AS level Physics Definitions (CIE)

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Conditions for interference

2 waves meet Waves have a constant phase difference

Newtons First Law

A body continues in a state of rest or constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force

Antinode

A point of maximum amplitude on a standing wave

Node

A point of zero amplitude on a standing wave

Mass

A property of a body that resists change in motion

Electric Field

A region in which a charged body experiences a force

Progressive wave

A wave that transfers energy as a result of vibrations

Distinguish between accuracy and precision

Accuracy is determined by the closeness of the measurement to the true value while precision is determined by the range in values

elastic collision

Both momentum & kinetic energy of the system are conserved

Coherence

Constant phase difference between the two waves

displacement

Distance moved in a certain direction from start to end point

speed

Distance travelled per unit time

Kinetic energy

Energy a mass has due to motion

Gravitational Potential energy

Energy of a mass due to its position in a gravitational field

Elastic potential energy

Energy stored in an object due to a force changing it shape

Newtons Third Law

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

The principle of moments

For a body of equilibrium, the sum of all the anti-clockwise moments about a point must be equal to the clockwise moments about that same point

Principle of conservation of momentum

For a system of interacting bodies, the total momentum remains constant provided there is no resultant force acting on the system

Hooke's Law

Force is proportional to extension provided the proportionality limit is not exceeded

Electric Field Strength

Force per unit positive charge

Kirchhoff's second law

In a closed circuit, the sum of e.m.f's is equal to the sum of p.d's

Volt

Joule per coulomb

Frequency of a source

Number of oscillations per unit time from the source of the wave

Inelastic collision

Only momentum is conserved, total kinetic energy is not conserved

Difference between p.d and emf in terms of energy transformations

Potential difference (p.d.) is the energy transformed from electrical to other forms, per unit charge. Electromotive force (e.m.f.) is the energy transformed from other forms to electrical per unit charge.

Internal resistance

Resistance in the battery causing loss of volts

Interference

Same as superposition

Coloumb

The charge of an ampere second

Accuracy

The closeness of measurement values to the true values

Ohms law

The current in a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends, provided its temperature remains constant

Precision

The degree of agreement between several measurements of the same quantity and is determined by the range of the values

Displacement of a wave

The distance of a point on wave above or below the equilibrium position

Weight

The effect of gravitational field on a mass

Electric current

The flow of charge carriers

Stress

The force per cross-sectional area

Amplitude

The maximum distance of a particle in wave measured from the equilibrium position

Wavelength

The minimum distance between two adjacent crests or troughs

Frequency of a progressive wave

The number of wavefronts passing a point per unit time

Doppler effect

The observed frequency is different to the source frequency when the source moves relative to the observer

Elastic limit

The point beyond which a material does not return to its original length when the load is removed

Centre of Gravity

The point through which the entire weight of a body may be considered to act

the torque of a couple

The product of one of the forces of a couple and the perpendicular distance between the forces.

moment

The product of the force and the perpendicular distance of its line of action to the pivot

Strain

The ratio of extension (change in length) to original length

Electrical Resistance

The ratio of potential difference across a component to the current flowing throw it

Youngs Modulus

The ratio of stress to strain

Efficiency

The ratio of useful energy output from the system to the total input energy

Ohm

The resistance of 1 volt per ampere

Newtons Second Law

The resultant force is equal to the rate of change of momentum and acts in the direction of it.

Speed of a wave

The speed at which energy is transferred/ speed of a wavefront

electromotive force

The total energy transferred by a source in driving a unit charge round a complete circuit

Longitudinal wave

The vibration of particles is parallel to the direction of propagation of energy

Transverse wave

The vibration of particles is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of energy

distance

Total length covered irrespective of the direction of motion

Diffraction

When a wavefront is incident on a gap, the wave spreads

Principle of superposition

When two waves meet, the resultant displacement is the algebraic sum of the individual displacements

Explain the formation of a stationary wave

When two waves, having the same frequency and wavelength, traveling in opposite directions meet, the resultant displacement is the sum of the individual displacements of the waves, and produces node and antinodes

Scalar

a quantity that has a magnitude only

Vector

a quantity that has both magnitude and direction

Kirchhoff's first law

the algebraic sum of currents entering a junction is zero.

pressure

the force per unit area

density

the mass per unit volume

Work Done

the product of force and displacement in the direction of the force

Linear momentum

the product of mass and velocity

Impulse

the product of the force and the time during which the force acts

velocity

the rate of change of displacement

force

the rate of change of momentum

acceleration

the rate of change of velocity

Systematic error

the type of error that causes readings to deviate in one direction from the true value

Random error

the type of error which causes readings to scatter about the true value

Potential difference

the work done per unit charge

power

the work done per unit time


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