art history gallery 2

Describe the Mantiklos Apollo. (2.01 Ancient Greek art)

- Mantiklos Apollo statuette of a youth dedicated by Mantiklos to Apollo from Thebes, Greece, ca 700-680 BC - Inspired by Egyptian Art - Dedication to the deity is inscribed on the thighs - votive offering- - long hair framing the unnaturally long neck and the pectoral and abdominal muscles which define the stylized triangular torso -Eye sockets once inlaid

What was the ideal proportion for Greek temples? How does this reflect the Greek culture? (2.02 Greek Archaic Period)

-1:2 -represented the ancient Greek ideal of proportion, balance and symmetry

Compare and contrast the Doric and Ionic Orders. Name a temple that exemplifies each of these orders. (2.02 Greek Archaic Period)

-2.02 Greek Temple Elevations -Doric temple: Temple of Hera -Ionic temple: The Sanctuary at Delphi

Describe the Temple of Aphaia. How does this temple serve as a transitional structure from the Archaic to the Classical period? (02.03 Greek Classical Period)

-6 widthwise columns -12 lengthwise columns -cella contained 2 rows of columns running down each side allowing for the central placement of a massive cult statue -the sculptural pose is more natural and more complex and the facial expression reflects reality

Describe the Temple of Athena Parthenos. What did it represent? What was the controlling ratio for this structure? (02.03 Greek Classical Period)

-Doric -+75 yards long and higher than a 5 story building -represented controlling a numerical ratio - x=2y+1

List the 5 periods that divide Greek culture. List their dates, historical and artistic highlights. (2.01 Ancient Greek art)

-Geometric (900-600 BCE): Greek Alphabet, Homer, First Olympiad, Diplyon Krater, Mantiklos Apollo -Archaic (600-480 BCE): Limited Democracy Developed, Persian War, Kouroi, Temple of Hera, Temple of Aphaia -Classical (480-404 BCE): Sophocles, Euripides, Peloponnesian War, Kritos Boy, Athenian Acropolis (Parthenon) -Late Classical (404-323 BCE): Socrates Dies, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander, Dionysis, Weary Herakles, Epidarus Theater -Hellenistic (323-31 BCE): Hellenistic Kingdoms, Conflicts with Rome, Pergamon, Dying Gaul, Laocoon

Describe the red-figure technique. Who was the master of this technique? (2.02 Greek Archaic Period)

-artist would outline the composition and then color the background, leaving the red clay for the figures -Andokides Painter

Describe the black-figure vase painting. Who influenced this style? How did it represent the Geometric period and other cultures? (2.01 Ancient Greek art)

-dark figures were silhouetted against a light background and then details and colored highlights were added within the silhouetted forms for a striking effect -Egypt, Near East, Oriental -concentric bands are Geometric, Sphinx and lion represent animals of the East, intricate floral designs represent Oriental influence

Define kouros and kore. What was their purpose? How are they influenced by the Egyptians? (2.02 Greek Archaic Period)

-freestanding statuary sculptures with kouros (masculine for "youth") an kore (feminine form) -used as grave markers, ceremonial dedications and votive statues - evident of Egyptian influence in the frontal, block-like form and extended left foot

What did the ancient Greeks focus on? What was their ultimate aim? (2.01 Ancient Greek art)

-humanity -reaching the mental, physical and creative potential of man

Describe the Etruscan culture. (02.05 Etruscan Art)

-influenced by Greek culture -loose confederation of city-states

Describe the "Venus di Milo". (2.04 Greek Hellenistic Period)

-modestly dressed -teasingly seductive nude

What is contrapposto? When do we first see contrapposto in a sculpture? (02.03 Greek Classical Period)

-natural pose -Kritios Boy

How do the Archaic sculptures idealize freedom? (2.02 Greek Archaic Period)

-nude -space between the legs, arms and body

Describe the 3 different variations of a peristyle temple. (2.02 Greek Archaic Period)

-peripteral: single row of columns around the cella -dipteral: double rows of columns around the cell -pseudo dipteral: only an outmost row of columns

What building materials did the Etruscans use? What materials did the Etruscans use for their sculptures? (02.05 Etruscan Art)

-wood, brick and terracotta

What defines Republican Roman sculpture? What made them so realistic? (2.06 Roman Art)

. A new attitude to portraiture with uncompromising realism and directness defines the period. The realistic compositions include receding hairlines and wrinkled faces

Describe the Coliseum. What was its purpose? (2.06 Roman Art)

Awnings were unfurled from the top story in order to protect the audience from the hot Roman sun as they watched gladiatorial combats, hunts, wild animal fights and larger combats such as mock naval engagements (for which the arena was flooded with water) put on at great expense. The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators, having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles (for only a short time as the hypogeum was soon filled in with mechanisms to support the other activities), ...

Polykleitos was in search of the ideal proportions. Which sculpture was created to demonstrate these proportions? (02.03 Greek Classical Period)

Doryphoros

Roman style can be defined as a mixture of what two cultures? Who was responsible for bringing Greek art into Roman art? (2.06 Roman Art)

Etruscan and Greek Roman general Marcellus

Who was Augustus? How did sculpture change during his reign? (2.06 Roman Art)

In 27 BCE, Octavian was given the title of Augustus ("revered one"). This marked the beginning of the Roman Imperial period. The aged realism of the Republican period was replaced with "realistic" idealism. Augustus gained control of the Roman state in his early thirties and reigned into his seventies, but his representation was consistantly young, powerful, and sometimes godlike. Augustus of Prima Porta (ca. 20 BCE) represents a youthful, heroic emperor in the Polykletian style with a strong political comment, characteristic of Augustan sculpture.

Describe Ara Pacis and its importance. (2.06 Roman Art)

The Ara Pacis, "The Altar of Peace," was an Augustan propaganda and celebration of Augustan peace, which was dedicated on the birthday of his wife, Livia. The altar is surrounded by an ornate enclosure, the outside was the "public" face of the monument. The outer decorations are divided into lower and upper regions that are separated by a Greek meander. In the upper portions, we see various figure sculptures. All the lower regionsshow acanthus tendrils in relief, symbolizing the fruitfulness of Augustan Peace. Roman appreciation and need to control nature is evident in the very ordered lush vegetation.

Describe the Arch of Titus. What was its purpose? What is a composite capital? (2.06 Roman Art)

The Arch of Titus is a Roman Triumphal Arch which was erected by Domitian in c. 81 CE at the foot of the Palatine hill on the Via Sacra in the Forum Romanum, Rome. It commemorates the victories of his father Vespasian and brother Titus in the Jewish War in

Describe the frescoes of Pompeii. What are the differences between the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Stlyes? (2.06 Roman Art)

The First Style dates from the late second-century BCE to the early first but never went completely out of style. Of Greek origin, it is easily recognizable because the walls are painted to resemble expensive marble revetment. The Second Style, which first appeared about 80 BCE, is a completely Roman invention. The goal was to "expand" the rooms with the illusion of three-dimensional space, as seen in the segment that portrays a ritual for the cult of Dionysus at the Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii. Third Style wall painting, dating from about 15 BCE, is recognized by delicate linear decoration on a monochromatic (one color with any of its values) background. Architectural motifs in Third Style works were painted for ornamentation instead of the illusion of depth. The lack of depth and perspective continued when landscapes or mythological scenes were added. They appeared as hanging pictures rather than a realistic portrayal. The Fourth Style in evident in the Ixion Room of House of the Vettii at Pompeii, whose name comes from the mythological scene involving Ixion on the back wall. The generally unrelated illusionistic scenes combined with delicate ornamentation show the evolution and characteristics of previous styles.

Describe the plan of a basilica. What did this structure evolve into? (2.06 Roman Art)

The basilica housed the law courts (as it did in most Roman towns) and was the "Wall Street." It was designed to meet the need for a large, enclosed public space. Two rows of internal, two-storied columns created a large, central space (or nave) flanked by two side aisles that were also rather spacious, providing space (on both stories) for offices. The design of the basilica would evolve to serve as a Christian church design in Western architecture.

Describe the Capitoline Wolf. Who adopted this as their national symbol? (02.05 Etruscan Art)

The bronze Capitoline Wolf (ca. 500 BCE) is a depiction of the legendary beast who nursed Romulus and Remus, the mythical founders of Rome. The infants under the she-wolf in this picture were added during later on during the Italian Renaissance. As Rome grew in power, Etruscan civilization inevitably declined. Eventually, by battle or treaty, the Etruscans were absorbed by Rome and the Capitoline Wolf would be adopted by the Romans as their national symbol.

What do Etruscan frescoes tell us about this culture? (02.05 Etruscan Art)

The city of Etruria was Tarquinia, dominated by underground tombs. The Tarquinian Etruscans did not carve virtual homes either, instead their tombs were painted with frescos. In the Tomb of Leopards (named after the beasts that decorate the upper portion of the tomb), there is a banqueting scene with the characteristic Etruscan vivacity and gesturing. Women are again present and can be identified by their lighter skin. Tarquinian artists were concerned with painting landscapes, such as the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing.

Describe the "Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple". Name the culture that influenced this artwork. (02.05 Etruscan Art)

The sarcophagus (stone or clay coffin) shows a couple reclining, possibly at a banquet. The animated faces and gesturing arms are characteristic of this period, the relaxed pose of the figures differenciates their art from the stiff poses of Egyptian funerary sculpture.

Roman's major contribution to the world was the invention of? How did this change the way of building? (2.06 Roman Art)

concrete It was less expensive, symptom of their practicality, but concrete also allowed Roman architects to create all multiple types of vaults and domes, which could not be achieved with building blocks.

What does "Archaic" mean? (2.02 Greek Archaic Period)

early

What characterized the Late Classical Period? (02.03 Greek Classical Period)

emotionalism, tension and irony

Describe the aqueducts and their importance. (2.06 Roman Art)

he major purpose of an aqueduct was to deliver water to the people in the towns. In the days before the aqueducts water was furnished by a local stream and/or wells. ... The introduction of an aqueduct also made it possible to build Roman baths complexes and other water consuming amenities like ornamental fountains.

What characterized the Hellenistic period? (2.04 Greek Hellenistic Period)

international societies, unified by trade, learning and the Greek language

How does the "Seated Boxer" exemplify the Hellenistic period? (2.04 Greek Hellenistic Period)

the broken nose, flattened ears, missing teeth and broken skin, his hands showing toil of years depict the exhausted and dejected boxer within the overtly emotional Hellenistic perspective

What is the Classical Period? (02.03 Greek Classical Period)

the period begins at the end of the Persian Wars and is considered the high point of ancient Greek civilization