & a woman (maybe his wife) who was possibly added later --On the right, St. Joseph who is creating a mouse trap who was a symbol for capturing the Devil --Looks more medieval, late Gothic period --Mary is wearing lots of cloth and has the ideal body (people used to shave fronts of their scalps—attractive) --Northern European late Gothic idea --Why not set in the ancient Middle East? - probably never had been to the Middle East & puts the enunciation in your world, thus making the religious subject part of your world (more understandable, relevant) --Moving away from gold background (for unworldly scene) --Oil on panel (identified with the North in the 15th century) has an incredible luminosity about it --Oil paintings involve lots of layers of oil and days and days to dry --Honors the donor by showing him looking in on one of the most famous scenes in Christianity --Aspect of the Bible fighting off Devils --Artist wasn't responsible for the ichanography --The 15th Century in the North (Flanders and France)

classical antiquity

--ancient times in the Greek and Roman world --revived in the Italian Renaissance --awareness of classical tradition --use of ancient motifs

Italy c. 1200

--city-states --art almost wholly religious (Christian) --Italo-Byzantine style

gothic

--developed in the middle of the 12th century & is named after the Goths who ruled France --gothic cathedrals represent some of the most beautiful and timeless accomplishments of the period --Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris --gargoyles & flying buttresses

scale

--is the dimensional element defined by other elements of design size relative to art, its surroundings, or in relation to humans. --is the size of an element as it relates to its usual physical size.

"The Raising of Lazarus", Duccio /

--jewel-like colors from tempera on panel --more of a supernatural element --landscape was more of an afterthought --people are less bulky, slimmer --cluster of heads --beginnings of the Renaissance

gotchic s-curve

--key characteristic of the late gothic style --the curving savy of the figure, emphasized by the bladelike sweeps of drapery that converge, portraying a mannered elegance that is the hallmark of the Late Gothic style

proportion

--refers to the relative size of parts of a whole (elements within an object). We often think of porportions in terms of size relationships within the human body.

Humanism

--secular humanism--> secular, meaning not religious and humanism, meaning placing the study and progress of human nature at the center of interests. --As Humanism became more popular during the Renaissance, ordinary people grew to be the same size as saints in paintings and saints began to look more like ordinary people. For example, halos became fainter and eventually disappeared during the Renaissance.

Exterior facade of the Orsanmichele, 1417-20 /

--showing replica of Donatello's St. George --Members of a guild would take apprentinces and pass on knowledge of a particular field of expertise (architect, artist, etc...) --Meant to be seen from below, no eye level --Took the viewer's perspective into account --Marble carved round --Replica outside --15th century in Italy

Giotto's "Ognissanti Madonna" /

--similar to his mentor's (Cimabue) "Madonna Enthroned" --1305-1310 --beginnings of the Renaissance

Maneira greca

--the mode of painting adopted in Italy by artists of the proto-renaissance era --heavy gilding, brilliant colors, striations to denote the folds of fabric, and segments for the figures' anatomical details --Berlinghieri & Cimabue --Giotto rejected it in favor of naturalism

Massacio vs. van Eyck (images of Adam and Eve)

--van Eyck's is brighter because he used oil while Massacio's is fresco --van Eyck's is more 3-D; timelessness; isn't the sense of drama, theatre, or urgency; visual realism Massacio's is more a narrative; shame; figure move through space in a convincing way --15th century in Italy

Italian city-states were unified in the...

19th century

savonarola

A fanatical fundamentalist preacher, he was an uncompromising critic of corruption within the church, and also the decadence and debauchery within Florentine society. He violently criticized the Medici family in Florence, for instance, as well as the artists who did secular commissions for them. He also denounced the Florentine Renaissance for its profane works of art

idyllic

A landscape depicting country life and idealized nature

fresco

A painting technique in which water based pigments are applied to a plaster surface. If the plaster is painted when wet, the color is absorbed by the plaster, becoming a permanent part of the wall (buon fresco). Fresco secco is created by painting on dried plaster, and the color may eventually flake off. Murals made by both these techniques are called frescos. --wall painting (opposite is an esal painting) that has muted/earthy quality about them --Popular in the Roman period --Another way the artist is reviving the past --Ichanographic

where was the focus of the Baroque period?

Spain, France, & Italy

Medici

The Medici family was one of the wealthiest in Europe, and the Medici bank was the most respected financial institution of the time. The family also acquired great political power in Florence, the whole of Italy, and in France. The great works of art produced in the Renaissance required equally great people of foresight and wealth to commission and pay for them. As patrons of the arts go there are no more influential families than the Medici of Florence.

reformation

The Protestant Reformation was a revolt against abuses and other forms of corruption perpetrated by the Papacy and the Church in Rome. The actual spark which ignited the revolt was Pope Leo X's decision to launch a campaign in Germany for the sale of "indulgences" (effectively permits allowing sinners to buy their way into heaven), in order to finance the building of the new Saint Peter's Basilica, in Rome.

Martin Luther

The Reformation began on Oct 31, 1517, when the German Augustinian monk Martin Luther (1483-1546) nailed his 95-point manifesto on the door of All Saints Church, Wittenberg, Germany, and led to a split in Christianity between Roman Catholics and Protestants.

printing

The fine art of printmaking is concerned with the production of images by varying methods of replication onto paper, parchment, fabric or other supports. The resulting fine prints (impressions), while not 'original' in the sense of a fine art painting or drawing, are considered nevertheless to be works of art in their own right, even though they exist in multiples. It remains to be seen whether the latest fine printing techniques alter this assessment.

Machu Picchu

a 15th-century Inca site located on a ridge between the Huayna Picchu and Machu Picchu mountains in Peru. It sits 7,970 feet (2,430 meters) above sea level on the eastern slope of the Andes and overlooks the Urubamba River hundreds of feet below.

Baldachin

a canopy (whether suspended from the ceiling, projecting from a wall, or supported by columns) placed over an honorific or sacred space such as throne or church altar.

register

a device used in systems of spatial definition. In painting, a register indicates the use of differing groundlines to differentiate layers of space within an image. In relief sculpture, the placement of self-contained bands of reliefs in a vertical arrangement.

gesso

a ground made from glue, gypsum, and/or chalk, used as the ground of a wood panel or the priming layer of a canvas. Provides a smooth surface for painting.

horizon line

a horizontal "line" formed by the implied meeting point of earth and sky. In linear perspective, the vanishing point or points are located on this "line".

aerial or atmospheric perspective

a method of rendering the effect if spatial distance by subtle variations in color and clarity representation.

Altarpiece

a painted or carved panel or ensemble of panels placed at thee back of or behind and above an altar. Contains religious imagery (often specific to the place of worship for which it was made) that viewers can look at during liturgical ceremonies or personal devotions.

dome

a rounded vault, usually over a circular space. Consists of curved masonry and can vary in shape from hemispherical to bulbous to ovoidal. May use a supporting vertical wall (drum), from which the vault springs, and may be crowned by an open space (oculus) and/or exterior lantern. When a dome is built over a square space, an intermediate element is required to make the transition to a circular drum. There are two systems. A dome on pendentivesincorporate arched, sloping intermediate sections of wall that carry the weight nd thrust of the dome to heavily buttressed supporting piers. A dome on squinches uses an arch built into the wall (squinch) in the upper corners of the space to carry the weight of the dome across the corners of the square space below. A halfdome or conch may cover a semicircular space.

Lunette

a semicircular wall area, framed by an arch over door or window. Can be either plain or decorated.

international style

a style in art during the late 14th and early 15th centuries characterized by elegant stylization of illuminated manuscripts, mosaics, stained glass, etc, and by increased interest in secular themes.

relief

a three-dimensional image or design whose flat background surface is carved away to a certain depth, setting off the figure. Called high or low (bas-) relief depending upon the extent of projection of the image from the background. Called suunken relief when the image is carved below the original surface of the background, which is not cut away.

pediments

a triangulargable found over mjor architectural elements such as Classical Greek porticos, windows, or doors. Formed by an entablature and the endsof a sloping roof or a raking cornice. A similar architectural element is often used decoratively above a door or window, sometimes with a curved upper molding. A broken pediment is a variation on the traditional pediment, with an open space at the center of the topmost angle and/or the horizontal cornice.

chiaroscuro

an Italian word designating the contrast of dark and light in a painting, drawing, or print. It creates spatial depth and volumetric forms through gradations in the intensity if light.

polytpych

an altarpiece constructed from multiple panels, sometimes with hinges to allow for movable wings.

columns

an architectural element used for support and/or decoration. Consists of a rounded or polygonal vertical shaft placed on a base and topped by a decorative capital. In Classical architecture, columns are built in accordance with the rules of one of the architectural orders. They can be free-standing or attached to a background wall (engaged).

orthogonals

any line running back into the represented space of a picture perpendicular to the imagined picture plane. In linear perspective, all orthogonals converge at a single vanishing point in the picture and are the basis for a grid that maps out the internal space of the image, An orthogonal plan is any plan for a building or city that is based exclusively on right angles, such as the grid plan of many major cities.

oil painting

any painting executed with pigments suspended in a medium of oil. Oil paint has particular properties that allow for greater ease of working: among others, a slow drying time (which allows for corrections), and a great range of relative opaqueness of paint layers (which permits a high degree of detail and luminescence).

central plan and longitudinal plan

any structure designed with a primary central space surrounded by symmetrical aereas on each side, e.g., a rotunda.

Putti

are those plump little naked boys with wings that one often sees in Renaissance, Mannerist, Baroque and Rococo art. Typically, a putto (the singular form) depicts an angel or cherub in a religious scene, but he may also come in the form of Cupid. In either case, a putto's presence symbolizes love, whether Divine or of a earthlier nature. Incidentally, you never run across ugly putti in art; they're so cute you could just pinch them.

flemish

art of the 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries in Flanders, known for its vibrant materialism and unsurpassed technical skill. From the van Eycks through Bruegel to Rubens, the Flemish painters were masters of the oil medium and used it primarily to portray a robust and realistically detailed vision of the world around them.

Caravaggisti

artists considered his "followers" after Caravaggio's death; The term Caravaggism describes the techniques of tenebrism and chiaroscuro popularized by the radical Italian Mannerist painter Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610), and used by him in his religious art, genre paintings and still life, which was subsequently widely adopted by other contemporary artists in Italy and across Europe

naturalism

describes a true-to-life style which involves the representation or depiction of nature (including people) with the least possible distortion or interpretation. There is a quasi-photographic quality to the best naturalistic paintings: a quality which requires a minimum amount of visual detail.

classicism

historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity

vanishing point

in a perspective system, the point on the horizon line at which orthogonals meet. A complex system can have multiple vanishing points.

allegory

in a work of art, an image (or images) that symbolizes an idea, concept, or principle, often moral or religious.

glazes

in ceramics, an outermost layer of virtuous liquid that, upon firming, renders the ware waterproof and forms a decorative surface. In painting, a technique used with oil media in which a transparent layer of paint is laid over another, usually lighter, painted or glazed area. In architecture, the process of filling openings in a building with windows of clear of stained glass.

modeling

in painting, the process of creating the illusion of three-dimensionality on a two-dimensional surface by use of light and shade. In sculpture, the process of molding a three-dimensional form out of a malleable substance.

neo-Platonism

is an assimilation of the thoughts of Plato with other ancient and medieval thoughts, other classical ideas, and the modification of certain Christian doctrines.

Cuzco

is located 1089 ks south east of Lima. The gateway to Machu Picchu and the Sacred Valley, Cuzco was an administrative, military and holy city, capital of the Inca Empire (1200s-1532)

villa

o Building on working farms o Villa Rotunda built by Palladio (NOT on a working farm) ♣ Modeled after the Pantheon ♣ Comissioned by a priest who wanted to use the building as a party house ♣ Outside of Venice on the countryside ♣ ¾ facades are exactly the same (one is larger than the other) ♣ Symmetrical quality ♣ Not on N, S, E, W coordinates to maximize sunlight

Pope Julius II

o He was very ambitious; he wanted Rome to be a cultural and artistic center o Asked Michelangelo to design a tomb for the pope; it had 40 figures but was never finished o Also asked him to point the ceiling (took 4 years); Michelangelo is a sculptor o At the time Popes became secular powers and extended their powers beyond Rome (they would go to war)

vanitas

o Include symbols that remind us of the vanity of worldly pleasures & goods

genre

o Jan Steen, Feast of St. Nicholas, c. 1660-65 o Scene of everyday life

memento mori

o Latin for "remember death" o Paintings including objects that depict death (skull, clock, hour glass, etc.) o Closely related to vanitas still life

mannerism

o Mannerist used to be insulting in a way somewhat artificial, not rooted in natural forms, late Renaissance, decadent, artificial, anti-natural o High Renaissance isn't better than Mannerism, it's just different o Artists got bored with perfection and started to change styles

pastoral

o Pastoral Concert (or the Pastoral Symphony), 1510, Titian o An allegory o Express an abstract idea pastoral poetry

counter reformation

o Period of Catholic resurgence (post Reformation) beginning with the Council of Trent & ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War & was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. ♣ Michelangelo, Last Judgment, Sistine Chapel, 1536-41 • Michelangelo was invited back to the Sistine Chapel to paint the wall behind the alter • 35 years after he painted the ceiling • Pictures the Last Judgment end of the world, people come up from the grave and are reunited with their bodies and either go to heaven or hell • Emphasis on hell (bottom) • Heaven at the top • Vengeful Christ pictured • Bartholomew's skin is pictured (was skinned alive) • Michelangelo pictured holding Bartholomew's skin

still life

o Pieter Claesz, Still Life with Tazza, 1636 ♣ Objects owned by wealthy ♣ Presented as if it is in the middle of a meal & person got up from the table ♣ Makes you feel like you are there & you are the one that peeled the orange, etc. ♣ Immediacy; of the moment (Baroque characteristic) o Specific genre of painting o Arrangement of everyday objects on a table

etching

o Rembrandt known for etching with prints o Etching was on metal plates o Metal plate coated with waxy acid-resistant substance called 'ground' o Carve out image on plate then bathed in acid (acid would etch into the plate) o Plate is wiped clean of 'ground' o Printmaking profitable

camera obscura

o Vermeer, View of Delft, c. 1662 o a box with 1 hole that was pierced through it (primitive camera; no way of making sure the image would stay there) o existed at least since the 16th century; used by artists o a simple device which requires only a converging lens and a viewing screen at opposite ends of a darkened chamber or box. It is essentially a photographic camera without the light-sensitive film or plate. Only in size and decoration has it changed since the 16th century. o This optical device, a precursor of the modern camera, was a box with a small hole through which rays of light passed to form an inverted image on a surface opposite the hole

linear

one-point and multiple-point perspective (also called linear, scientific, or mathematical perspective): a method of creating the illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface by delineating horizon line and multiple orthogonal lines. These recede to meet at one or more points on the horizon (vanishing points), giving the appearance of spatial depth.

linear or one-point perspective

one-point and multiple-point perspective (also called, linear, scientific, or mathematical perspective): a method of creating the illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface by delineating a horizon line and multiple orthogonal lines. These recede to meet at one or more points on the horizon (vanishing point), giving the appearance of spatial depth. Called scientif or mathematical because its use requires some knowledge of geomytrey amd mathematics, as well as optics.

history painting

paintings based on historical, mythological, or biblical narratives. Once considered the noblest form of art, history paintings generally convey a high moral or intellectual idea and are often painted in a grand pictorial style.

narrative cycle

patronage refers to the support that kings, popes and the wealthy have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors.

patron

patronage refers to the support that kings, popes and the wealthy have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors.

Greco-roman tradition

pertaining to or designating a style of the fine arts developed in Rome or the Roman Empire from the middle of the 1st century b.c. to the early 4th century a.d., chiefly characterized by an apparent indebtedness to Greek forms or motifs modified by technological innovation, monumental scale, the combination of symbolic with narrative treatment of subject matter, and an emphasis on the commemorative aspect of a work of art.

fine arts

refers to an art form practised mainly for its aesthetic value and its beauty ("art for art's sake") rather than its functional value

1st: St. Theodore, apostles attached to column, equal weight on both feet, body is the column 2nd: St. Paul, more naturalism, detail of clothing & anatomy, body is detached from the column, some contraposto: weight shift 3rd: St. George, contraposto is fully evolved, obvious (Gothic sculptures on Chartes Cathedral, France)

shows evolution of sculpture during the Medieval period

subtractive & additive sculpture

stone (you can take away from it) & bronze (add clay then cast)

Tenebrism

the use of strong chiaroscuro and artificially illuminated areas to create a dramatic contrast of light and dark in a painting.

ichanography

writing religious imagery

painterly

• a style of painting which emphasizes the techniques and surface effects of brushwork (also color, light, and shade). o Softness; blends into the atmosphere

Terribilità

• an effect or expression of powerful will and immense angry force (as in the work of Michelangelo) o Italians spoke of Michelangelo with this term, meaning the sublime shadowed by the awesome and the fearful. o He was awe-inspiring, he also had this jealous irascible bitter nature--> this commanded respect, talent was so unexplainable, god given. o Michelangelo, High Renaissance

engraving

• an intaglio printmaking process on inscribing an image, design, or letters onto a metal or wood surface from which a print is made. One is usually drawn with a sharp implement (burin) directly onto the surface of the plate. Also: the print made from this process.

protestant humanism

• emphasis on the value and importance of the individual o Influenced the protestant reformation

illusionism

• the use of artistic techniques (as perspective or shading) to create the illusion of reality especially in a work of art

Baroque

• the visual arts and building design and construction produced during the era in the history of Western art that roughly coincides with the 17th century. The earliest manifestations, which occurred in Italy, date from the latter decades of the 16th century, while in some regions, notably Germany and colonial South America, certain culminating achievements of Baroque did not occur until the 18th century. The work that distinguishes the Baroque period is stylistically complex, even contradictory. In general, however, the desire to evoke emotional states by appealing to the senses, often in dramatic ways, underlies its manifestations. Some of the qualities most frequently associated with the Baroque are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various arts.

Inca

Cuzco was the center of the Incan empire. The Incas, an American Indian people, were originally a small tribe in the southern highlands of Peru. In less than a century, during the 1400s, they built one of the largest, most tightly controlled empires the world has ever known.

flanders

Flanders is a region in Belgium, located in the center of Europe.

15th century- the incubator of the Renaissance

Florence

what does Duomo mean?

House of God

Arcadian

In Renaissance and later art, depictions of an idyllic place of rural peace and simplicity. Derived from Arcadia, an ancient district of the central Peloponnesus in southern Greece.

contrapposto

Italian term meaning "set against," used to describe the Classical convention of representing human figures with opposing alternationsof tension and relaxation on either side of a central axis to imbue figures with a sense of the potential for movement.

sfumato

Italian term meaning "smoky," soft, and mellow. In painting, the effect of haze in an image. Resembling the color of the atmosphere at dusk, it gives a smoky effect