Art Tes #2 1.6- 1.10

Proportional Ratios

"Golden Rectangles" is a technique based on nesting inside each other a succession of rectangles based on the 1:1.618 proportions of the Golden Section • The shorter side of the outer rectangle becomes the longer side of the smaller rectangle inside it, and so on • The result is an elegant spiral shape "Fading Away"

Magic Proportional Ration

1: (to) 1.618

Gestalt Unity

A German word for form or shape Refers to something in which the whole seems greater than the sum of its parts We get a sense of this when we comprehend how compositional unity and conceptual unity work together

Simple Repetitive Rhythm

A __________ "pulse" of similar elements sets up a visual rhythm that a viewer can anticipate • Such regularity communicates reassurance • The design of buildings is often intended to reassure us about the stability and durability of the structure • For this reason, architectural designs often incorporate simple repetition

Motif

A design repeated as a unit in a pattern is called a Can represent ideas, images, and themes that can be brought together through the use of pattern An artist can create a strong unified design by repeating a

Compositional Unity

An artist creates this by organizing all the visual aspects of a work Too much similarity of shape, color, line, or any single element or principle of art can be monotonous and make us lose interest Too much variety can lead to a lack of structure and the absence of

Feminist Analysis

Analyzes art through the role of women as: Artists Subjects Viewers

Scale

Artists and designers make conscious choices about this of their work when they consider the message they want to put across A small-scale work implies intimacy Large-scale works can be experienced by groups of viewers and usually communicate big ideas directed at a large audience Practical considerations can affect an artist's decision about scale too Cost, time it will take to execute the piece, and demands that a specific location may place on the work are all factors

Alternating Rhythm

Artists can intertwine multiple rhythms until they become quite adds unpredictability and visual excitement

Emphasis and Focal Point in Action

Artists can use direction, dramatic contrasts, and placement relationships to organize the elements in a work and draw our attention to areas of emphasis and focal points

Emphasis and Focal Point in Action: Contrast

Artists look to create effects of by positioning elements next to one another that are very different For example, areas of different value, color, or size

Human Proportion

Carefully chosen proportion can make an art object seem pleasing to the eye • This goes for the human body, too • The ancient Egyptians used the palm of the hand as a unit of measurement • The ancient Greeks sought an ideal of beauty in the principle of proportion • The models used by the Greeks for calculating human proportion were later adopted by artists of ancient Rome, and then by Renaissance artists

Formal Analysis

Considers the elements and principles used by the artist Elements of art: line, shape, form, mass, volume, color, texture, space, time and motion, and value Principles of art: contrast, balance, unity, variety, rhythm, emphasis, pattern, proportion, and scale

Huqqa base

Elements, such as the flowers and leaves of the plants, recur at intervals

Using Variety to Unify

Even while using a variety of different shapes, colors, values, or other elements, an artist can create visual harmony

Rhythmic Design Structure

How artists divide visual space into different sections to achieve different kinds of effect

Symmetrical Balance

If a work can be cut in half and each side looks exactly (or nearly exactly) the same, then it is symmetrically balanced Near-perfect symmetry exists in the human body Because it is a part of our physical body, symmetry can seem very natural and we can make natural connections to it (Architecture)

Contextual Analysis

Interprets artwork based on time and place in which it was made Considers historical, religious, political, economic, and social factors

Iconographic Analysis

Interprets signs and symbols within an artwork Historical and religious references

Representational:

Marilyn Monroe • Still life objects Symbols of Vanitas (reminders of mortality): • Time: Calendar, watch, hourglass • Vanity: Cosmetics, mirror, jewelry, perfume • Death and decay: Candle, fruit, flowers • Wealth and fame: Marilyn, necklace Individual meaning: Our mortality • Photograph of artist and her brother

Representational

Recognizable

Biographical Analysis

Relates artist's life and experiences to artwork Considers gender, race, nationality, and class

Progressive Rhythm

Repetition that regularly increases or decreases in frequency creates a _________ rhythm as the eye moves faster or slower across the surface of the work

Bai-ra-Irrai

The imagery above the entry of this bai begins, at the bottom, with the regular rhythms of horizontal lines of fish, but the images above become increasingly irregular as they change to other kinds of shapes

Randomness

The introduction of chance symbolizes anti-order Artists who introduce randomness to a work try to avoid predictable repetition Works made in this way purposely contradict widely used traditional methods

Emphasis and Focal Point in Action: Placement

The of elements within a composition controls rhythm and creates multiple focal points

Proportion

The relationships between the sizes of different parts of a work make up this By controlling these size relationships, an artist can enhance the expressive and descriptive characteristics of the work

Pattern

The use of repetition in a work of art usually results in the creation of a pattern • Artists often create unity in works of art by repeatedly using a similar shape, value, or color, for example • An artist can use repetition of a pattern to impose order on a work • Sometimes artists use alternating patterns to make a work more lively • The area covered by pattern is called the field "The blue room"

Abstraction

To emphasize, distort or simplify forms The degree to which an artwork is less representational and moves toward nonobjective

Chuck Close, Self Portrait

Uses motif to unify his paintings Uses a repeated pattern of organic concentric rings set into a diamond shape as the basic building blocks for his large compositions There is a difference between a close-up view of the painting and the overall effect when we stand back from this enormous canvas The motif that Close uses is the result of a technical process A grid that subdivides the entire image organizes the placement of each cell

Scale and Meaning

Usually a monumental scale indicates heroism or other epic virtues War monuments, for example, often feature figures much larger than life-size in order to convey the bravery of the warriors

Asymmetrical Balance

When artists organize a composition they often use different visual "weights" on each side of it This applies when the elements on the left and right sides are not the same, but the combination of elements counters each other

Content

_________________ refers to the meaning and the subject of a work of art Identifying the subject of an artwork: Representational (one can identify the subject)Non-objective (unrecognizable subject matter) Abstraction

• Subordination

draws our attention away from certain areas of a work the specific part of an area of emphasis to which the artist draws our eye

Rhythm

gives structure to the experience of looking, just as it guides our eyes from one point to another in a work of art There is ___________ when there are at least two points of reference in an artwork The intervals between elements provide points of reference for more complex rhythms "Hunters in the snow"

• Variety

is a kind of visual diversity that brings many different ideas, media, and elements together in one composition is a collection of ideas, elements, or materials that are fused together into one design is about uniqueness and diversity Artists use a multiplicity of values, textures, colors, and so on to intensify the impact of a work •can invigorate a design • is the artist's way of giving a work of art a jolt

focal point

is a specific place of visual emphasis An artist can emphasize this through the use of line, implied line, value,color—any of the elements of art is the specific part of an area of emphasis to which the artist draws our eye

• Emphasis

is the principle by which an artist draws attention to particular content in a work of art or design When an artist ____________ different elements in a work of art, he or she creates visual relationships and connections between them

• Balance

refers to the distribution of elements, whether unified or varied, within a work Just as real objects have physical weight, parts of a work of art can have visual weight, or impact If the amount of visual weight does not have a reasonable counterweight on the opposite side, the work may appear to be unsuccessful or unfinished If there are reasonable visual counterweights the work seems complete, and balance has been achieved

• Unity

refers to the imposition of order and harmony on a design Provides an artwork with its cohesiveness and helps communicate its visual idea Artists are concerned with three kinds of unity: compositional, conceptual, and gestalt (the complete order and indivisible unity of all aspects of an artwork's design)

Distorted Scale

• An artist may deliberately do this to create an abnormal or supernatural effect

Psychological Analysis

• Considers the mental state of the artist when the artwork was being made and uses this to help interpret the work

Emphasis and Focal Point in Action: Line

• Line is an effective way to focus a viewer's attention in an artwork

Non-objective

• Subject matter is not recognizable. • What the art represents must be interpreted by the viewer

Conceptual Unity

• ___________unity refers to the cohesive expression of ideas within a work of art • The expression of ideas may not look organized, but an artist can still communicate them effectively by selecting images that conjure up a single notion • Artists bring their own intentions, experiences, and reactions to their work. These ideas—conscious and unconscious—can also contribute to the conceptual unity of a work

Analysis

• provides a way to find meaning in artworks. • There are many ways to approach it. • To best understand art, it may be necessary to combine several modes of this

Radial Balance

•(or symmetry) is achieved when all elements in a work are equidistant from a central point and repeat in a symmetrical way from side to side and top to bottom • Can imply circular and repeating elements • Sometimes used in religious symbols and architecture where repetition plays an important role in the design Mandala

Hierarchical Scale

•refers to the deliberate use of relative size in a work of art, in order to communicate differences in importance • Almost always, larger means more important, and smaller means less important