ARTH 428: FINAL
Annunciation By: Donatelo WHEN? WHERE? -no image found-
-1435 -Santa Croce
UFFIZI
-A complex was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de' Medici so as to accommodate the offices of the Florentine magistrates, hence the name uffizi, "offices". The construction was later continued by Alfonso Parigi and Bernardo Buontalenti and completed in 1581.
Compare and contrast between the two visions of Beato Angelico and Filipo Lippi in their Annunciations:
-Beato Angelico: -Mary hunched over, more realistic -Made for the convent he lived at -Fresco on a wall -Architecture is based of space made by his friend Filipo Lippi: -Made on wood panels. -To be places above a bed -Commissioned by the Medici
Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel
-Commissioned by the pope Francis. -LAYERS of the painting: (1 being farthest from the viewer and 4 being the closest) 1. Paintings/biblical events 2. Framed paintings 3. Sculpture figures/medallions 4. Prophets and civils ^ this is the 'knife effect', which means the part which is closest to the viewer is the most relatable. (God is the farthest away! )
Main characteristics of the Palazzo Medici
-Courtyard -3 Floors -Piano Nobile (2nd Floor) -4 sides -Free standing -first floor has small openings -Austere facade -made of stone -sometimes columns
Raphael, Madonna del Granduca, Madonna of the Goldfinch
Madonna del Granduca: -The background is not actually black, was originally landscape, nature. -Jesus looks weightless because he is a deity. Madonna of the Goldfinch: -Inspired by Michelangelo's art. -Geometrical balance in the image -Madonna is dressed in red and blue. Red symbolic for her passion for Christ, and blue a representation for the church.
Who commissions art?
Medici, Strozzi, Lenzi
Compare Michelangelo's Pieta to his Baccus
Michelangelo's Pieta was a piece that he did in this spare time. He intended it to be on his tomb. The man at the top is Nichodemis, but its actually a self portrait of himself. Mary Magdalene is an addition, not apart of the original piece. The texture is inconsistent. The Baccus was completed in 1496 for a garden and was a fake antique. They broke the arm to make it seem like a ruin. It represents state of mind and emotion. Moving forward and back (drunk). Perfect anatomical figure. In 1496, Michelangelo makes his Pieta (Rome) as well. Mary is depicted as too young and too large in comparison to Jesus.
For what reason is art commissioned?
Mostly for churches Art served as a representative for social and political status
Use of light in painting from beginning of the 1400 to the beginning of the 1500
At the beginning of the 1400s, light didn't play a very vital role in art. Eventually, it would be utilized to show emphasis or depict perspective
Compare and Contrast Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti
COMPARE: - Both were apprentices and were taught to be artists - both famous during their time -rivals with each other CONTRAST: -Leonardo was interested in the function of the body -Michelangelo focuses on anatomy and proportion -Michelangelo was more interested in wealth and notoriety than Leonardo. Leonardo was more passionate about engineering and art.
Analysis of San Marco (Hint: Michelozzo, Beato Angelico)
In 1437 Cosimo il Vecchio de' Medici decided to rebuild the entire complex. The work was entrusted to Michelozzo, and the decoration of the walls was carried out between 1439 and 1444 by Giovanni of Fiesole, known as Fra Angelico, and his assistants, who included Benozzo Gozzoli.
What is the role of antiquity?
The word "renaissance" (rebirth) refers not only to the sudden and widespread flourishing of literature and the arts in fifteenth-century Italy but also to the revival of antique culture as a vital force at that time. Long the subject of antiquarian curiosity, ancient artifacts now became sources of potent creativity, firing artists with inspiration and a desire to emulate the achievements of the past. In the remains of ancient Rome, Renaissance artists found stimulating images and ideas that spurred fresh invention. Few Greek or Roman paintings had yet come to light, but an array of more durable three-dimensional objects—such as coins, medals, statuary, and gems—furnished a vast lexicon of classical forms and motifs for direct quotation or imaginative adaptation. These artifacts also assisted artists in piecing together plausible reconstructions of ancient Rome. Drawing on their own fertile imaginations to fill gaps in the fragmentary record of antiquity, artists developed inventive interpolations of ancient artifacts and literary texts, which in turn spawned entirely new modes of painting and sculpture. Ultimately, the achievements of Renaissance artists rivaled, rather than reproduced, the accomplishments of the ancient past, adding a brilliant modern chapter to the history of the classical tradition.
How does Botticelli represent the Neoplatonic ideas of the Renaissance
This ancient conception was on the way to Renaissance Humanism and Neoplatonic ideals moving around the Medici court. Neoplatonism was a philosophical and aesthetic movement trying to blend the thought of Greek philosopher Plato with the noblest concepts of Christianity. The Neoplatonic conception of the ideal beauty and the absolute love influenced the Renaissance culture and Botticelli. Botticelli created in many of his paintings the idea of ideal beauty to him.
What do these museums contain and how can they be described, imagine a visit through them: Uffizi Gallery The Palatine Gallery Bargello Museum
UFFIZI: -Giotto,Boticcelli, Gentile di Febbriano, the dukes,Lenardo da vinci, Michelangelo. PALATINE: Rafael BARGELLO: Panels for the baptistery, bronze David;Donatello (used to be a prison)
What are our sources for the study of the Renaissance?
Vasari's book
SANTA MARIA NOVELLA
a church in Florence, Italy, situated just across from the main railway station which shares its name. Chronologically, it is the first great basilica in Florence, and is the city's principal Dominican church. made by: Leon Battista Alberti, Giorgio Vasari, Enrico Romoli, Ristoro da Campi, Sisto Fiorentino
SAN MARCO MUSEUM
a religious complex in Florence, Italy. It comprises a church and a convent. The convent, which is now a museum, has three claims to fame. During the 15th century it was home to two famous Dominicans, the painter Fra Angelico and the preacher Girolamo Savonarola. Also housed at the convent is a famous collection of manuscripts in a library built by Michelozzo.
MUSEUM OPERA DEL DUOMO
actively engaged in preserving and enhancing the monuments comprising the Great Museum of the Duomo: the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore with Brunelleschi's Dome and the crypt of Santa Reparata, the Baptistry of San Giovanni, Giotto's bell tower and the Historical Museum.
SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE (the Duomo)
begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi. The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.
A story about perspective
perspective understood in the Renaissance? The conventional history is based on verbal accounts by Manetti (1480) and Vasari (1550), that it was first analyzed by the architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) and demonstrated to his fellow Florentines in two dramatic peep-shows at some unspecified time between the years 1405 and 1425. Brunelleschi is frequently attributed with the knowledge of the one-point perspective construction and its introduction into Renaissance art. In fact, however, his peep-shows contained no one-point elements capable of supporting this construction and no paintings can be found with accurate one-point construction before the year 1423.
What is a Maesta?
the Italian word for "majesty", designates an iconic formula of the enthroned Madonna with the child Jesus, whether or not accompanied with angels and saints.
Define antiquity
the ancient past, especially the period of classical and other human civilizations before the Middle Ages.
Describe the lost wax process:
the process by which a duplicate metal sculpture (often silver, gold, brass or bronze) is cast from an original sculpture. Dependent on the sculptor's skills, intricate works can be achieved by this method. process: 1.model-making 2. mould making 3. wax 4. removal of wax 5. chasing 6. Spruing: The wax copy is sprued with a treelike structure of wax that will eventually provide paths for the molten casting material to flow and for air to escape. 7. Slurry. A sprued wax copy is dipped into a slurry of silica, then into a sand-like stucco, or dry crystalline silica of a controlled grain size. 8.Burnout. The ceramic shell-coated piece is placed cup-down in a kiln, whose heat hardens the silica coatings into a shell, and the wax melts and runs out. 9.Testing. The ceramic shell is allowed to cool, then is tested to see if water will flow freely through the feeder and vent tubes 10.Pouring. The shell is reheated in the kiln to harden the patches and remove all traces of moisture, then placed cup-upwards into a tub filled with sand. 11. Release. The shell is hammered or sand-blasted away, releasing the rough casting. The sprues, which are also faithfully recreated in metal, are cut off, the material to be reused in another casting. 12. Metal-chasing. Just as the wax copies were chased, the casting is worked until the telltale signs of the casting process are removed, so that the casting now looks like the original model.
What is chiaroscuro?
the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting.
Talk about Brunelleschi (as a sculptor and architect):
( 1377 - April 15, 1446) was an Italian designer and a key figure in architecture, recognised to be the first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor. He was the oldest amongst the founding fathers of the Renaissance. He is generally well known for developing a technique for linear perspective in art and for building the dome of the Florence Cathedral.
GIOTTO DI BONDONE
(1266/7 - 1337), known as Giotto, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence in the late Middle Ages. He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Renaissance. made: Ognissanti Madonna.
GENTILE DA FABRIANO
(1370 - 1427) was an Italian painter known for his participation in the International Gothic painter style. made: Adoration of the Magi
FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
(1377-1446) Was an architect and engineer, and one of the pioneers of early Renaissance architecture in Italy. Made: Florence Duomo
LORENZO GHIBERTI
(1378 - 1455) a Florentine Italian artist of the Early Renaissance best known as the creator of the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery, called by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise. Trained as a goldsmith and sculptor, he established an important workshop for sculpture in metal. His book of Commentari contains important writing on art, as well as what may be the earliest surviving autobiography by any artist. made: Florence Baptistery doors
DONATO DI BARDI CALLED DONATELLO
(1386-1466) was an early Renaissance sculptor from Florence. Made: Magdalene Penitent
COSIMO: THE ELDER MEDICI
(1389 - 1464) was the first of the Medici political dynasty, de facto rulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance. His power derived from his great wealth as a banker, and he was a great patron of learning, the arts and architecture.
FRA' BEATO ANGELICO
(1395 - 1455) was an Early Italian Renaissance painter described by Vasari in his Lives of the Artists as having "a rare and perfect talent". made: The Virgin of the Annunciation
MICHELOZZO
(1396-1472) was an Italian architect and sculptor. Considered one of the great pioneers of architecture during the Renaissance, Michelozzo was a favored Medici architect who was extensively employed by Cosimo I de' Medici. He was a pupil of Lorenzo Ghiberti in his early years and later collaborated with Donatello. made: san marco
PAOLO UCCELLO
(1397-1475) was an Italian painter and a mathematician who was notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art. Made: Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood
LUCA DELLA ROBBIA
(1399/1400-1482) was an Italian sculptor from Florence, noted for his glazed terracotta roundels, in a technique he apparently developed himself. made: Roundel
MASACCIO
(1401-1428) was the first great Italian painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. Quattrocento Period:encompasses the artistic styles of the late Middle Ages (most notably International Gothic) and the early Renaissance. Made: The Tribute Money
ALBERTI
(1404-1472) was an Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, and priest. He made the upper facade of Santa Maria Novella.
FRA' FILIPPO LIPPI
(1406 - 1469), also called Lippo Lippi, was an Italian painter of the Quattrocento (15th century). made: Madonna with the Child and two Angels
BERNARDO ROSSELLINO
(1409 - 1464 Florence), better known as Bernardo Rossellino, was an Italian sculptor and architect, the elder brother of the sculptor Antonio Rossellino. As a member of the second generation of Renaissance artists, he helped to further define and popularize the revolution in artistic approach that characterized the new age. made: Monument to Giannozzo Pandolfini
Piero della Francesca and the characteristics of his style
(1416/17- 1492) Was a painter whose serene, disciplined exploration of perspective had little influence on his contemporaries but came to be recognized in the 20th century as a major contribution to the Italian Renaissance. His style: -The vigorous volume of the figures, the spatial definition, and, above all, the very original use of colour and light—his paintings appear almost "bleached"—define a style that has all the elements of the Renaissance but that remained one of the most original of all times. -also very geometric plan to each composition.
ANDREA DEL CASTAGNO
(1421 - 1457) was an Italian painter from Florence, influenced chiefly by Tommaso Masaccio and Giotto di Bondone. His works include frescoes in Sant'Apollonia in Florence and the painted equestrian monument of Niccolò da Tolentino (1456) in the Cathedral in Florence. made: Fresco of Niccolò da Tolentino
SANDRO FILIPEPI CALLED BOTTICELLI
(1445 - 1510), was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. He belonged to the Florentine School under the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici, a movement that Giorgio Vasari would characterize less than a hundred years later in his Vita of Botticelli as a "golden age". made: Primavera
LORENZO DE MEDICI
(1449 - 1492) was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic, who was one of the most powerful and enthusiastic patrons of the Renaissance. Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico) by contemporary Florentines, he was a magnate, diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists and poets. He is well known for his contribution to the art world by sponsoring artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo.
GHIRLANDAIO
(1449 - 1494) was an Italian Renaissance painter from Florence. Ghirlandaio was part of the so-called "third generation" of the Florentine Renaissance, along with Verrocchio, the Pollaiolo brothers and Sandro Botticelli. made: The Birth of Mary, Tornabuoni Chapel
LEONARDO DA VINCI
(1452 - 1519), was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography. He has been variously called the father of paleontology, ichnology, and architecture, and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time.[1] Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute, helicopter and tank, his genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. made: The Last Supper
MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI
(1475 - 1564), was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.[1] Considered to be the greatest living artist during his lifetime, he has since also been described as one of the greatest artists of all time. made: The David
RAFFAELLO SANZIO
(1483 , 1520 ) was a painter and architect Italian , among the most famous of the Italian Renaissance . made: Marriage of the Virgin
GIORGIO VASARI
(1511 - 1574) was an Italian painter, architect, writer, and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing. made: St Luke Painting the Virgin
What are the themes of The Last Supper starting with Gaddi all the way through to DaVinci? (I just did DaVinci...)
-DaVinci has a bigger room, different painting technique (weird fresco technique), vanishing point (directing viewers eyes to Jesus), moment right after Jesus says someone is going to betray him (moment of ultimate tension)
Donatello's Influence on Michelangelo
-Donatello influenced Michelangelo's David: Donatello has sculpted a "Triumphant David" in that he showed him after he has already killed Goliath and his foot rests upon the giant's severed head. He is sculpted after the battle between the two. The sculpture was meant to stand in the round, many of Donatello's works were created for niches but this was meant to be seen from all sides. He has sculpted him in a contrapposto pose, a term which refers to the naturalistic way in which a human figure is shown with weight distributed to one hip and how the rest of the body shifts in relation to that. Michelangelo drew on this type of contrapposto pose when he created his David as well. -Michelangelo was influenced by Donatello's artwork that remained placed throughout Florence. Michelangelo would learn from Donatello by looking at his art. Michelangelo learned: perspective in sculpture (where is the viewer viewing from) and so on.
What are the different materials and methods used in the Renaissance?
-Fresco (pigments are mixed with water and applied to wet plaster) -Tempera ( pigment is mixed with egg) -Oil -Mosaics -Sculpture (marble,stone)
Ghirlandaio in Santa Maria Novella Church and in San Marco
-In Santa Maria Novella, Ghirlandaio painted The Life of St. John the Baptist and The Life of Mary frescos. Capella Majore. It was commissioned by the Tornabuoni family. Created in 1495-97. According to the Golden Ratio. -In San Marco, Ghirlandaio created the Last Supper in the refectory of the monastery. Oranges represents the Medici. Peacock represents immortality. Black cat represents evil. 3 legged stool represents instability. Judas is on our side of the table (1480)
What is, who invents, and who talks about perspective?
-Perspective:the art of representing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other. -Masaccio Renaissance artists turned to the use of perspective to enhance their compositions, notably Masaccio, Mantegna, Fra Angelico and Leonardo. The Renaissance use of perspective reached its apogee at around 1500
Raphael 1504-1508, who influences his work?
-Raphael was clearly influenced by Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling in the course of painting the room. Vasari said Bramante let him in secretly, and the scaffolding was taken down in 1511 from the first completed section. The reaction of other artists to the daunting force of Michelangelo was the dominating question in Italian art for the following few decades, and Raphael, who had already shown his gift for absorbing influences into his own personal style, rose to the challenge perhaps better than any other artist.
Compare and contrast Paolo Uccello and Andrea del Castagno's equestrian paintings:
-The painting by Paulo Uccello depicts Sir John Hawkwood. was completed in 1436. The perspective used for the horse and the pedestal don't match up. The pedestal is in perfect proportion but the horse isn't. We should really be looking at the horse's stomach. He signs it. uses few colors, makes it look like an equestrian statue. -The equestrian statue by Andrea del Castagno was completed in 1456 and depicts Niccolo da Tolentino. The horse in this one is less ideal than the other one and the perspective works in better harmony than in the other one. -Both are in Santa Maria del Fiore. Both emphasize importance of men, actions of people.
Who commissions Pienza, who designs it, and when?
-The town was commissioned by a pope, Pius II, a native son who was born into a local aristocratic family in what was then the village of Corsignano. -Pope Pius II decided, in 1459, to transform the look of his birthplace. He chose the architect Bernardo Rossellino -1459
Describe the fresco technique:
A Fresco is a wall painting. The steps to do a Fresco are as follows: 1. Masanry wall 2. Arriccio layer 3. cartone 4. sinopia (underdrawing) 5. Tonachino 6. Giornata 7. paint
Compare and contrast Michelangelo and Donatello:
Compare: - Great artists of their time. Very famous when they were alive - Considered themselves sculptures not painters. Contrast: -Donatello died before Michelangelo was alive -Michelangelo was very inspired, and learned from Donatello's art.
Compare and Contrast Monna Lisa, Maddalena Doni, Battista Sforza (wife of the Duke of Montefeltro), by whom, dates, use of colors, position, for who, interpretation and critical analysis.
Compare: -Mona Lisa and Maddalena made during the same time: Mona Lisa (1503-1517)/Maddalena Doni (1506) -same body position for Mona Lisa and Maddalena Doni. -Maddalena and Duke and Duchess are made for Royals, high-class portraits. Contrast: - Mona Lisa is famous for how relatable it is, how the viewer can imprint their own emotions onto her face. - Maddalena has no expression because she was high-class so she needed to uphold her status and show a more professional demeanor. - Duke and Duchess is a very geometric painting. The white veil and skin of the duchess represents purity/her death.
BARGELLO
Construction began in 1255. a former barracks and prison, now an art museum, in Florence, Italy.
Compare and contrast Brunelleschi, Donatello's and Michelangelo Crucifixes:
Donatello: Very built, looks like he is dying. Christ looks very human in this sculpture. In the time period it was critiqued for being too human. Large shoulders with attention to different muscles. Represents a defeated sense of death. Brunelleschi: Wooden sculpture. Very anatomically correct. Jesus appears as if he could be sleeping. Muscles relaxed. Michelangelo: looks similar's to Donatello's crucifixion, but more of a peacefully sleeping demeanor. the body and the head of the sculpture seem to be different ages. head=30 years old body=13 years old. made of wood. young, idealized, perfect, body.
Sculpture Vs painting, an ongoing debate (use as many artists as you think is necessary)
Leonardo Da Vinci was all about the painting and Michelangelo was all about the stones. Through painting, one is able to represent a more realistic interpretation of a scene because of the use of colors. Sculpture was considered more physically demanding than painting, but painting required more mental ability. Sculpture was able to depict objects and figures in three-dimensional space and could be seen from all views, whereas paintings were viewed from one perspective and could only approximate an object's volume and size. Sculptors include: Donatello and Michelangelo
Fra Beato Angelico compare and contrast with Filippo Lippi
One of the most popular paintings by these two artists were their Annunciations: -Beato Angelico's Annunciation was in San Marco, completed around 1450. We see Mary being used as a symbol with a very simplified figure. She is seated on a three legged stool symbolizing humility. The architecture is the same as that used in the courtyard except the columns used. In the actual courtyard, they use ionic capitals to represent men but in the painting corinthian capitals are used to represent women. It's a rather simple piece because it was private. Angel's wings are highly decorated. -Filippo Lippi's Annunciation is in San Lorenzo. It was completed in 1449-1459. Vanishing point is behind the pillar which divides the angel and mary from everyone else. Depicts a loggia. Public so more going on. Vibrant colors. Mary is depicted as a real woman, not as much as a symbol. Mary forms a curve.
Michelozzo's commissions from the Medici: (Palazzo Medici and San Marco convent)
Palazzo Medici was built between 1444 and 1460 and commissioned by Cosimo the Elder. It consisted of three floors wrapped around a courtyard. In the center, Donatello's bronze David was placed. The chapel of the Magi contain the frescos by Benozzo Gozzoli which were completed in 1459. Showcases the characteristics of a Palazzo. Michelozzo designed the San Marco convent including the coister and library. Michelozzo was inspired by Bruneleschi's work on the ospedale degli innocenti. He used the same proportions on the arches in the loggia of the courtyard that Brunelleschi used on the loggi of the ospedale. The library was designed as two loggias running parallel facing each other, which reflects the loggia of the ospedale as well.
What is the "Renaissance Ideal City"? (Hint: Pienza)
Pienza is the recreation of Pope Pius's home town. Rossolino was commissioned to do it. No budget but 30x more was spent than Pope had budgeted for. 10 years. Used to be named Corsignano. Rosselino designs Palazzo Piccolomini w/garden, a Cathedral, Episcopal, Town hall, and Palazzo Ammanati. Palazzo Piccolomini was inspired by Palazzo Rucenlai, which was designed by Alberti but built by Rosselino.
The Duomo Complex (Santa Maria del Fiore Church, Baptistery Doors, Giotto Bell tower)
SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE CHURCH: begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi. BAPTISTERY DOORS: In 1401, a competition was announced by the Arte di Calimala (Cloth Importers Guild) to design doors which would eventually be placed on the north side of the baptistry. Ghiberti won the competition. GIOTTO BELL TOWER: begun by Giotto in 1334. By the time Giotto died in 1337 he had completed only the first part of his bell tower, up to the hexagonal panels which form a kind of figurative narrative carved by Andrea Pisano to Giotto's design, and to the reliefs (formerly on a blue ground) by Andrea Pisano and Luca della Robbia.
The Cruxifixion By: Michelangelo where? and when? *-no image found-
The Cruxifixion By: Michelangelo 1490-1492 Santo Spirito
Compare and contrast between The Deposition by Beato Angelico and The Adoration by Fabriano: both made for the Strozzi Chapel
The Deposition by Beato Angelico was in 1440. It is inside the San Marco convent. The frame is international gothic style and was made by Lorenzo Monaco. The cross does not fit in the frame of the painting. Jesus makes a diagonal line that breaks up the verticality of the painting. Mary magdalene is at Christ's feet. On the left side there are 3 saints. Michelozzo is in the black buree, the sign of architects. Perspective is created with the use of light. The Adoration by Fabriano was commissioned by Palla Strozzi who is the man in the red hat near the front. Placed in Santa Trinita. Shows a Florence-like city in the background. He used this painting to help in the phasing out of the gold sky by raising the horizon line and leaving a little room for the gold sky. Mary is off to the side with Jesus and many people in it, so its more humanistic. Tempura on wood. In the predella is the Nativity. It has a blue sky (very controversial for the time). Two ladies in the left corner are unknown but may be Strozzi. The light is coming from the child (center of painting).
Discuss the tradition of The Last Supper (who/for whom/when)
The Last Supper painting is actually a rather popular idea amongst many monasteries. Usually, these would be painted inside the refectories of convents and were meant to give the feeling that the convent's members were eating with the Christ. Most of them portray Judas on our side of the table, creating a barrier between the sinful and sinless.
Compare and contrast the North and East Doors of the Florence Baptistry:
The North Doors were commissioned in 1401 to Ghiberti after he won the competition. He was required to use a quatrefoil shape, depict scenes from the New Testament. The East doors (1426) were commissioned later. He used a mix high and low relief to achieve perspective and depth. They were gold, whereas the North doors were bronze. He used squares instead of the quatrefoil. Depicted stories from Old Testament. Ghiberti puts him and his father on the East doors as the doorknob looking things. Adam and Eve panel are naked, said to be inspired by Botticelli's Venus. Expulsion looks like Brancacci Chapel. East Doors are known as the "Gates of Paradise". Perspective is based on the location of the viewer.
PIENZA
The complex, which stands on the site of the ancient church of Santa Maria, but oriented in a different way, was thought to be inserted spectacularly in the main town square, the Piazza Pio II , and was created by the will of Pope Pius II Piccolomini between 1459 and 1462 by Bernardo Rossellino during the renovation of the city .
