art history me

still lifes

arrangements of non-human objects in an artful manner

devotional imagery

artwork produced for the purposes of worship, prayer or religious instruction or inspiration

A person in the Baroque period would most likely _____.

be more open-minded about religion and science than previous people

Baroque architecture in churches, which was directly connected to the counter-reformation, can be characterized by

broad, occasionally circular nave dramatic use of light opulent use of ornaments large-scale ceiling frescoes Baroque architects and designers were also concerned with the idea of movement as well as with contrasts in light and dark. The Church of Santa Susanna in Rome is one such early Baroque building. Instead of windows there are niches with figures that appear to be caught in the middle of movement. The rounded columns create the appearance of undulation (or movement like waves). The design is somewhat playful.

All of the following describe Jacques-Louis David's painting, Oath of the Horatii, except for:

cluttered spacing

The Judgment of Paris

considered Rubens' masterwork and the epitome of his style. In it, voluptuous goddesses are posed against a green landscape symbolizing the richness of creation. As you examine the painting, notice the luxurious color, the glow of light, and the sensuous brushwork as evidenced by the flowing garments and the swirling branches and clouds. The narrative of the painting is the beauty contest among three goddesses. Paris is the judge — not an easy task when the contestants are powerful goddesses and are sure to become his enemies if he doesn't choose them. But this painting depicts the moment before all the trouble begins. It is the job of Paris to identify the most beautiful among them.

Which of the following are some of Raphael's paintings?

Marriage of the Virgin The Knight's Dream Madonna

the family Michelangelo lived with

Medici

Why did Michelangelo sculpt Mary in his Pieta as a young woman?

Michelangelo sculpted Mary as a young woman to symbolize purity of soul.

Who was the patron of Velázquez?

King Philip IV

T/F: Gainsborough composed his nature paintings in the studio.

true

T/F: The Swing was an immediate success because of its technical brilliance and the scandal behind it.

true

T/F: The sensibility of Romanticism is feeling.

true

Italian Baroque architecture is typified by all of the following.

undulating forms ceiling paintings ornate carvings

Denis Didero

"There are three principal means of acquiring knowledge... observation of nature, reflection, and experimentation. Observation collects facts; reflection combines them; experimentation verifies the result of that combination."

Matching referring to the painting Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus: 1. the kind of lighting he used 2. a three-panel composition 3. the look of the background 4. a realistic artist who inspired Rubens 5. male figures are 6. sense of energy is created by this 7. figures extend beyond this 8. angular composition created by figures

1. dramatic 2. triptych 3. dark 4. Caravaggio 5. muscular 6. crowded 7. frame 8. diagonal

Voltaire

A French writer; helped to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment through plays, poems, essays, pamphlets and other writings. He attacked the privileges of the nobility and the church. Voltaire opposed the tyranny of church and state. He despised religious intolerance and paved the way for both the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

Golden Era

After a war that lasted approximately eighty years, the Dutch Republic and Spain formally made peace in 1648. This heralded a time of great prosperity and artistic flowering in the Netherlands. This period is known as the Netherlands' Golden Era

________ was the most influential architect of the Mannerist period.

Andrea Palladio

Michelangelo restored and enhanced the design of ______, while he was the chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica.

Bramante

Explain why Diderot hated Boucher's work.

Diderot hated Boucher's work because his work depicted the moral depravity at the time. He thought that in new art there should be a new morality; a new world in which ordinary people could be portrayed as moral and heroic.

The Enlightenment

During the eighteenth century before the French Revolution, the ideals of reason, science, and respect for humanity came to dominate European culture. Isaac Newton's discovery of the force of gravity was an exciting unveiling of the laws of the universe. People came to believe that science and reason could answer all questions. They were no longer content to accept things on faith alone, and many no longer turned to religion, mythology or tradition for the answers to their big questions about the world around them. Philosophers and scholars put their faith in human reason rather than in any supernatural force. The intellectuals of the Enlightenment demanded scientific proof to explain the ways of the universe. This was called the doctrine of empiricism. While *Newton emphasized tangible evidence, the philosopher John Locke also wrote that what we know comes to us from our own experiences and through our own senses, and it is from these experiences and perceptions that we form our ideas.* Many of these ideas were discussed by men and women in French salons, where they were often debated and made public.

All of the following were Mannerist artists:

Fiorentino Parmigianino Tintoretto

Peter Paul Rubens

Flemish Baroque art whose style is animated, exuberant, and sensuous Elements of his art: -the bold brushwork, luminous color and light of Venetian painters such as Titian -the vigor and athleticism of Michelangelo's figures -the formal dynamism of Hellenistic sculpture (remember those Greek statues who look as if they are moving?) Tension, you may remember, is a hallmark of Baroque art. In Rubens's work, the tension is between the intellectual and the emotional, as well as between the romantic and the classical. The style of Rubens can be characterized by the following: rich colors dynamic compositions voluptuous female forms

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher rallied his contemporaries with the motto: "Dare to know." These ideas are an outgrowth of humanism.

Scenes included in the Sistine Chapel

God Separating Light from Darkness Creation of Adam, the Creation of Eve (ceiling) Temptation and Fall of Adam and Eve The Flood The Last Judgement (along the back wall)

Thomas Gainsborough

He became well known for his portraits and landscapes. Influenced by both Jean Antoine Watteau and Sir Anthony van Dyck, his portraits gained him fame and fortune. He eventually left Bath for London where he painted portraits of King George III and other royalty. Gainsborough was a also great painter of landscapes and sometimes he combined both landscape and portrait as you can see in the portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Andrews. *Of his more than 500 paintings, more than 200 are portraits.* *The Blue Boy* is one of his most famous paintings. Notice the look of nobility and grace in the boy's stance and facial expression. Gainsborough used thinly applied colors. He used a lot of greens and blues. His *landscapes are characterized by soft, diluted light.* http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/06.1279

Architecture in America and Europe

In the 18th century, when archaeologists and scholars began to excavate ancient cities in Greece and Italy, the findings there were a revelation to the historians and artists of the neoclassical period. The classical ruins had a profound influence on the design of buildings in Europe and in the United States. In architecture, the artists were obsessed with trying to create order. Columns were no longer decorative, but were there for a *(order &) reason*. Freestanding columns gave a new morality to architecture. In America, Neoclassicism, also known as the Federal style, was the ideal between 1780 and 1820

Which of the following is NOT true about the work of Caravaggio?

It is classical. what is true is that: It is not idealized. It is highly emotional. It is not elegant or dignified.

Which of the following is NOT true about the work of Caravaggio?

It is not idealized.

The Romantic movement in art took place in Europe and America during the first half of the 19th century. While we cannot easily pigeonhole Romanticism into a set of clearly defined principles, there are a few distinguishable characteristics with Neoclassicism.

Neoclassicism Romanticism logical imaginative calm intense, melodramatic restrained in feeling emotional clear elusive heroic subject matter wild nature as subject

Landscape with Ruined Tower

Notice the dramatic play of color and light in the sky and the naturalism of the tower and the rocks in the foreground. Notice also the contrast between the weather depicted in the different sections of the painting. In America, Romantic painting was found among a group of painters called Hudson River School. These painters were inspired by the unspoiled wilderness of the northeastern United States. Thomas Cole founded the movement.

Raphael was an assistant and student under the painter _______.

Perugino

Flanders and the Dutch Republic produced three of the greatest artists of all time:

Peter Paul Rubens, who painted sensuous pictures featuring voluptuous women (female figures who inspired the term "Rubenesque"); Rembrandt, whose dazzling virtuosity in chiaroscuro and in "coarse" realism set a new standard; and Vermeer, who used light in a dramatic way

Which of the following were some of El Greco's works?

Saint Dominic in Prayer The Holy Family The Burial of the Count of Orgaz

Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (Diego de Velázquez)

Spain's greatest painter of the Baroque era. When he was 23, he was invited to serve at the portrait painter for King Philip IV. more about him http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vela/hd_vela.htm

Rococo style

The Baroque era ended in the early 1700s, in which the Rococo style emerged. *It is characterized by ornate decoration and a light, delicate style.* The word comes from the French word for pebble and referred to the small shells and stones used to decorate grotto interiors. The Rococo period occurred during the reign of King Louis XV of France, which lasted from 1715 to 1774. The style began with the introduction of arabesques and curves in architecture. The Rococo style also extended to paintings. Rather than the weighty subject matter of the past, such as myths and religious narrative, the Rococo painters were more interested in *light-hearted, even flirtatious, subjects.*

Palace of Versailles

The Baroque period also includes this masterpiece. This architectural monument stands out for its classical forms, complex gardens, and elaborate interiors. The magnificent palace was built to glorify Louis XIV, who was known as the Sun King, because France and his subjects were supposed to revolve around him.

middle class intelligentsia

The Enlightenment brought forth new ideas, ideas that were not embraced by the aristocracy but rather by the middle class intelligentsia. For obvious reasons, this group of artists and scholars opposed the decadent lifestyle of the aristocracy, which was reflected in the art of Rococo and the sumptuous gardens and palaces in which they lived. This new class of intellectuals did not believe in "art for art's sake," but *believed that art should have an educational and moral purpose.*

Jacques Louis David

The French painter who is the great genius of Neoclassical painting. He was an enthusiastic participant in the French Revolution; he painted pictures that helped promote the cause of revolution. He turned to Roman subjects to portray the ideals of stoicism and patriotism. Jacques-Louis David took these ancient ideas and applied them to one of his most famous paintings, The Death of Marat. In this painting he has taken the subject of a revolutionary hero who has died for a cause a very classical and heroic theme. But for David this was personal. http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/neocl_dav_marat.html As you look at the picture, notice the combination of simplicity and grandeur. Look also at the geometric composition, the simple palette, and the clearly organized spaces. You will notice that the figures are clearly defined and evoke a noble simplicity. There are no details that interfere with the message. After the Revolution proved a failure, David was thrown in jail. But upon his release, he was commissioned by Napoleon to create works that celebrated worldly splendor and power.

voluptuous

having a large bosom and pleasing curves; having strong sexual appeal

Where is the original wooden model of the dome of Saint Peter's Basilica (created by Michelangelo) located?

The Vatican

iridescent

having a play of lustrous rainbow colors

Which of the following artists is responsible for painting on canvas and helping to make this a common practice?

Titian

luminosity

having the quality of light

Italian Baroque Art

We're not exactly sure where the term "baroque" originated. It may have come from the Portuguese word "barocco," a description of a type of pearl with a distorted shape. It means "irregular" or "rough" and was used originally by the eighteenth-century art critics as a derogatory term to describe art produced from about 1600-1750. The term "baroque" also defines periods in literature and music. At the time, Copernicus proved that the sun and planets did not revolve around the Earth but that the Earth was simply one of the planets revolving around the sun; caused quite a problem for the religious authorities who firmly believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. In addition to religious upheavals, there were political conflicts as new and exotic places were discovered. This was a period of constant war as the major European powers jockeyed for power: The French Religious Wars, the Thirty Years' War (1618 and 1648), The Franco-Spanish War (1653), The Dutch War (1672-1678) and other conflicts plagued Europe during this time. We can boil all these events down to several factors, that affected the development of Baroque art, including: -the Catholic Church's efforts to keep people interested in the Catholic faith -scientific discoveries such as those made by Copernicus and Galileo -the development of worldwide trade, a system called mercantilism -the desire of European monarchies to display their power and wealth

William Hogarth

While Gainsborough painted portraits glamorizing the nobility, William Hogarth's pictures were satirical illustrations of their lives. Hogarth was a painter, illustrator and engraver. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Hogarth-satire-on-false-pespective-1753.jpg "Whoever makes a Design without the knowledge of Perspective will be liable to such absurdities as are shewn in this Frontispiece." — Hogarth By 1735 Hogarth had gained "a reputation as a painter of English manners and customs." Hogarth's series of six paintings entitled Marriage à-la-Mode (Modern Marriage) is considered among his finest work for the following qualities: satire of marriage for money details of upper-class life mastery of complex scenes Marriage A-la-Mode shows Lord Squanderfield as unhealthy while the series evokes French art and Rococo design. William Hogarth was so incensed by the practice of etchings stolen from artists and reproduced to sell that he was instrumental in the passage of a copyright law — often called "Hogarth's Act" — in 1735.

salon

a gathering of people for the purposes of discussion

T/F: Hogarth's Marriage A-la-Mode paintings correspond to, and sometimes deliberately evoke, French art and Rococo design.

true

diffused

a light that spreads soft shadows, may be filtered through translucent material

symmetrical

a mirror-image (though not exact) balance

baldachin

a pillared canopy

grotto

a small cave; an artificial cavern-like retreat

Churrigueresque

a style of ornament specific to Spain developed and popularized by the sculptor Benito de Churriguera. It is a wild and exuberant style, exemplified in the Cathedral of Santiago.

treatise

a written work on a particular subject

arabesque

an ornament that interlaces simulated foliage in an intricate design

François Boucher

another outstanding Rococo painter, painter of plump, pink nudes in bedrooms, among other subjects. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bouc/hd_bouc.htm

sensuous

appealing to the senses; taking delight in beauty

tyranny

dictatorship: a government that is ruled by one dictator, who is usually brutal

lyrical

expressing deep emotion

T/F: In Hogarth's series Marriage A-la-Mode, Lord Squanderfield is robust and healthy.

false

T/F: Modern artists have rejected Romanticism and are more influenced by Classical works.

false

T/F: The Swing embodies the spirit of the French Revolution.

false

T/F: The paintings of Jean-Honoré Fragonard deal with serious religious subjects.

false

T/F: Gainsborough's landscapes were influenced by French Rococo artists.

false; Dutch

T/F: Gainsborough's portraits ridicule the aristocracy.

false; Hogarth

T/F: When the Dutch Protestants rebelled against the Roman Catholic church, the Spanish king quelled the uprising.

false; he tried to end with force but was unsuccessful

style of painting on the ceiling of Sistine Chapel

fresco

Romanticism's influence

has been strong on later painting. Impressionism, the symbolist movement, expressionism and surrealism all share the characteristics of imagination and dreamlike images. The Romantics put forth ideas about the importance of originality and the freedom of the artist that continue to play a role in the production of art.

Tiziano Vercellio (Titian)

his work can be characterized by the following: vibrant color free brushwork atmospheric tone monumental figures idealized landscapes early follower of Giorgione, his work rivaled that of Raphael and Michelangelo; Venus of Urbino

apprentice

how he started his career

Which of the following are characteristics of Mannerist painting?

imbalanced composition (often circular rather than pyramid) visual complexity and ambiguity unusual depictions of traditional themes themes of courtly behavior and sophistication

mysticism

immediate consciousness of the transcendent or ultimate reality or God

carravesque

in the style of Caravaggio

How did the Catholic Church pay for the many religious works of art?

indulgences (pardons for sins)

David sculpture

instead of sculpting him after his fight with Goliath, he showed David before, and he is shown with a look of defiance, strength and power while remaining controlled while reflective; hands and head are notable because they are disproportionately large

El Greco (Domenikos Theokópoulous)

intense emotional feeling dramatic use of light unusual colors and groupings elongated proportions sense of movement

We consider Goya's painting The Third of May to be "Romantic" because _____.

it conveys strong emotions

Dutch merchants were interested in what kind of artwork?

landscapes portraits still lifes genre painting

Thomas Jefferson's home in Virginia is call Monticello, which in Italian means _____.

little mountain

artifice

made by intention and not nature, skillful and clever, sometimes tricky

Select all the qualities that are typical of Romantic art.

nature death destruction freedom individuality wild, mysterious scenery sublime prospects ruins

The art of the Age of Reason had a new morality based on an old civilization: classical Greece. Which of the following correctly describe the ideals of Enlightenment thinkers?

noble simplicity perfection harmony logic solemnity morality

Diderot

one of the French intellectual writers of the period (Neoclassicism), absolutely hated François Boucher's work. He wrote a review in which he stated that in Boucher's works "degradation of taste, color, composition, character, expression, and drawing have kept pace with moral depravity."* The new art had to have a new morality. And in this new world, ordinary people were the heroic ones. One needn't be a pope or a knight to be a moral, heroic person.

ambiguity

open to two or more interpretations

Death of Saranapalus by Delacroix demonstates all of the following:

physical and emotional violence the influence of Rubens opulent color but not a balanced and harmonious composition

verisimilitude

possessing the quality of truth

lucid

transparently clear; easily understandable

value

relative darkness or lightness of a color

opulence

rich showiness; overabundance

stanze

rooms

Michelangelo's preferred art form was _____.

sculpture

Characteristics of Baroque art include:

sense of movement energy *tension* realism feeling of infinite space In painting and sculpture, light and shadow contrast to create a dramatic effect

Giorgione established the poetic school of painting, which is known for the following characteristics:

softened contours strong colors personal subjects in addition to religious sensual, lyrical style emphasis on mood rather than story

The Pieta by Michelangelo

started the creation in his early 20's of a pieta out of a giant slab of marble created in Rome, finished when he was 25. It was the only piece he ever signed.

Love in the French Theatre by Watteau

that the colors are less bold, more pastel than the colors of the Baroque painters. The subject matter is love and the setting is some sort of wooded glade.

Northern European Baroque Art

the characteristics of Italian Baroque art were whole-heartedly adopted and transformed by artists in Northern Europe.

empiricism

the doctrine that says sense experience is the only source of knowledge

tone

the feeling created by the picture

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

the first modern art historian, studied ancient Greek and Roman art. Through his writings he encouraged artists and architects to use the ancient principles in their work and yet to make it their own. He believed that* Greek art represented the ideal in art*, and his beliefs had enormous influence on the artists of his day. Winckelmann wrote two important treatises on historical art. By creating a system of description and classification, he established the modern method of the categorization of art history. Another factor that helped spread the neoclassical tastes was the growth of salons. In the 18th century, most French preferred the old masters to contemporary artists. So the French Academy began to hold salons to create interest in contemporary art. They held an annual event to showcase contemporary artists, which was called "The Salon." But there were also informal salons, in which debates and discussions about art, literature and politics were common.

intelligentsia

the intellectuals of a particular time and place

Flemish

the people who lived in Flanders

sublime

the quality of greatness or vast magnitude, whether physical, moral, intellectual, metaphysical, or artistic

Géricault's masterpiece, Raft of the Medusa, fits the definition of sublime because _____

the scene is stormy and violent and full of raw emotion

The intended effect of Bernini's colonnade at Saint Peter's Church is _____.

to embrace people in the "arms" of the Catholic Church

satirize

to ridicule or mock

calligraphic

using flowing, decorative lines

Dutch painter Jan Vermeer was famous for his _____.

voluminous output formal portraits composition- use of space-

The Death of the Virgin by Caravaggio

was rejected by the monks who had commissioned it for being too shocking.

Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun

was renowned for her portraits of the nobility, noted for her portrait of Marie Antoinette.

Rembrandt van Rijn

was unique by comparison to many other artists in that he was able to work in a number of areas, including history, mythology, portrait and landscape. The qualities of a "Rembrandt" are: -glowing light against dark backgrounds -deft, flickering brushwork in thick paint, exhibiting great control over his medium -truthful but sympathetic rendering of his subjects Some critics called Rembrandt's technique *wizardry* because they were puzzled by it; they felt almost as Rembrandt himself didn't understand what he had done. *One contemporary painter even called his paintings a mass of smudges.* In his later works, Rembrandt focused more on inherent psychological drama. The way he captured emotion almost seemed like *coincidence*, but it's really a testimony to his *masterful technique in which every coincidence seems to add to the effect of the perfect illusion.* This was a move for Rembrandt away from his more typical narrative style. Although Rembrandt is probably the most famous Dutch painter, he is not the only one considered a genius.