AS111 Final Nervous/Reproductive
How many upper incisors do ruminants have? 2 0 4 6
0
The range for acceptable gingival sulcal measurements in cats is 1 to 3 mm 0.5 to 1 mm 1.5 to 4.5 mm 0.005 to 0.007 mm
0.5 to 1 mm
Each enzyme has the capability of initiating a maximum of how many types of enzymatic reactions? 5 1 10 2
1
The age at which puppies and kittens begin to crawl in a coordinated manner. 1 week 2 weeks 3 weeks 4 weeks
1 wk
The estrus stage in the queen will last approximately: 5 days 10 days 15 days 30 days
10 days
What is the normal average length of gestation in a sow? 21 days 114 days 150 days 285 days
114 days
How many pairs of cranial nerves do dogs have? 6 8 10 12
12
List the correct number of teats for a sow. 2 4 12 14
14
The external ear canals of puppies and kittens will open at the age of 10 to 12 days 12 to 14 days 14 to 16 days 16 to 18days
14 to 16 days
The average estrous cycle length in the queen is: 2 to 15 days 4 to 30 days 10 to 25 days 14 to 19 days
14 to 19 days
What is the normal average length of gestation in goats? 21 days 114 days 150 days 285 days
150 days
Young female felines should have an estrus cycle by 6 months of age 12 months of age 18 months of age 24 months of age
18 mo
What is the minimum calcium to phosphorus ratio for a dog? 1:2 2:3 2:1 1:1
1:1
Normal developing puppies and kittens will nurse as frequently as every _____ during their first week of life. 1 to 2 hours 2 to 4 hours 3 to 6 hours 3 to 5 hours
2 to 4 hrs
The time period of a puppy or kitten's life that is considered to be the neonatal phase. 1 to 2weeks 2 to 4weeks 4 to 6weeks 6 to 8weeks
2 to 4 wks
The correct dental formula for an adult cat is 2(l 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1) = 30 2(l 4/4 C 1/1 P 2/3 M 1/1) = 34 2(l 3/3 C 1/1 P 2/3 M 1/1) = 30 2(l 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 2/1) = 32
2(l 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1) = 30
Fat has _____ times more energy per gram than protein or carbohydrates. 0.225 2.55 22.5 2.25
2.25
The approximate weight at which the queen will reach puberty is 1.5 kg 2.5 kg 3.0 kg 3.5 kg
2.5 kg
What is the average frequency of ruminations for ruminants? 2/minute 10/minute 1/hour 5/hour
2/minute
If a diet contains 10% protein and 50% moisture, what is the protein level on a dry weight basis? 5% 10% 20% 50%
20%
An ideal body condition score (BCS) is 5/9. If an animal has a BCS of 7/9, approximately what percentage of body weight should this animal lose to reach ideal condition? 10% to 15% 20% to 30% 30% to 45% Greater than 45%
20% to 30%
Using the Triadan system, the proper way of describing a dog's first upper left permanent premolar is 205 105 306 502
205
Normal daily water maintenance requirements for a typical adult dog and cat are approximately: 10 to 15 ml/kg 25 to 60 ml/kg 100 to 300 ml/kg 500 to 600 ml/kg
25 to 60 ml/kg
You are helping a client evaluate a food called "Fancy Kitty Beef Entrée." What is the minimum amount of beef the food must contain on a dry matter basis? 95% 25% 3% no specific amount, as long as beef flavor or odor is detectable
25%
The gestation length of the cow is approximately 256 to 259 days 265 to 269 days 279 to 283 days 341 to 345 days
279 to 283 days
A llama's stomach is functionally similar to, but anatomically different from, a true ruminant stomach. How many compartments does a llama's stomach have? 2 3 4 5
3
Neonatal puppies and kittens are unable to regulate their own body temperature during the first _____ weeks of life. 2 3 4 6
3
Puppies and kittens are able to stand with good postural reflexes at the end of week 2 3 4 5
3
What is the value of X in this cow's dentition chart? I 0/3; C 0/1; PM 3/3-4; M X/3: 4 3 2 1
3
The cat has which of the following numbers of maxillary and mandibular premolars in one half of the mouth? 3 and 2 3 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 2
3 and 2
Once released and mature, the ova of the bitch will remain fertilizable for 3 days 6 days 9 days 12 days
3 days
When a product is labeled as flavored, it must contain at least what percent of said ingredient? 10% 28% 3% 12%
3%
To calculate the quantity of food needed to feed for a day a 2-day-old orphaned puppy, you would use which formula? 30mls of food per 115g of BW 3mls of food per 15g of BW 100mls of food per 115g of BW 3mls of food per 115g of BW
30mls of food per 115g of BW
A mare's gestation period is normally: 120-170 days 180-220 days 250-280 days 320-360 days
320-360 days
The average gestational length for the mare is 200 days 240 days 300 days 340 days
340 days
When is it critical to start increasing the caloric intake of a pregnant animal? 1st Trimester 2nd Trimester 3rd Trimester before breeding
3rd trimester
The permanent canine and premolar teeth in dogs generally erupt at about what age? 3 to 5 months 4 to 6 months 5 to 7 months 6 to 8 months
4 to 6 mo
Using the Triadan system, the proper way of describing a cat's first lower right molar is 407 409 109 909
409
The normal adult canine mouth has how many permanent teeth? 40 42 48 52
42
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood? 40 mm Hg 100 mm Hg 159.6 mm Hg 46 mm Hg
46 mm Hg
An adult dog weighing 25 kg should be offered _______ grams of protein per day in the diet. 30 g 40 g 50 g 60 g
50 g
Water makes up what percent of an animal's body at maturity? 35% to 45% 50% to 60% 65% to 70% 65% to 85%
50 to 60%
Less than _____ of all queens will ovulate with a single mating. 15% 25% 35% 50%
50%
The approximate length of the canine estrous cycle is 2 months 4 months 6 months 8 months
6 mo
What is the minimum age for a cat to have all of its permanent teeth? 6 months 8 months 10 months 1 year
6 mo
At what age would a cat be expected to have all of its permanent teeth erupted? 6 months 8 months 10 months 12 months
6 months
The age at which puberty is reached in the bitch is approximately 4 to 6 months 6 to 12 months 6 to 24 months 24 to 42 months
6 to 24 mo
In the bitch, the length of gestation from the point of fertilization is approximately 48 days 60 days 72 days 84 days
60 days
What is the average length of gestation for a dog? 70 days 63 days 59 days 55 days
63 days
The acceptable range of pH in most animals is 6.00-8.00 6.45-7.45 7.35-7.45 7.45-7.65
7.35-7.45
Sperm of the equine species usually have a high fertilizing lifespan of 12 hours 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
72 hrs
How many air sacs does a chicken have? 4 6 8 9
8
How many mammary glands do cats have? 2 4 8 12
8
Adult cats: A. Require taurine as an essential amino acid B. Should be fed free choice C. Are often sedentary and do not need more than RER D. All of the above E. A and C
A and C
What happens if an ovum has been fertilized and implants in the uterus? A. the corpus luteum is maintained B. the corpus luteum undergoes atresia C. progesterone is produced D. a and c
A and C
Which vitamins are fat soluble? B complex, C, E, K A, B, C, E C, D, E, K A, D, E, K
A, D, E, K
A normal growth rate for puppies (per kilogram of anticipated adult weight) is: A. 10%-15% grams of original birth weight/day B. 1%-5% grams of original birth weight/day C. 25%-50% grams of original birth weight/day D. 50%-100% grams of original birth weight/day
A. 10%-15% grams of original birth weight/day
Which of the following choices represents the proper order of the canine estrous cycle? A. Anestrus, proestrus, estrus, and diestrus B. Proestrus, anestrus, estrus, and diestrus C. Estrus, diestrus, proestrus, and anestrus D. Estrus, proestrus, anestrus, diestrus
A. Anestrus, proestrus, estrus, and diestrus
Fermentation in the horse occurs in what two portions of the digestive tract? A. Cecum and large colon (ventral and dorsal colons) B. Ileum and jejunum C. Duodenum and large colon (ventral and dorsal colons) D. Cecum and rectum
A. Cecum and large colon (ventral and dorsal colons)
The digestive system of herbivores: A. Contains an enlarged microbial fermentation vat B. Is generally simpler and narrower than that of carnivores C. Is made to handle both plant and animal food sources D. Relies mainly on enzymatic digestion
A. Contains an enlarged microbial fermentation vat
What does the term multiparous mean? A. Having given birth to viable offspring in more than one gestation B. Having more than one period of estrus during the year C. Having more than two viable offspring during one gestation D. Having viable offspring sired by more than one male during one gestation
A. Having given birth to viable offspring in more than one gestation
Pet food labels list ingredients: A. In descending order by weight B. In ascending order by volume C. By animal-derived ingredients first D. By nonanimal ingredients first
A. In descending order by weight
The normal dentition pattern for an adult cat is A. Incisor 3/3, Canine 1/1, Premolar 3/2, Molar 1/1 B. Incisor 3/3, Canine 1/1, Premolar 4/3, Molar 2/2 C. Incisor 2/2, Canine 1/1, Premolar 3/2, Molar 2/1 D. Incisor 2/2, Canine 1/1, Premolar 4/4, Molar 1/1
A. Incisor 3/3, Canine 1/1, Premolar 3/2, Molar 1/1
The cardiac sphincter is the: A. Muscular valve between the esophagus and the stomach B. Muscular valve between the left ventricle and the aorta C. Opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes D. Regulatory valve between the vena cava and the right atrium
A. Muscular valve between the esophagus and the stomach
Amino acids consist of: A. Nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and sulfur B. Nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur C. Helium, carbon, oxygen, and sulfur D. Nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and selenium
A. Nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and sulfur
Which statement is true regarding oogenesis? A. Primary oocytes have a normal diploid chromosome number for each species. B. Secondary oocytes divide by meiosis. C. Primary oocytes divide by mitosis. D. Polar bodies eventually develop into ova.
A. Primary oocytes have a normal diploid chromosome
What type of epithelium lines the upper portion of the respiratory system and plays an important role in the body's defense mechanism? A. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium B. Stratified columnar epithelium C. Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium D. Stratified squamous epithelium
A. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The active phase of normal breathing is: A. Shorter in duration than the passive phase B. The same duration as the passive phase C. Longer in duration than the passive phase D. Variable in duration sometimes shorter, sometimes longer
A. Shorter in duration than the passive phase
Puppies, kittens, and nursing mothers require: A. Similar levels of protein in their diet B. Vitamin supplementation C. High levels of fiber for energy D. Few calories
A. Similar levels of protein in their diet
Nerve cells conduct electricity with rapid changes in membrane permeability to these two ions:_________ and _________. A. sodium, potassium B. sodium, chloride C. sodium, magnesium D. potassium, calcium
A. Sodium, potassium
The crown of a tooth is defined as A. That portion above the gum line and covered by enamel B. The most terminal portion of the root C. That portion below the gum line D. The layer of bony tissue that attaches to the alveolar bone
A. That portion above the gum line and covered by enamel
The cardiac sphincter is located: A. at the caudal end of the esophagus. B. at the cranial end of the esophagus. C. at the junction of the duodenum and jejunum. D. at the junction of the stomach and the duodenum.
A. at the caudal end of the esophagus.
How are the nitrogen needs of the horse's colonic microbes met? A. by urea made in the liver and protein digested in the small intestine B. by urea made in the kidneys and protein digested in the small intestine C. by proteins digested in the horse's large intestine D. by protein stored in the cecum
A. by urea made in the liver and protein digested in the small intestine
Which minerals function to give bones strength? A. calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium B. sodium and chloride C. iron and iodine D. fluorine
A. calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium
Define meconium A. first feces of newborn composed largely of dead intestinal epithelial cells B. abnormal posterior-first position of fetus at birth C. the study of all aspects of reproduction D. (noun) heat; period of the reproductive cycle in which the female is receptive to the male
A. first feces of newborn composed largely of dead intestinal epithelial cells
What happens to increased amounts of mucous produced in the trachea? A. it is coughed up B. it is pushed back to the lungs by cilia C. it is pushed into nasal passages by cilia D. it is hydrolyzed in the trachea and its byproducts are pushed into the larynx
A. it is coughed up
Colostrum is important for the neonate because it provides: A. passive immunity from the dam B. protection against internal parasites C. protection against hyperthermia D. active immunity from the dam
A. passive immunity from the dam
Define cotyledon/caruncle: A. placental buttons of ruminants; the cotyledons on the fetal membranes adhere to the caruncles on the maternal placenta B. openings where the testicles pass through the abdominal wall, and the vas deferens and testicular vessels then continue to course C. one of the two types of reproductive cycles in mammals (the other is the menstrual cycle of certain primates) D. the cap of spermatozoa that contains enzymes to assist penetration of ova
A. placental buttons of ruminants; the cotyledons on the fetal membranes adhere to the caruncles on the maternal placenta
What is the biologic value of proteins? A. the percentage of absorbable protein that is available for productive body functions B. the number of amino acids in one serving C. the percentage of essential to nonessential amino acids in one serving D. the value of food determined by the length of time it is heated during preparation
A. the percentage of absorbable protein that is available for productive body functions
Which of the following is a list of microminerals (trace minerals)? A. zinc, copper, iron B. sodium, potassium, calcium C. ascorbic acid, folic acid, thiamine D. copper, calcium, chloride
A. zinc, copper, iron
The true stomach of the ruminant is the Abomasum Omasum Reticulum Rumen
Abomasum
When a sodium ion is rushing into a nerve cell, the cell is unable to produce another action potential regardless of how strong a stimulus is applied. This time is called the: Absolute refractory period Relative refractory period Threshold stimulus period Action potential period
Absolute refractory period
The presence of a myelin sheath on an axon tends to Accelerate all impulses Slow all impulses Accelerate only impulses to peripheral tissues Accelerate only impulses to the brain
Accelerate all impulses
Of the 12 cranial nerves, which is a motor nerve to muscles in the shoulder and neck? Accessory Vestibulocochlear Trochlear Hypoglossal
Accessory
Select the term that best defines The primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is: Acetylcholine Dopamine Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is released at the postganglionic synapse of parasympathetic nerves? acetylcholine epinephrine dopamine mu
Acetylocholine
A stimulated neuron will respond by sending a wave of electrical activity down the length of the axon. This response is called a(n): stimulus synapse action potential refraction
Action potential
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is composed of Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm All of the above
All of the above
What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates in the digestive tract? Lipase Amylase Protease Tryptase
Amylase
An electrical charge moving along the membrane of a nerve fiber is called: A stimulus An impulse A reflex A repolarization wave
An impulse
What structure produces LH? Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Thyroid gland Anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth through the: Apical delta Crown Pulp Sulcus
Apical delta
Functions that an animal does not have to consciously control, such as peristalsis in the intestine, are influenced by the: Somatic nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system
Autonomic NS
Homeostasis or homeokinesis is the chief role of what part of the nervous system? Autonomic nervous system Central nervous system Cranial nerves Peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary nervous system functions is the: autonomic nervous system somatic nervous system central nervous system peripheral nervous system
Autonomic ns
What specialized structure of a neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body? Neurolemma Axon Dendrite Neuroglia
Axon
The efferent processes of a nerve cell are the axons. dendrites. nodes of Ranvier. perikaryons
Axons
Nutrient content as dry matter means A. Analysis after water has been added B. Analysis of nutrient after moisture has been removed C. Nutrient content of canned foods only D. Nutrient analysis of dry foods only
B. Analysis of nutrient after moisture has been removed
Which of the following results from negative thoracic pressure? A. The lungs remain fixed in place as the thoracic wall and diaphragm alternately enlarge and reduce the volume of the thorax. B. Blood is pulled into the large veins in the mediastinum and returns to the heart. C. Blood is forced out to the body. D. Inspiration and expiration are counteracted.
B. Blood is pulled into the large veins in the mediastinum and returns to the heart.
Normal scissor occlusion is when the maxillary fourth premolars occlude: A. Level with the mandibular fourth premolar B. Buccally to the mandibular first molar C. Buccally to the mandibular fourth premolar D. Lingually to the mandibular first molar
B. Buccally to the mandibular first molar
Which of these combinations of digestive structures is lined entirely by simple columnar epithelium? A. Anus, duodenum, ileum, stomach B. Cecum, colon, jejunum, stomach C. Colon, esophagus, ileum, stomach D. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, pancreas
B. Cecum, colon, jejunum, stomach
Cerebrospinal fluid is found in the: A. Kidney B. Central canal of the spinal cord C. Liver D. Anterior chamber of the eye
B. Central canal of the spinal cord
Pocket depth is measured from the: A. Cementoenamel junction to the bottom of the pocket B. Current free gingival margin to the bottom of the gingival sulcus C. Cementoenamel junction to the current free gingival margin and then adding 1 to 2 mm D. Cementoenamel junction to the apical extent of the defect
B. Current free gingival margin to the bottom of the gingival sulcus
As a dog or cat transitions from immature to mature, the recommended diet change is for A. Increase in calories B. Decrease in fat, increase in fiber C. Addition of table scraps D. Decrease in fiber
B. Decrease in fat, increase in fiber
The deciduous incisors: A. Erupt at 3 1/2 to 4 weeks of age B. Have roots that are proportionately longer than the roots of permanent incisors C. Are the most frequently retained teeth D. Are not usually replaced with permanent incisors until the dog is 6 months old
B. Have roots that are proportionately longer than the roots of permanent incisors
Puppies during the growth phase will require: A. The same amount of energy on a dry-matter basis as an adult dog B. Higher levels of calcium and phosphorus than an adult dog C. Higher levels of EPA and DHA than an adult dog D. Lower levels of protein than an adult dog
B. Higher levels of calcium and phosphorus than an adult dog
What teeth on each side of the mouth in a dog have three roots? A. Maxillary third and fourth premolars and first molar B. Maxillary fourth premolars and first and second molars C. Mandibular fourth premolars and first and second molars D. Mandibular and maxillary fourth premolars and first and second molars
B. Maxillary fourth premolars and first and second molars
Metabolizable energy differs from gross calorie content by: A. Pertaining to canned foods only B. Measuring the usable energy in a food C. Measuring only the nutrients in a food D. Pertaining to dry foods only
B. Measuring the usable energy in a food
The flow of oxygen from inspired air into an alveolar capillary is dependent on the: A. PO2 in the alveoli being higher than the PCO2 in the capillary. B. PO2 in the alveoli being higher than the PO2 in the capillary. C. PO2 in the alveoli being lower than the PCO2 in the capillary. D. PO2 in the alveoli being lower than the PO2 in the capillary.
B. PO2 in the alveoli being higher than the PO2 in the capillary.
AAFCO: A. Oversees pet food advertising B. Substantiates nutrition claims by implementing procedures for animal feeding tests C. Differentiates between soy- and meat-based diets D. Sets parameters for pet food prices
B. Substantiates nutrition claims by implementing procedures for animal feeding tests
Which of the following occur during proestrus? A. Follicular estrogen output decreases. B. The epithelial lining of the vagina cornifies. C. The lining of the oviduct undergoes thinning and atresia. D. Follicular testosterone output increases.
B. The epithelial lining of the vagina cornifies.
Which of the following statements about eruption of permanent teeth is false? A. The permanent upper canines erupt mesial to the deciduous canines. B. The permanent lower canines erupt buccal to the deciduous canines. C. The permanent incisors erupt distal to the deciduous incisors. D. The permanent canine teeth erupt at 5 to 6 months of age in the dog.
B. The permanent lower canines erupt buccal to the deciduous canines.
In a healthy animal, what happens to the bronchial passageways during times of intense physical activity? A. They partially bronchoconstrict. B. They bronchodilate. C. Bronchial smooth muscle partially contracts. D. Bronchial skeletal muscle relaxes.
B. They bronchodilate.
Neonates unable to tolerate gastrointestinal feeding are often administered TPN. What do the letters TPN stand for? A. Thiamin/protein/nitrogen mix B. Total parenteral nutrition C. Typical program for neonates D. Triglyceride potassium nutrients
B. Total parenteral nutrition
The epiglottis A. acts as a lid over the entrance to the esophagus B. acts as a lid over the entrance to the trachea C. is commonly known as the adam's apple D. is also known as the voice box
B. acts as a lid over the entrance to the trachea
Define viviparous: A. first feces of newborn composed largely of dead intestinal epithelial cells B. bearing live young C. placental buttons of ruminants; the cotyledons on the fetal membranes adhere to the caruncles on the maternal placenta D. narrowing of the prepuce, swelling the glans and preventing retraction
B. bearing live young
Which of the following are the main inspiratory muscles? A. internal intercostal and external intercostal B. external intercostal and diaphragm C. pectoral and internal intercostal D. sternocleidomastoideus and diaphragm
B. external intercostal and diaphragm
Define cellular respiration: A. diffusion of gasses between the atmosphere and the cells of the body B. gas exchange between the blood and cells C. absorption of o2 by lungs, diffusion of co2 to atmospheric air D. breathing, intake of fresh air, can be natural or assisted
B. gas exchange between the blood and cells
Define borborygmus A. abnormally large esophagus B. gas movement in the gastrointestinal tract that produces a rumbling noise C. difficulty swallowing and eating D. the sacculations and longitudinal smooth muscle bands of the cecum and colon as found in swine and horses
B. gas movement in the gastrointestinal tract that produces a rumbling noise
Luteinizing hormone is also known as: A. testosterone B. interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) C. androgens D. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B. interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
Cellulose is a: A. disaccharide that comes from milk and honey. B. polysaccharide found in most vegetables. C. monosaccharide that comes from fruits, sugar cane, and sugar beets. D. monosaccharide that comes from grains, root vegetables, and legumes.
B. polysaccharide found in most vegetables.
During repolarization: A. potassium ions move into the cell B. the negatively charged potassium ions are repelled by the relatively positive charge inside the neuron caused by the sodium influx C. potassium ions move out of the cell D. the net charge inside the cell swings back in the positive direction
B. potassium ions move out of the cell
Define somatic A. the sense of position and movement of the body B. referring to the body C. major peripheral nerve of the hind limb coursing caudal to the femur D. fainting; loss of consciousness due to cerebral anemia/hypotension
B. referring to the body
Which structures are lined with simple columnar epithelium? A. mouth, esophagus, and small intestines B. stomach, small intestines, and large intestine C. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus D. large intestine, rectum, and anus
B. stomach, small intestines, and large intestine
During the relative refractory period, the cell may depolarize if: A. the stimulus is much weaker than normal B. the stimulus is much larger than normal C. enough potassium ions enter the cell D. the myelin sheath is thick enough
B. the stimulus is much larger than normal
Triglycerides are named for their: A. three fatty acids attached to a glucose molecule. B. three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. C. three glucose molecules attached to a fatty acid chain. D. three glycerol molecules and three fatty acid molecules joined together.
B. three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
Abdominal palpation in large animals is correctly termed: Percussion Ileus Ballottement Tympany
Ballottement
The canine and feline teeth used for shearing and grinding are the: Canines Molars Premolars Both Premolars and Molars
Both premolars and molars
Nociceptors are not found in this organ: heart brain lungs kidneys
Brain
The cranial nerves originate from the Cerebellum Spinal cord Brainstem Cerebrum
Brainstem
list the respiratory structures in the order through which air passes during exhalation?
Bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal passages
What term identifies the tooth surface facing the cheeks? Apical Rostral Furcation Buccal
Buccal
Which of the following is a proper dental term for describing a tooth surface? Palatal—facing the cheek Labial—facing the tongue Buccal—facing the cheek Rostral—toward the back
Buccal—facing the cheek
What is the result of a normal palpebral reflex? A. A light tap medial canthus causes increased tear production. B. A light tap on the lateral canthus of the eye produces vasoconstriction. C. A light tap on the medial canthus of the eye produces a blink of its eyelid. D. A tap on the lateral canthus causes the eyeball to retract.
C. A light tap on the medial canthus of the eye produces a blink of its eyelid.
Fiber in a feline diet: A. Is an essential nutrient required by the species B. Is useful for thin animals to improve weight gain C. Can improve GI function and prevent hairballs D. Reduces fecal quantity
C. Can improve GI function and prevent hairballs
The pulp of the tooth has which of the following functions? A. Anchors the tooth in the alveolar bone with a fibrous ligament B. Provides the tooth with a protective strong, hard surface C. Contains blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrition and sensation to the tooth. D. Develops roots to anchor the tooth into the alveolar bone
C. Contains blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrition and sensation to the tooth.
Carbohydrates in the diet do all of the following except: A. Are broken down into glucose in the intestinal tract B. Are stored in liver and muscle as glycogen C. Do not provide energy to the animal D. Converted to fat for long term storage
C. Do not provide energy to the animal
AAFCO, an important organization in the pet food industry, A. Is a government agency that ensures the safety of all pet food ingredients and products B. Publishes the Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats with guidelines for formulating dog and cat foods C. Establishes protocols for animal feeding tests with various pet food products D. Performs feeding tests on dogs and cats using a variety of products in a laboratory setting
C. Establishes protocols for animal feeding tests with various pet food products
Free or marginal gingiva: A. Occupies the space between the teeth B. Is the most apical portion of the gingiva C. Forms the gingival sulcus around the tooth D. Is tightly bound to the cementum
C. Forms the gingival sulcus around the tooth
Acetylcholine is released as a neurotransmitter by: A. Effector organs B. Sensory bodies C. Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers D. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers
C. Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers
The nutrients that supply energy to an animal include: A. Vitamins, carbohydrates, and fats B. Fats, protein, and minerals C. Protein, carbohydrates, and fats D. Carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals
C. Protein, carbohydrates, and fats
Each of the following is a major function of proteins except: A. Provide structure to organs and tissues B. Act as enzymes for certain reactions C. Regulate water balance D. Carry oxygen to tissues
C. Regulate water balance
When caring for a neonatal puppy or kitten, one should: A. Measure the body weight weekly to assess adequate nutritional intake B. Microwave milk replacer to 120°F before feeding C. Use a commercial milk replacer instead of cow's milk when needed D. Watch for voluntary urination and defecationfollowing feeding
C. Use a commercial milk replacer instead of cow's milk when needed
The owner of a 5-month-old, intact male Labrador wants to know how much to feed his dog per day. The most appropriate recommendation is: A. Feed the dog ad libitum until he reaches 12 months of age B. Calculate the RER for this dog and feed that amount per day C. Use the feeding instructions on the dog food bag and monitor BCS frequently D. Feed the dog 4 cups of food
C. Use the feeding instructions on the dog food bag and monitor BCS frequently
Define external respiration: A. diffusion of gasses between the atmosphere and the cells of the body B. gas exchange between the blood and cells C. absorption of o2 by lungs, diffusion of co2 to atmospheric air D. breathing, intake of fresh air, can be natural or assisted
C. absorption of o2 by lungs, diffusion of co2 to atmospheric air
Acetylcholine: A. increases the heart rate B. inhibits muscle fiber contraction C. can be either excitatory or inhibitory D. does not synapse with skeletal muscles or the heart
C. can be either excitatory or inhibitory
Which of the following are the main expiratory muscles? A. internal intercostal and external intercostal B. internal intercostal and diaphragm C. internal intercostal and abdominal muscles D. external intercostal and abdominal muscles
C. internal intercostal and abdominal muscles
What cells are located in the pylorus and body of the stomach? A. chief cells, mucous cells, and G cells B. chief cells, mucus cells, and G cells C. parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous cells D. G cells, parietal cells, and mucous cells
C. parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous cells
Which of the following is a function of the larynx? A. oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange B. digestion of food C. prevention of foreign material from being inhaled D. pH balance of blood
C. prevention of foreign material from being inhaled
The correct order for the stages of the canine estrous cycle is: A. proestrus, anestrus, estrus, diestrus B. anestrus, estrus, proestrus, diestrus C. proestrus, estrus, diestrus, anestrus D. anestrus, diestrus, estrus, proestrus
C. proestrus, estrus, diestrus, anestrus
What effects does the parasympathetic nervous system (specifically the vagus nerve) have on the stomach? A. relaxes the fundus, antrum, and body B. increases contractions in the fundus, antrum, and body C. relaxes the fundus, increases contractions in the body and pyloric antrum D. increases contractions in the fundus and body, decreases activity in the pyloric antrum
C. relaxes the fundus, increases contractions in the body and pyloric antrum
Blood entering the lungs from the heart is dark because of A. hemoconcentration. B. intravascular hemolysis. C. the high carbon dioxide content. D. the high hemoglobin concentration.
C. the high carbon dioxide content.
Dura mater, pia mater and arachnoid are the names for which structures of the nervous system? A. brain stem divisions B. peripheral nervous system divisions C. meninges D. cranial nerves
C> meninges
Which of the cranial nerves listed below has a sensory function only? CN I CN III CN IX CN V
CN 1
Which one of the following cranial nerves is a pure sensory nerve? CN I CN III CN IX CN V
CN 1
Select the term that best defines Sensations from the gastrointestinal tract are provided by this nerve(hint: think parasympathetic): CN VI, abducent CN X, Vagus CN IV, Trochlear CN XI, accessory
CN X, Vagus
Sensations from the gastrointestinal tract are provided by this nerve: CN X, vagus CN XI, accessory CN VI, abducent CN V, trigeminal
CN X, vagus
composed of brain & spinal cord
CNS
Hyperventilating causes more _______ than normal to be eliminated via the lungs, which can cause a patient to stop breathing. O2 pH blood CO2
CO2
Which of the following items is optional in a Guaranteed Analysis on a pet food label? Crude protein Moisture Calcium Crude fiber
Calcium
The teeth that are not present in all common domestic animals are the Canines Incisors Premolars Molars
Canines
Dogs and cats have minimum dietary requirements for all of the following nutrients except Protein Fat Carbohydrate Vitamins and minerals
Carbohydrate
What nutrient makes up the greatest part of most dog rations and supplies energy? Protein Fat Carbohydrates Vitamins and minerals
Carbohydrates
The opening of the esophagus into the stomach is called the: Cardia Fundus Pylorus Ruga
Cardia
The two gastric sphincters of the canine are: Rectal and cecal Cardiac and pyloric Cardiac and rectal Pyloric and rectal
Cardiac and pyloric
In ruminants, the cotyledon of the placenta attaches to what structure on the uterus to form the placentome? Zonule Allantois Chorioallantois Caruncle
Caruncle
In which of the following species do the teeth fail to continue growing? Equine Rabbit Rat Cat
Cat
What species has the highest protein requirement? Cats Dogs Rabbits Sheep
Cats
The terminal part of the spinal cord is called the: Tail Cauda equina Terminus dendriticus Meningeal terminus
Cauda equina
The blind-ended sac that is part of the large intestine is the Cecum Colon Duodenum Rectum
Cecum
The huge, comma-shaped section of the large intestine of the horse that occupies much of the right side of the abdomen is the Cecum Colon Rectum Ileum
Cecum
Where does fermentation occur in nonruminant herbivores, such as the horse? Jejunum and ileum Cecum and colon Ileum and cecum Rumen and cecum
Cecum and colon
Horses and rabbits are: Ruminants Omnivores Cecum fermenters Carnivores
Cecum fermenters
What mineralized tissue covers the root of the tooth? Calculus Enamel Cementum Dentin
Cementum
Dentin is covered by: Enamel and bone Bone and pulp Cementum and enamel Pulp and cementum
Cementum and enamel
The part of the CNS that controls coordinated movement, balance, and posture is the: brainstem. cerebellum. cerebrum. diencephalon.
Cerebellum
What structure, whose Latin name means "little brain," is located at the caudal part of the brain and contains over half of the brain's nerves? Cerebral cortex Brainstem Medulla oblongata Cerebellum
Cerebellum
The occlusal surface of a caudal tooth is defined as the: Surface facing the hard palate Surface nearer the cheek Chewing surface of the tooth Surface nearer the tongue
Chewing surface of the tooth
Outermost layer of placenta: Chorion Gestation Parturition Allantois
Chorion
Which of the following is not secreted by gastric glands? Acid Chyme Digestive enzymes Mucus
Chyme
Which of the following has the least influence on the acceptability of food to dogs and cats? Salt content Size Shape Color
Color
Ninety-five percent of the circulating antibodies in puppies younger than 48 hours old come from the Colostrum Placenta Puppies' bone marrow Environment
Colostrum
What structure acts as a light receptor? Uvea Sclera Cone Cochlea
Cone
Typical sources of fiber in dog food would include all of the following, except Pectin Beet pulp Cellulose Cornstarch
Cornstarch
LH promotes growth of the: Fetus Mammary glands Uterus Corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
What animals have a dental pad in place of upper incisors and canines? Horse, cow Cow, goat Dog, sheep Cat, horse
Cow, goat
In the avian species, the ventral wall of the esophagus is greatly expanded to form the: Proventriculus Crop Gizzard Duodenum
Crop
What is the main purpose of premolar teeth? Holding and tearing Cutting and breaking Grinding Gnawing and grooming
Cutting and breaking
In birds, the cloaca is: A. An appendage suspended from the head B. A blind sac at the distal end of the jejunum C. A cleft in the hard palate D. A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive systems
D. A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive systems
Which of the following describe insulin? A. It is a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas. B. Its job is to move glucose from blood into the body's tissues. C. It is antagonized by glucagon, which is produced in alpha cells in the pancreas. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above
The pulp canal of a tooth contains: A. Nerves B. Blood vessels C. Connective tissue and blood vessels D. Blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues
D. Blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues
Which of the following lists the sections of the small intestine in order, from anterior to posterior? A. Jejunum, ileum, duodenum B. Duodenum, colon, jejunum C. Ileum, duodenum, cecum D. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
D. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Feeding excessive amounts of protein may: A. Cause otitis B. Cause glaucoma C. Increase gastrointestinal erosions D. Increase liver and kidney workload
D. Increase liver and kidney workload
When the diaphragm contracts, it: A. Compresses the lungs B. Creates positive pressure in the thoracic cavity C. Increases the size of the abdominal cavity D. Increases the size of the thoracic cavity
D. Increases the size of the thoracic cavity
Enamel, which is the hardest body substance: A. Contains living tissue B. Covers the tooth crown and root C. Continues production by the ameloblasts after eruption D. Is relatively nonporous and impervious
D. Is relatively nonporous and impervious
What is the purpose of the gubernaculum? A. It houses the testes. B. It helps regulate the temperature of the testes. C. It links the testes with the rest of the body. D. It provides a site of attachment for the testes in the fetal abdomen.
D. It provides a site of attachment for the testes in the fetal abdomen.
Macrominerals are: A. The only energy source B. Organic compounds essential to only canines C. Only consumed by felines D. Required by animals in relatively large amounts(compared to other minerals)
D. Required by animals in relatively large amounts(compared to other minerals)
Fiber is often a component of dog or cat foods and: A. Is an essential nutrient B. Comes from protein found in animal tissues C. Is broken down by the body into glucose D. Resists digestion in the gastrointestinal tract
D. Resists digestion in the gastrointestinal tract
Which of the following does not occur during metestrus? A. Granulosa cells begin to multiply. B. Progesterone temporarily inhibits follicular development in the ovary. C. The corpus luteum develops. D. The lining of the uterus sloughs.
D. The lining of the uterus sloughs.
What is one very unique characteristic of upper carnassial teeth in dogs? A. They have very flat occlusal surfaces for grinding. B. Their roots are extremely short. C. They have no enamel covering. D. Their roots are extremely long.
D. Their roots are extremely long.
An action potential can be described as: A. a large change in electrical charge from positive to negative inside the cell B. the influx of potassium into the cell C. the influx of protein into the cell D. a large change in electrical charge from negative to positive inside the cell
D. a large change in electrical charge from negative to positive inside the cell
Which of the following is a function of protein? A. enzymatic activity B. structural material of keratin in the skin C. provides contractility in muscle cells D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The "all-or-nothing" principle means: A. all of the nerve impulses go to the brain. B. all the potassium ions on one side of the cell membrane move to the other side of the cell membrane. C. all the sodium ions on one side of the cell membrane move to the other side of the cell membrane. D. an entire neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength
D. an entire neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength
Define oviparous: A. bearing live young B. S-shaped bend in the fibroelastic penis of ruminants C. openings where the testicles pass through the abdominal wall, and the vas deferens and testicular vessels then continue to course D. bearing eggs
D. bearing eggs
A ganglion is a: A. cluster of CNS neuronal axon terminals. B. cluster of CNS neuronal dendrites. C. cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS. D. cluster of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS.
D. cluster of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
Which of the following cause increased activity of the stomach? A. large amounts of fats in the duodenum B. excess stomach acid in the small intestines C. large amounts of proteins in the duodenum D. none of the above
D. none of the above
Starches are: A. disaccharides that come from milk and honey. B. monosaccharides found in most vegetables. C. monosaccharides that come from fruits, sugar cane, and sugar beets. D. polysaccharides that come from grains, root vegetables, and legumes.
D. polysaccharides that come from grains, root vegetables, and legumes.
Which of the following is a function of the liver? A. production of aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase B. production of red blood cells C. production of ascites D. production of cholesterol
D. production of cholesterol
Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction are controlled by A. the autonomic nervous system acting of skeletal muscle. B. the autonomic nervous system acting on smooth muscle. C. the somatic nervous system acting on skeletal muscle. D. the somatic nervous system acting on smooth muscle.
D. the somatic nervous system acting on smooth muscle.
Define epidural A. "horses tail" terminal (caudal) portion of the spinal cord B. CN X, provides parasympathetic innervation to most thoracic and abdominal viscera C. state of mind, mental activity D. the space within the vertebral canal and outside of the dura mater
D. the space within the vertebral canal and outside of the dura mater
An example of an action controlled by the somatic nervous system is: A. increasing the heart rate. B. lowering the blood pressure. C. releasing digestive juices. D. turning the head.
D. turning the head
Branch like structures that conduct impulses toward the nerve cell body are called: Dendrites Axons Synapses Neurons
Dendrites
Nerve cells receive stimuli or impulses through axons. dendrites. glial cells. perikaryons
Dendrites
Nerve processes that conduct impulses toward the cell bodies are referred to as: Axons Cytons Somas Dendrites
Dendrites
As part of normal tooth growth, what part of the tooth thickens? Enamel Pulp Dentin Gingiva
Dentin
Most of a tooth is made up of what tissue? Bone Cementum Dentin Enamel
Dentin
Which tissue would not be considered part of the periodontium? Alveolar bone Gingival connective tissue Dentin Cementum
Dentin
Dogs demonstrate what type of estrous cycle? Polyestrous Seasonally polyestrous Diestrous Monoestrous
Diestrous
What is the relatively short period of quiescence (estrous inactivity) between estrous cycles in polyestrous animals? Diestrus Anestrus Triestrus Quadestrus
Diestrus
A pregnant mare has what kind of placentation? Zonary Cotyledonary Diffuse Discoid
Diffuse
The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood in the lungs is accomplished by: Blood pressure Diffusion Ion pumps Osmosis
Diffusion
The major consideration in evaluating a dog's diet is moisture content Reproduction and lactation Mineral content Digestibility
Digestibility
The exocrine secretion of the pancreas contains large amounts of: Bile Digestive enzymes Hydrochloric acid Mucus
Digestive enzymes
Into what portion of the gastrointestinal tract does the pancreatic duct empty? Cecum Colon Duodenum Stomach
Duodenum
The first short portion of the small intestine that comes off the stomach is the: Cecum Duodenum Ileum Jejunum
Duodenum
The germinal layer in the early embryo that is responsible for most skin development is the Mesoderm Endoderm Keratoderm Ectoderm
Ectoderm
The crown of a tooth is covered by Cementum Dentin Enamel Serosa
Enamel
The periodontium includes the periodontal ligament and all of the following except: Gingiva Cementum Alveolar bone Enamel
Enamel
Which of the following is not part of the spermatic cord? Pampiniform plexus Vas deferens Testicular artery Epididymis
Epididymis
The neurotransmitter that is most responsible for the "flight or fight" reaction is: Epinephrine Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin
Epinephrine
Which animal cannot regurgitate? Bovine Porcine Equine Caprine
Equine
The process or structure in a newborn ruminant animal that allows milk to bypass the rumen and reticulum and go directly to the omasum is the Reticular folds Eructation Esophageal groove Rumination
Esophageal groove
What two hormones influence the growth of lactating tissue? Estrogen and progesterone Estrogen and oxytocin Progesterone and oxytocin Testosterone and oxytocin
Estrogen and progesterone
During, or shortly after, what stage of the estrous cycle does ovulation occur? Metestrus Proestrus Anestrus Estrus
Estrus
Consider this scenario: An outbreak of Salmonella has been traced to a facility that manufactures several brands of dog food. These contaminated products will be recalled through a mandate by the AAFCO USDA FDA-CVM FTC
FDA-CVM
The hormone that acts on Sertoli cells to increase primordial sperm cell division and release more sperm cells is: Testosterone FSH GnRH LH
FSH
What is the name of cranial nerve VII? Facial nerve Vagus nerve Abducent nerve Trigeminal nerve
Facial nerve
Bile acids are important in the digestion of Carbohydrates Electrolytes Fats Proteins
Fats
What nutrient will provide the most calories per gram? Carbohydrates Fats Vitamins Proteins
Fats
What primary ovarian structure is responsible for the release of estrogen? Follicle Placenta Corpus hemorrhagicum Corpus luteum
Follicle
All of the following components are legally required on a pet food label, except: Ingredient statement Net weight Freshness date Feeding directions
Freshness date
The seminal plasma of all species contains Progesterone Fructose Urine Polysaccharides
Fructose
What term identifies the space between the roots of the same tooth? Apical Rostral Furcation Buccal
Furcation
All of the following are cells found in the fundus and body of the stomach except: Parietal cells Chief cells G cells Mucous cells
G cells
What abdominal organ is absent in the horse and rat? Right kidney Gall bladder Pancreas Cecum
Gall bladder
Outside of the brain and spinal cord, nerve cell bodies are usually found in clumps or aggregations called: Receptors Ganglia Bundles Neuromas
Ganglia
G cells produce this: HCL Gastrin Pepsinogen Amylase
Gastrin
What hormone stimulates the release of gastric secretions? Gastrin Secretin Calcitonin Insulin
Gastrin
The distal part of the penis on which the urethra opens. Scrotum Testicle Prepuce Glans penis
Glans penis
Cranial nerve number IX:
Glossopharyngeal
The cat larynx is made up of four cartilages. Which one is not one of them? Arytenoid Cricoid Epiglottis Glottis
Glottis
What is the purpose the varied grooves and ridges on the occlusal surfaces of the premolars and molars in the horse? Determination of age Grinding of food Defense against predators Prehension of food
Grinding of food
Of the following, which takes priority in the use of amino acids in an animal? Growth and lactation Maintenance Exertional work Exercise
Growth and lactation
The primary function(s) of protein in the canine body is/are: To help the animal sleep To provide essential vitamins Growth and repair To provide essential fatty acids
Growth and repair
Open-rooted molars are seen in which of the following animals? Gerbil Rat Guinea pig Hamster
Guinea Pig
What the lay press calls "good cholesterol" is actually a lipoprotein that is called Chylomicron LPL LDL HDL
HDL
Which of these species is an omnivore? Chinchilla Hamster Rabbit Gerbil
Hamster
Which of the following is/are a function(s) of the brain stem? memory posture and balance heart and respiratory rate voluntary movement
Heart and respiratory rate
In which of these animals is microbial fermentation most important in the digestive process? Cat Dog Horse Pig
Horse
Which of these species does not possess a gall bladder? Pig Horse Goat Dog
Horse
The radicular hypsodont type of dental morphology is found in which species? Rabbits Horses Cats Pigs
Horses
In the first stage of parturition, ACTH stimulates the fetal adrenal cortex to release: Hydrocortisone Estrogen Progesterone FSH
Hydrocortisone
Parietal cells secrete: Hydrogen and chloride ions Mucus Pepsinogen Sodium bicarbonate
Hydrogen and chloride ions
Increasing a neuron's permeability to Na+ will cause
Hyperexcitability
Which cranial nerve conducts motor impulses to the tongue? Oculomotor (III) Trigeminal (V) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Hypoglossal (XII)
Hypoglossal (XII)
What structure is not found in the brainstem? Midbrain Pons Hypothalamus Medulla oblongata
Hypothalamus
The most distal short portion of the small intestine, just before it joins the large intestine, is the: Duodenum Ileum Ilium Jejunum
Ileum
What structure is not part of the large intestine? Cecum Colon Ileum Rectum
Ileum
Which of these is not a division of the small intestine? Duodenum Ilium Ileum Jejunum
Ilium
External respiration takes place At the nares In the lungs In the upper respiratory tract Throughout the body tissues
In the lungs
In the healthy, awake cat the primary stimulus in blood for respiration is: Increased CO2 Decreased O2 Increased lactic acid Increased K+
Increased CO2
During lactation, the feed intake of queens typically Stays the same Increases about 10% Increases about 25% - 50% Increases about 100%
Increases about 25% - 50%
Cats have several salivary glands. The gland that is located under the eye above the upper jaw is called the: Interorbital gland Supraorbital gland Infraorbital gland Intraorbital gland
Infraorbital
The large funnel-like opening at the ovarian end of the oviduct. Fimbrae Oviduct Uterine Body Infundibulum
Infundibulum
What portion of the ear is essential for hearing and equilibrium? Inner Middle External Eardrum
Inner
Association neurons are part of what system? Peripheral Interneuron Sensory Extraneuron
Interneuron
Protein that is not used by the body is converted to energy, and the waste: Is stored as fat for energy Is excreted by the kidneys Is filtered by the liver Is reabsorbed as amino acids
Is excreted by the kidneys
Which of the following does not describe a true reflex response? Blink Toe pinch Jaw tone Ear flick
Jaw tone
The longest portion of the small intestine, where most absorption of nutrients occurs, is the: Cecum Duodenum Ileum Jejunum
Jejunum
The middle portion of the small intestine is the: Jejunum Jejunem Jajunem Jujunem
Jejunum
What hormone level must increase (or surge) before ovulation will occur? follicle stimulating hormone estrogen luteinizing hormone progesterone
LH
What anatomic structure is similar in rodents and horses? Gall bladder Large cecum Carnassial teeth Rumen
Large cecum
The short, irregular tubular structure in the neck region that acts as a valve to control airflow to the lungs is the Bronchus Larynx Pharynx Trachea
Larynx
Surface of the tooth toward the tongue is Lingual Labial Buccal Mesial
Lingual
What enzyme group breaks down fats within the digestive tract? Amylase Lipase Protease Secretin
Lipase
Which enzyme is found in the saliva of some mammals while they are very young and still nursing? Amylase Lipase Maltase Pepsinogen
Lipase
Bile is needed for the digestion/absorption of: Proteins Calcium Lipids Ash
Lipids
What is the structure of food prehension in the horse? Lips Premolar and molar teeth Tongue Both lips and tongue
Lips
Bile is produced in the Spleen Pancreas Liver Omasum
Liver
Hepatic refers to: Heparin preparations Liver Hemoglobin Stomach
Liver
The largest gland in the normal adult animal body is the: Liver Pancreas Spleen Thymus
Liver
The portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the Liver Pancreas Spleen Stomach
Liver
What organ is located immediately behind the diaphragm in the carnivore? Liver Spleen Pancreas Kidney
Liver
Compared with blood entering the alveolar capillaries, air drawn into the alveoli of the lungs has: Higher Pco2 and higher Po2 Higher Pco2 and lower Po2 Lower Pco2 and higher Po2 Lower Pco2 and lower Po2
Lower Pco2 and higher Po2
What is the effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on the reproductive system? Ovulation Luteolysis Follicle stimulation Corpus luteum formation
Luteolysis
Proceeding caudally, the trachea bifurcates into two: Mainstem bronchi Primary bronchioles Alveoli Secondary bronchioles
Mainstem bronchi
The only easily palpable major salivary gland of the dog and cat is the: Sublingual Parotid Zygomatic Mandibular
Mandibular
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? Acid-base regulation Mastication Olfaction Phonation
Mastication
The upper fourth premolar communicates with what sinus? Mandibular Occipital Maxillary Orbital
Maxillary
Of the following nerves supplied by the brachial plexus, which one does not innervate muscles in the shoulder? Thoracodorsal Long thoracic Axillary Median
Median
In what stage of the estrous cycle does the corpus luteum develop? Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus
Metestrus
The luteal phase of the estrous cycle includes: Estrus and diestrus Proestrus and metestrus Metestrus and diestrus Estrus and proestrus
Metestrus and diestrus
The name for the bile acid-lipid units that carries fat within the gut is: LPL Micelles VLDL Chylomicrons
Micelles
What nutrient is sometimes referred to as ash? Vitamins Carbohydrates Proteins Minerals
Minerals
Spinal nerves are what type of nerve? Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) Autonomic Mixed
Mixed
Efferent neurons are part of what system? Motor Interneuron Sensory Extraneuron
Motor
The inner lining of the digestive tube is called the Mucosa Musculorum Serosa Submucosa
Mucosa
Which layer of the digestive tract consists of epithelium and loose connective tissue? Muscle layer Submucosa Serosa Mucosa
Mucosa
Potassium is critical for Muscle function Weight gain Palatability Digestion
Muscle function
Nerve fibers encased in a white sheath of fatty material are termed: Parasympathetic Myelinated Sympathetic Ganglia
Myelinated
The plasma membrane of the neuron in the resting state (electrically polarized) is very permeable to K+ but is almost impermeable to: Na+ Cl- Ca11 Mg++
Na+
Most conditioning of inspired air occurs in the: Larynx Nares Nasal passages Pharynx
Nasal passages
Where are the ovaries located? Caudal to the urinary bladder Near the diaphragm Near the kidneys Cranial to the liver
Near the kidneys
On inspiration the pressure in the thoracic cavity, as compared with ambient air pressure, is: Negative Positive Same as the ambient air pressure Fluctuating
Negative
The thorax is normally under Partial pressure Positive pressure Equilibrium Negative pressure
Negative pressure
Soma is another term for: Nerve cell cytoplasm Nerve cell body Nerve cell nucleus Nerve cell centrosome
Nerve cell body
Which of the following would be the most accurate estimate of the energy a foodstuff would contribute to an animal? Gross energy Net energy Digestible energy Metabolizable energy
Net energy
Cells that support neurons structurally and functionally are called: dendrites axons neuroglia soma
Neuroglia
The gray matter of the spinal cord contains: myelinated nerve fibers cranial nerves neuron cell bodies all of the above
Neuron cell bodies
What type of energy-producing nutrient is a dog or cat able to manufacture, if it is not available in the animal's body? Soluble carbohydrates Insoluble carbohydrates Essential amino acids Nonessential amino acids
Nonessential amino acids
Which of these is not one of the three major subdivisions of the brain? Cerebrum Brainstem Cerebellum Occipital lobe
Occipital lobe
The ruminant forestomach that dehydrates and grinds feed is the Abomasum Omasum Reticulum Rumen
Omasum
Define ipsilateral
On the same side
The combining form related to the testes is Salpingo- Orchi- Hystero- Episio-
Orchi-
Small convoluted tubes that extend from the tips of the uterine horns. Uterine body Oviduct Fimbrae Ovary
Oviduct
What is another name for fallopian tubes? Ureters Oviducts Uterine horns Broad ligaments
Oviducts
The dental formula for the permanent teeth in the dog is 2 (I 3/3 and C 1/1) plus: P 3/4 and M 3/2 = 40 P 3/4 and M 3/3 = 42 P 4/4 and M 2/3 = 42 P 4/4 and M 3/2 = 42
P 4/4 and M 2/3 = 42
Which of the following teeth are not normally present in the adult cat? P1 and P1 and P2 P1 and P1 and P2 M2 and M1 M2 and M2
P1 and P1 and P2
The carnassial teeth in dogs are: P4 and M1 P4 and P4 M1 and M1 C1 and C1
P4 and M1
What division of the nervous system contains the cranial nerves and paired spinal nerves? CNS (central) PNS (peripheral) ANS (autonomic) VNS (vagal)
PNS (peripheral)
Nociceptors are important for detecting Color Warmth Lactic acid Pain
Pain
Which of the following can activate the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system? Intubation Handling viscera Administration of opioids Painful stimuli
Painful stimuli
The organ that has endocrine functions and also produces many digestive enzymes is the: Liver Pancreas Spleen Thymus
Pancreas
Where are trypsinogen, chymotrypsin, and other proteases produced? Liver Pancreas Spleen Stomach
Pancreas
Chief cells produce what? Amylase Lipase Pepsinogen HCL
Pepsinogen
Nutritional support can be given in several ways. What is the preferred method? Per os Partial parenteral nutrition Total parenteral nutrition Per rectum
Per os
The cranial nerves and the spinal nerves are anatomically part of what system? Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Food is moved along the digestive tract by the process known as: Mastication Prehension Peristalsis Reticulation
Peristalsis
Which of the following is a major function of the larynx? Filtering inspired air Olfaction Phonation Warming inspired air
Phonation
Cattle and swine display what type of estrous cycle? Polyestrous Seasonally polyestrous Diestrous Monoestrous
Polyestrous
Which of these is not a layer of the meninges? Pons Dura mater Pia mater Arachnoid
Pons
What ion is responsible for repolarization of a neuron during an action potential? Potassium Calcium Magnesium Glucose
Potassium
The cranial cheek teeth are the Canines Incisors Molars Premolars
Premolars
What is unique about the ruminant oral cavity? Presence of a dental pad Absence of salivary glands Absence of molars Presence of needle teeth
Presence of a dental pad
What hormone is released from the corpus luteum? Progesterone Estrogen LH FSH
Progesterone
By determining the nitrogen content of a food sample, one can estimate the amount of ___ in the diet. Fat Fiber Carbohydrate Protein
Protein
The epithelium lining the upper respiratory tract is: Pseudostratified columnar Stratified squamous Simple squamous Transitional
Pseudostratified columnar
The nerve and blood vessel of a tooth is located in the: Sulcus Pulp cavity Marrow cavity Calculus
Pulp cavity
A reflex arc commonly used to assess the depth of anesthesia is: crossed extensor reflex pupillary light reflex withdrawal reflex stretch reflex
Pupillary light reflex
The most distal portion of the monogastric stomach is the: Fundus Antrum Cardia Pylorus
Pylorus
The opening at the distal end of the simple stomach that allows for emptying of its contents into the duodenum is called the: Fundus Body Pylorus Cardia
Pylorus
What is total lung capacity RV+ERV-TV-IRV RV-ERV+TV+IRV RV+ERV+TV+IRV RV-ERV-TV-IRV
RV+ERV+TV+IRV
All of the following are induced ovulators except Rabbit Rat Cat Ferret
Rat
Which clinical sign is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system stimulation? bronchodilation reduced digestion reduced heart rate vasodilation
Reduced heart rate
The period during which a neuron that has generated a nerve impulse cannot generate another is called the reflex period. reflux period. refractory period. resting period.
Refractory period
In the bovine, ingesta freely moves back and forth between the rumen and the Omasum Abomasum Reticulum Duodenum
Reticulum
Rumination is a cycle of activity composed of four phases. Which of the following is not included in this process? Eructation Remastication Redeglutition Reurination
Reurination
What tissue is not part of the periodontium? Periodontal ligament Alveolar bone Root Gingiva
Root
Apical means "toward the ___." Root tip Crown Cheeks Tongue
Root tip
In what portion of the ruminant digestive system does most microbial fermentation take place? Abomasum Duodenum Rumen Omasum
Rumen
The largest ruminant forestomach is the: Abomasum Omasum Reticulum Rumen
Rumen
The most distal part of the digestive tract and most of the urogenital system are supplied with fibers from what portion of the parasympathetic nervous system? Sacral Cervical Thoracic Lumbar
Sacral
What fluid contributes least to the process of digestion? Bile Pancreatic juice Saliva Stomach gland secretions
Saliva
The combining form related to the oviducts is: Salpingo- Orchi- Hystero- Episio-
Salpingo-
Which nerve is the largest peripheral nerve in the body and stimulates muscles of the thigh region? Tibial Femoral Sciatic Ulnar
Sciatic
Which of the following peripheral nerves is part of the lumbosacral plexus? Sciatic nerve Vagus nerve Brachial nerve Ulnar nerve
Sciatic nerve
In normal occlusion, the bite is termed: Scissor bite Straight bite Occlusal bite Razor bite
Scissor bite
Which of the following is not one of the main functions of the digestive system? Absorption Digestion Prehension Secretion
Secretion
Afferent neurons are part of what system? Motor Interneuron Sensory Extraneuron
Sensory
Which of the following cranial nerves is assessed when testing a dog's palpebral reflex? sensory - CN I, motor - CN V sensory - CN III, motor - CN XII sensory - CN V, motor - CN VII sensory - CN VII, motor - CN X
Sensory - CN V, motor - CN VII
The outermost layer of the digestive tube is the Mucosa Muscle layer Serosa Submucosa
Serosa
Within the testis, developing sperm cells are surrounded by Sertoli cells A layer of mucous Interstitial cells Primordial germ cells
Sertoli cells
Which animal has a cotyledonary placenta? Cat Dog Horse Sheep
Sheep
From the stomach to the anus, the digestive tube is lined by what kind of epithelium? Simple columnar Simple squamous Stratified columnar Stratified squamous
Simple columnar
The epithelium lining the alveoli is: Pseudostratified columnar Simple cuboidal Simple squamous Stratified squamous
Simple squamous
The diaphragm is primarily made up of __. Elastic connective tissue Fibrous connective tissue Skeletal muscle Multiunit smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Villi are prominent in the lining of what structure? Esophagus Large intestine Small intestine Stomach
Small intestine
What happens within the neuron that allows local anesthetics to be effective? Potassium gates open The charge within the cell becomes positive The charge within the cell becomes negative Sodium channels become blocked
Sodium channels become blocked
What stage of parturition in the queen is characterized by lactational secretion, increased fetal movements and relaxation around the perineal area? Stage I Stage II Stage III
Stage 1
Any change in a nerve's environment that depolarizes the resting potential and leads to production of a nerve impulse is called: Action potential Relative refractory period Repolarization Stimulus
Stimulus
What structure is not part of a nerve cell? Axon Dendrite Stoma Axolemma
Stoma
Input from what system causes vasoconstriction during exercise and therefore an increase in blood pressure? Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Select the term that best defines the communication junction between two neurons: afferent neuron vagus nerve hemiparesis synapse
Synapse
The space between the nerve end and the sarcolemma of the muscle is called the: Neurolemma Synaptic cleft Nodes of Ranvier Synaptic knob
Synaptic cleft
The electrical difference in charges across a neuron cell membrane is: positive on the inside the resting membrane potential approximately 170 mV none of the above
The resting membrane potential
When a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization, it has reached Threshold Repolarization Refractory period Action potential
Threshold
Internal respiration takes place At the nares In the lungs In the upper respiratory tract Throughout the body tissues
Throughout the body tissues
Efferent nerves carry nerve impulses To the body from the central nervous system To the body from the spinal cord From the body to the central nervous system From one part of a limb to another part of the same limb
To the body from the central nervous system
Afferent nerve fibers carry sensations away from the CNS. through axons. through motor nerve fibers. toward the CNS
Toward the CNS
Cranial nerves are unique in that some are responsible for performing multiple functions. Which cranial nerve has multiple functions? Trigeminal Oculomotor Vestibulocochlear Optic
Trigeminal
Different kinds of specific touch and pressure receptors produce sensations of light contact, deep pressure, vibration, or hair movement. (T/F))
True
The parasympathetic preganglionic neuron travels directly from the CNS to its target organ, where it synapses with a short postganglionic neuron. (T/F)
True
What tooth has three roots? Upper canine Lower first premolar Lower first molar Upper fourth premolar
Upper fourth premolar
The carnassial tooth in the cat is also known as: Upper first premolar Upper first molar Upper last premolar Upper canine
Upper last premolar
The middle portion that caudally joins the uterus with the cervix. Uterine horn Vagina Uterine Body Cervix
Uterine body
The proximal end of the uterine tube is connected to the ______. Ovary Uterine Horn Cervix Vagina
Uterine horn
What nerve (one of the longest in the body) supplies parasympathetic fibers to the heart and lungs and to nearly all of the abdominal viscera? Glossopharyngeal Facial Vagus Oculomotor
Vagus
Which cranial nerve innervates the throat area and the heart? Glossopharyngeal Spinal accessory Abducens Vagus
Vagus
Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the cranial three quarters of the body? Olfactory (I) Abducens (VI) Vagus (X) Spinal accessory (XI)
Vagus (X)
Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs, stomach, and small intestine? Trochlear (IV) Vagus (X) Abducens (VI) Trigeminal (V)
Vagus (X)
In the avian species, the gizzard is also referred to as the: Proventriculus Ventriculus Crop Colon
Ventriculus
The surface area of the small intestinal lining is increased by Gyri Papillae Rugae Villi
Villi
What structures in the mucosa of the small intestine increase the surface area? Fimbria Cilia Brush borders Villi
Villi
The autonomic nervous system is directly responsible for innervation of: Visceral organs Lumbar muscles Triceps muscles Somatic organs
Visceral organs
The serosa that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity is called the Visceral peritoneum Visceral pleura Mesentery Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
Select the term that best defines epithelial membrane covering the outer surface of the lungs: respiration Parietal pleura stenosis Visceral pleura
Visceral pleura
What vitamin is also known as thiamine? Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B1 Vitamin B12
Vitamin B1
The essential nutrients required in the diet of cats include all of the following, except: Taurine Arachidonic acid Vitamin C Calcium
Vitamin C
Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin? Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin C Vitamin D
Vitamin C
The vitamin that is very important in reproduction, is a biologic antioxidant, and is considered necessary for several bodily functions is: Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B1 Vitamin B12
Vitamin E
What are the two vitamins produced by the gut bacteria involved in fermentation? Vitamins C and D Vitamins B12 and niacin Vitamins B and K Vitamins A and E
Vitamins B and K
The (magical) ruminant gains a great deal of energy from ________________, which is/are produced by microbes during fermentation. Amylase Lipids Trypsinogen Volatile fatty acids
Volatile fatty acids
The most important ingested nutrient is: Minerals Fats Vitamins Water
Water
The vagus nerve is cranial nerve __. X XII V VI
X
The canine uterus is shaped like the letter U Y J V
Y
A pregnant queen has what kind of placentation? Zonary Cotyledonary Diffuse Discoid
Zonary
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air? 100 mm Hg 159.6 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 46 mm Hg
about 100 mm Hg
Which of the following is not a function of the liver? production of bile production of plasma proteins absorption of calcium detoxification of blood
absorption of calcium
The primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is: acetylcholine. dopamine. epinephrine. norepinephrine.
acetylcholine
The primary function of dietary vitamins is to: activate enzymes. break down proteins. degrade minerals. metabolize carbohydrates.
activate enzymes
Nerve fibers that carry information to the brain are termed: Efferent Parasympathetic Motor Afferent
afferent
Sensory nerves are considered
afferent nerves
The basic mechanism for inspiration is enlargement of the volume of the thoracic cavity by the inspiratory muscles. The lungs enlarge passively and _____ is drawn into them due to negative intrathoracic pressure. surfactant air blood mucus
air
Where does the fluid from the fetus's urinary bladder get deposited? chorionic sac allantoic sac peritoneal cavity amnionic sac
allantoic sac
Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by diffusion occur? alveoli bronchioles trachea bronchi
alveoli
The pancreas secretes _______ and the gall bladder secretes _______ via ducts into the duodenum. amylase, bile lipase, amylase bile, lipase bile, trypsin
amylase, bile
The space from the nose to the alveoli: physiological dead space mechanical dead space pleural dead space anatomical dead space
anatomical dead space
Find the term that best defines all of the steps involved in the conversion of nutrient material into living tissue: prehension assimilation inappetence dysphagia
assimilation
Define aboral
away from the mouth
What are deciduous teeth? teeth with caries another name for molars baby teeth teeth with plaque buildup
baby teeth
What part of the lung lies directly on the diaphragm? apex hilus base medial lobe
base
What keeps many drugs from readily passing from the blood into the brain? anti-assimilation barrier blood-brain barrier cerebrospinal barrier meninges
blood-brain barrier
Find the term that best defines gas movement in the gastrointestinal tract that produces a rumbling noise: borborygmus intussusception jaundice bloat
borborygmus
Visceral sensations can originate in all of the following except the: gastrointestinal tract urinary bladder peritoneum brain
brain
The cough center is located in what part of the brain? cerebrum cerebellum brain stem meninges
brain stem
The most primitive part of the CNS is the: brainstem. cerebellum. cerebrum. diencephalon.
brainstem
Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired and expired during one ______________ breath minute maximum expiration partial pressure
breath
Tubes that bifurcate from the trachea are known as: alveoli bronchi bronchioles nares
bronchi
An influx of _____ into the synaptic knob results in the fusing of vesicles containing neurotransmitters with the knob's cellular membrane.
calcium
The blood-brain barrier is found in the: arteries veins capillaries lymphatic vessels
capillaries
Which of the following is used first to meet the canine's energy requirement? fat protein carbohydrate amino acids
carbohydrate
Which animals do not produce amylase in their saliva? carnivores omnivores herbivores all of the above
carnivores
The glans of this animal is covered with short spines. bull cat dog boar
cat
The centers of higher learning and intelligence are found in the: brainstem. cerebellum. cerebrum. diencephalon.
cerebrum
The largest part of the brain is the: brainstem. cerebellum. cerebrum. diencephalon.
cerebrum
The part of the brain responsible for learning and awareness ("higher-order" functions) is the: cerebellum cerebrum brain stem corpus callosum
cerebrum
Which layer of placenta attaches to the uterus? chorion amnion urachus allantois
chorion
What is the embryologic equivalent of the penis in the female? labia vestibule vagina cervix clitoris
clitoris
_____ are ionic forms of minerals that complete the shape of an enzyme's active site, allowing the enzyme to perform essential metabolic reactions. water co-factors fiber vitamins
co-factors
The crossed extensor reflex is: ipsilateral and autonomic ipsilateral and somatic contralateral and somatic contralateral and autonomic
contralateral and somatic
This structure produces progestin hormones needed to maintain pregnancy: uterus corpus luteum ovary the embryo
corpus luteum
What carries bile acids from the gallbladder to the common bile duct? cystic duct pancreatic duct hepatic duct hepatic portal system
cystic duct
Air in the pathway of the respiratory system pleural space dead space mediastinum inspiration
dead space
Define respiratory alkalosis rise in CO2, lower pH decreased CO2, lower pH rise in CO2, higher pH decreased CO2, higher pH
decreased CO2, higher pH
Find the term that best defines swallowing, the movement of chewed ingesta into the pharynx and the esophagus: inappetence deglutition enterolith monogastric
deglutition
The liver is located just caudal to the diaphragm. mesentery. omentum. stomach.
diaphragm
Which of the following contracts during inspiration? internal intercostal muscles pectoral muscle diaphragm latissimus dorsi
diaphragm
Which term best describes the canine estrous cycle? diestrous polyestrous seasonally polyestrous induced ovulators
diestrous
In the alveolus, oxygen ___________ from the alveolar air into the blood of the alveolar capillary. is pumped is actively transported moves via osmosis diffuses
diffuses
When does the epiglottis cover the glottis? during swallowing during voice production during breathing during ventilation
during swallowing
Which of the following protein sources has the highest biological value? soy bean egg chicken liver
egg
Many neurotransmitters are broken down by: enzymes. hormones. potassium. sodium.
enzymes
Which neurotransmitter is released at the postganglionic synapse of sympathetic nerves?
epinephrine
Find the term that best defines belching, the oral release of gas from the stomach jaundice peristalsis eructation deglutition
eructation
Rising amounts of this hormone in the blood cause the anterior pituitary to produce less and less follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). progestins estrogen oxytocin prolactin
estrogen
Ovulation will occur during, or shortly after, the onset of ___________. metestrus proestrus anestrus estrus
estrus
Define flatulence
excessive gas formation in the intestinal tract
Amount of air expired over the tidal volume: residual volume minimal volume expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
Where does fertilization USUALLY take place? fallopian tube round ligament vagina uterus
fallopian tube
Digestive enzymes in the ruminant are produced by glands in and along the intestinal tract in ruminant digestion (T/F)
false
Spermatozoa make up the majority of the total volume of semen. (T/F)
false
To generate a cough, the glottis closes so that air can build up in front of it. (T/F)
false
Vitamins A, D, and E are potent antioxidants. (T/F)
false
Which nutrient is most susceptible to oxidation and rancidity? protein fat carbohydrate fiber
fat
Which nutrient provides the highest level of kcal/g? carbohydrates fats minerals protein
fats
Select the term that best defines complex carbohydrates that are not digested by carnivores: fiber essential nutrients enteral omnivore
fiber
Find the term that best defines the microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract: anorexia pharynx rumen fistula flora
flora
Define bifurcation
fork, branch into two parts
Which of the following sugars can be transported across the brush border cell membrane and absorbed into the body? sucrose galactose glycogen maltose
galactose
Select the term that best defines a knotlike mass of neuron cell bodies located outside of the CNS: stupor sciatic nerve ganglion hyperesthesia
ganglion
Define alimentation
giving or receiving nutrients
Diffusion
going from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Which animals are hindgut fermenters?
guinea pigs, cows and rats
Select the term that best defines the ridges and grooves of the cerebral cortex: ganglion parasympathetic gyri/sulci epidural
gyri/sulci
What forms the floor of the nose? soft palate hard palate common nasal meatus ventral turbinate
hard palate
Find the term that best defines the sacculations and longitudinal smooth muscle bands of the cecum and colon as found in swine and horses: flatulence haustra/teniae flora deglutition
haustra/teniae
In which animal does the left lung consist of just one large lobe? cow dog horse pig
horse
In which animal would you expect to find diffuse attachment of the placenta to the uterus during pregnancy? sheep horse dog cow
horse
Which of the following animals does not have an os penis? dog walrus raccoon horse
horse
Which of the following species are considered "hind gut" fermenters? cows goats cats horses
horses
What happens when we "bag" the patient while under anesthesia hypoventilation hyperventilation lung collapse rise in CO2
hyperventilation
Core temperature receptors are located in the: hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland adrenal gland
hypothalamus
Where is the pampiniform plexus located? in the scrotum in the seminiferous tubules in the spermatic cord in the vas deferens
in the spermatic cord
If the chemical control system detects a rise in the blood level of CO2 it signals the respiratory center to ______________ the rate and depth of respiration. decrease stop increase hyperventilate
increase
Amount of air inspired over tidal volume: residual volume minimal volume expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume
inspiratory reserve volume
Where do the cilia of the sinuses send fluid and debris? into the nasal passages directly into the pharynx into the neighboring sinuses directly into the larynx
into the nasal passages
Select the term that best defines insertion of the penis into the vagina: monestrous intromission inguinal rings coital lock
intromission
When an animal starts breaking down body fat to compensate for a caloric deficiency in its diet, __ are released into the bloodstream. amino acids ketones monosaccharides polysaccharides
ketones
The nitrogen balance in a body is maintained by excretion of nitrogen primarily by the: kidneys. large intestine. lungs. stomach.
kidneys
Complex reflexes are mediated through certain centers in the brain. The medulla oblongata contains reflex centers for all of the following except: Heart contractions Swallowing Vomiting Knee jerk
knee jerk
In ruminants amino acids are absorbed from the intestinal mucosa and transported to the by the bloodstream. kidney liver pancreas spleen
liver
Where are bile acids made? stomach liver pancreas spleen
liver
Where is albumin produced? endocrine pancreas exocrine pancreas gall bladder liver
liver
What is the name of a nasal passageway in the nose? turbinate conchae septum meatus
meatus
The body has two main systems that control breathing: a/an ___________ system and a chemical system. mechanical inspiration expiration olfactory
mechanical
The space from the endotracheal tube where it leaves the mouth, through the oxygen hoses to the oxygen tank physiological dead space mechanical dead space pleural dead space anatomical dead space
mechanical dead space
Where do the heart, thymus, great vessels, lymph nodes, esophagus, trachea and nerves lie within the thorax? pleural space parietal pleura mediastinum peritoneal cavity
mediastinum
This supplies a rich network of blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the brain and spinal cord: cerebrospinal fluid meninges brain stem blood-brain barrier
meninges
The brush border of the small intestines is made up of microvilli. plicae. rugae. villi.
microvilli
Amount of air left in alveoli after the lung collapses tidal volume residual volume minimal volume vital capacity
minimal volume
The amount of air an animal needs every 60 seconds minute volume minimal volume residual volume tidal volume
minute volume
Which teeth in both carnivores and herbivores typically have flatter occlusal surfaces used for grinding? molars premolars canines incisors
molars
What layer of small intestine has villi with brush borders? muscular mucosal serosal submucosal
mucosal
Slime-like substance that is composed of glandular secretion, salts, cells, and leukocytes: surfactant mucus pleural fluid parenchyma
mucus
The ciliated epithelium that lines the trachea has a layer of __ on top of it to trap foreign debris. mucigel. mucor. mucous. mucus.
mucus
Select the term that best defines female who has born multiple offspring during multiple gestations: cotyledon/caruncle multiparous polyestrous ectopic pregnancy
multiparous
In the stretch reflex, this structure is stretched and sends impulses via the somatic sensory neuron to the spinal cord: muscle spindle cell membrane axon dendrite
muscle spindle
Select the term that best defines insulating lipid layer covering some neurons in the brain and spinal cord and most peripheral nerves: paraplegia proprioception myelin ipsilateral
myelin
This tissue transmits information around the body and controls body functions: nervous connective muscle epithelial
nervous
Define essential nutrients
nutrients that the body can not synthesize and must be obtained in the diet
Another name for the buccal cavity is the: esophagus. larynx. oral cavity. pharynx.
oral cavity
The upper respiratory tract includes all structures caudal to the pharynx. cranial to the pharynx. inside the lungs. outside the lungs.
outside the lungs
The cranio-sacral division of the autonomic nervous system is also known as the: sympathetic nervous system cranial nerves vagus nerve parasympathetic system
parasympathetic system
wave of contractions of smooth muscles to propel food through the intestines peristalsis emesis prehension melena
peristalsis
The anatomical dead space plus the volume of air in any alveoli that are not being used or are not working: physiological dead space mechanical dead space pleural dead space anatomical dead space
physiological dead space
The potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura is the parenchyma stroma diaphragmatic space pleural space
pleural space
Which teeth are described as "cutting teeth" in both carnivores and herbivores? premolars incisors molars canines
premolars
What hormone is produced by the corpus luteum during diestrus? follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) lutenizing hormone (LH) testosterone progesterone
progesterone
Dogs have only one accessory sex gland called the: prostate gland bulbourethral gland ampulla seminal vesicle
prostate gland
What does pepsin break down? fats proteins carbohydrates sugars
proteins
What part of the stomach is responsible for most of the grinding up of swallowed food and regulates hydrochloric acid? pyloric antrum cardia body fundus
pyloric antrum
What is the anatomic term where food exits the stomach and enters the small intestine? fundus esophagus pylorus greater curvature
pylorus
In which animal is the length of the heat more unpredictable? bitch mare queen sow
queen
Define respiratory acidosis: rise in CO2, lower pH decreased CO2, lower pH rise in CO2, higher pH decreased CO2, higher pH
rise in CO2, lower pH
If the carbon dioxide level in blood decreases, the pH usually _____ and respiration _____. rises, increases lowers, increases rises, decreases lowers, decreases
rises, decreases
Milk in this compartment in a young ruminant can seriously disrupt normal fermentation. rumen reticulum omasum abomasum
rumen
The digestive compartment of ruminants is a series of muscular sacs separated from each other by long, muscular folds of wall called pillars. reticulum abomasum rumen omasum
rumen
What organs play a part in both lubrication and digestion? tongue and teeth lips and oropharynx duodenum and large intestine salivary glands
salivary glands
major peripheral nerve of the hind limb coursing caudal to the femur
sciatic nerve
Which of the following structures contributes to phonation in some way? epithelium of the nasal passages blood pH sinuses olfactory sense
sinuses
Somatic reflex arcs involve: smooth muscle endocrine glands cardiac muscle skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle
What bridges the gap between the ends of each cartilage ring in the trachea? skeletal muscle fibrous cartilage ligaments smooth muscle
smooth muscle
What structure divides the rostral part of the pharynx into the oropharynx and nasopharynx? Tongue Hard palate Epiglottis Soft palate
soft palate
During which stage of labor does the dam attempt to build a nest for her offspring? stage three stage one stage two stage four
stag one
Define mentation:
state of mind, mental activity
What is the name of the passageway from the teat sinus to the outside in a mammary gland? alveolar duct streak canal gland sinus teat
streak canal
What helps decrease surface tension within alveoli? mucus cilia water surfactant
surfactant
The study of animal reproduction is called: genealogy embryology fetology theriogenology
theriogenology
The amount if air exchanged during normal respiration tidal volume residual volume minimal volume vital capacity
tidal volume
The position of the esophagus in relation to the trachea as it travels down the neck is: dorsal to the trachea. to the left of the trachea. to the right of the trachea. ventral to the trachea.
to the left of the trachea
(regarding carbohydrates) The brain relies almost exclusively on glucose for energy. (T/F)
true
Mucus in the stomach lining is not digested by pepsin. (T/F)
true
The rumen carries out fermentative processes that create energy and cellular building material. (T/F)
true
Entrance to the vagina; part of the vulva. cervix vestibule ovary uterine horn
vestibule
The __ pleura overlays organs in the body. Parietal Viscous Partial Visceral
visceral
What membrane covers the structures in the thorax? visceral peritoneum parietal pleura visceral pleura mediastinum
visceral pleura
Which structure is invisible to the naked eye? visceral vaginal tunic tunica albuginea common vaginal tunic pampiniform plexus
visceral vaginal tunic
Largest amount of air that can be moved in the lung (TV+IRV+ERV) tidal volume residual volume minimal volume vital capacity
vital capacity
Which of the following is/are antioxidants? vitamin E, vitamin C L-Carnitine Vitamin K Krebs cycles
vitamin E, vitamin C
The three main condition functions of the nasal passages are
warming, humidifying, filtering
Which of the following substances are not stored in the body when consumed in excess, making toxicity nearly impossible? Potassium Fat-soluble vitamins Vit. A water-soluble vitamins
water-soluble vitamins
