EE201 Notes - Russian Domain (Quiz 2)
Why did glasnost come about?
- soviet leadership was trying to modernize the economy in the last 70s/going into 80s - likely b/c modern China was getting rich
What 2 ways did they try to implement Russification?
1) transporting ethnic Russians into different parts of the Soviet empire 2) making Russian the official state language
What are 5 potential hazards of climate change in the region?
1) wildfires 2) ecosystem disruption 3) rising sea levels 4) permafrost thaw 5) disease outbreaks
_______ of Russia geographically has unsafe drinking water
1/2
Lake Baikal holds ______ of all freshwater on the planet
1/4
____% of the Crimea population is Muslim Tatars
10%
_______________ people live in Moscow
11.5 million
When was Crimea annexed by the Russian Empire?
1783
How long was Crimea part of Russia?
1783-1954 when Khrushchev transferred it to Ukraine
When was the Soviet Union in existence?
1922-1991
_____ of the population in the region live in an environment that is harmful to their health
2/3
Yanukovych was elected in ____________ after having been appointed in ______________
2004; 2002
When was Yushchenko president of Ukraine?
2005-2010
When was Crimea annexed by Russia?
2014/2015
____% of the Crimea population is Ukrainian
25%
____________ people like in areas w/ chronic air and water quality issues
65 million
____% of the Crimea population is ethnically Russian
65%
What 2 railroads connected west and east Russia?
Trans-Siberian railroad BAM (Baikal-Amur Mainline) railroad
Why were there so many more older females than older males in 2013?
alcohol consumption was killing off men
What are the TFRs like in the region?
all under replacement rate
What is private property and free enterprise like in socialism?
allowed but some industry may be collectively owned by an elected government
What did Yushchenko try to create?
an organization of newly democratic (former Soviet) states in the Baltic region
How did Marx view socialism?
as a step toward communism
The Soviet Union had _____________ areas
autonomous
What was Crimea's political status after it was no longer part of Rusisa?
autonomous republic but w/ legal structure tied to Ukraine's
Why is Russian so widely spoken?
b/c of Russification
What, related to climate, is part of the Russian national identity?
being rugged against the cold
When was there a big drop in life expectancy?
collapse of the economy/Soviet Union
The Soviet Union was a ___________ state
communist
taiga
coniferous/boreal forest
What is the Russian climate like?
continental - large temperature variations
What does socialism emphasize?
cooperation in society, democracy, reform
elite dacha
cottage communities
What was religion like in the Soviet Union?
could only practice state-approved religions -> no Judaism or Islam (revived after collapse)
Lake Baikal is the world's ___________ lake
deepest
What causes more disease outbreaks?
diseases being released from thawing soil (ex: anthrax infecting indigenous populations)
What was socialism a response to?
economic inequality and poverty among factory workers
Why does the region have such bad environmental issues now?
environmental quality wasn't a priority at all during Soviet era industrialization
tsar
essentially the king
What did russia do to try to spread Russians out over the rest of Russia?
gave out free land
What agricultural crop is really big here?
grain
What is an example of Yanukovych's corruption?
had a huge resort w/ a private zoo - paid for w/ tax money
Warsaw Pact countries
had their own governments but were functionally part of the Soviet Union
mikrorayons
housing projects
There is a big ____________b/w east and west Russia
imbalance
Where does socialism have its origins?
industrial revolution
Moscow is a huge center of...
international business
Why has the Russian Empire historically been relatively easy to invade?
lack of geological barriers
What is there a long history of in Crimea?
land tensions b/w Tatars (deported in 1940s), Russians, and Ukrainians
What did the Bolsheviks do?
led a revolution against the Russian Tsar in 1917 and instituted a communist political system
When Russia invaded Ukraine in 2014, where did they say the troops were from?
local Ukrainian troops, not Russian troops
What is Lake Baikal polluted by?
logging and paper mills
Why is the % of people over 65 going up?
low TFR
European Plain
low-lying good for agriculture hard to defend
What is the urban form like?
mix of influences with a city core and peripheral housing
What eventually drove Yanukovych out of power?
nearly a hundred protestors were killed which began a mass revolt (Orange Revolution)
Why has life expectancy spiked in recent years?
policies to reduce alcohol consumption
Most of the Russian domain has _____________ soil
poor
What did people do in terms of jobs after the collapse of the Soviet Union?
redistributed themselves
What is the main way socialism alleviates inequality?
redistributes wealth
perestroika
reforms to modernize Russia (like those in China) under Gorbachev
Caucasus and Transcaucasus
region where Eastern Europe and Western Asia meet (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia)
What is the main economic driver of the region?
resource extraction (minerals, forestry products, etc)
What is the European west dominated by?
river systems
What is the major difference b/w Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism?
role of the pope
What is important about Ukraine's location?
somewhat of a border/buffer zone b/w Russia and Europe
What was Soviet-era city planning like?
specialized industrial cities
What are the Ural Mountains and Siberia dominated by?
taiga and permafrost
Why do people like Putin?
they view him as the one who stabilized things after the collapse
Why did Marx come up with communism?
thought socialism was too idealist
Why are low-income farmers from Northern China moving to the Russia Far East?
to enter the timber industry
What was Crimea known for?
tourist destination
What Yanukovych pro or against Russia?
very pro-Russian
What did Marx believe was necessary to overthrow those in power?
violent revolution
What is the problem with specialized cities?
vulnerable to economic collapse if the world doesn't want what you're making anymore (non-diversified economy)
Where do most ethnic Russians like?
western Russia - Moscow
Survival to age 65 is a lot higher in _______________
women
What happened to Yushchenko during his 2004 campaign? Why?
- poisoned w/ dioxin - Putin's critics are often poisoned
brutalism
- Soviet-era architectural design - big, plain, imposing buildings meant to intimidate you
What are some of the major environmental issues of the region?
- air/water pollution - heavy metals - nuclear waste
What were some Russian policies to increase birth rates?
- cash prizes if you got pregnant on a certain day - baby-making holidays
Gulag Archipelago
- chain of political prison camps in the Russian Far East and Siberia - accusation that Russia is reinstating this
Who has historically invaded the Russian Empire?
Poland, Sweden, France, and Germany
What was Soviet era industrialization like?
- extreme central planning in the communist - manufacturers did whatever it took to fulfill the kremlin's demands (ignored pollution)
Where do most people in Russia live? What is the rest of Russia like?
- most live near Moscow (western Russia) - rest of Russia is lightly settled
Why did they want more Russians to go east?
- most of the Russians in the far east are not ethnically Russian -> Kremlin was afraid of losing territory - reverses population decline of Central Asia in the Russian Domain
glasnost
- openness - opening up to rest of the world - start trading and getting cultural exchange
What is the main religion in Russia?
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Who was Russia's major trading partner during the Soviet era?
India
Who created communism?
Karl Marx - Communist Manifesto (1848)
Who led the Bolsheviks?
Lenin
Modern immigration is focused on _____________ for _____________
Moscow for jobs
Russification
Moscow trying to establish Russian ethnic identity throughout the Soviet domain
What are 2 potential economic benefits of climate change in the region?
Northern sea route agriculture
Crimea had been an ___________ State
Ottoman
The Russian Domain includes modern day...
Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, and Armenia
What military presence is in Crimea?
Russian Black Sea fleet
Kamchatka Peninsula
one of the most pristine places on Earth
Bolsheviks
party that became communists
permafrost
permanently frozen ground