Assessment Midterm Chapters 1-7, 12

Which of the following represents the most appropriate strategy by which to support the validity of​ score-based interpretations for specific​ uses?

Generation of an​ evidence-laden validity argument in support of a particular​ usage-specified score interpretation

This illustrative​ short-answer item was written for a​ third-grade class. The purpose is to help both the teacher and the students determine how well those students had achieved mastery of a recent​ state-approved language arts curriculum goal. Please write your answer legibly. ​_____________ is a good​ one-word description for​ commas, periods, question​ marks, and colons. Which statement most accurately describes the illustrative​ item?

A. For young students such as these third​ graders, direct questions should be used instead of incomplete statements so the illustrative item violates an​ item-writing guideline for​ short-answer items.

Which of the following is not a step in the four steps for creating a learning​ progression?

A. Form a basic and introductory understanding of a target curricular aim.

Which of the following is the most useful indicator of the consistency of an individual student's test performance?

A standard error of measurement

Please select the one answer that most accurately identifies the particular​ item's "quoted" reason for teachers to know about assessment.​ "Teachers need to give classroom assessments in order to assign grades to students indicating how well each student has attained the learning outcomes set for​ them." This​ is:

A. A traditional reason for teachers to know about assessment

Considering the knowledge​ you've gained regarding formative assessment in this​ chapter, which of the following characteristics of a class discussion could yield formative assessment​ information?

A. Class discussions that show what students are thinking.

Which of the following best captures the testing comparison between NCLB and ESSA?

A. ESSA permits greater state-determinations of testing than NCLB.

Classroom assessment in public schools is often a function of federal legislation. Which of the following pieces of legislation is historically considered to have had the greatest impact on public school testing​ policies?

A. Elementary and Secondary Education Act​ (ESEA) of 1965

Which of the following questions is not an element in a research-supported conception of formative assessment?

A. Formative assessment should be used only by teachers to adjust their ongoing instructional activities.

Decisions linked to classroom assessments should be made​ _____________.

A. In advance

Which term best describes the type of measurement that would yield the following​ feedback: Jonathan scored within the 92nd percentile on the​ SAT?

A. Norm-referenced measurement

Which of the following​ non-profit organizations played a significant role in the rapid adoption of the Common Core State Standards​?

A. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Which of the five general​ item-writing commandments is most likely violated in the following​ question: When you scrupulously measure​ students' performance, you are assessing them. a. True b. False

A. Thou shall not use vocabulary that is more advanced than required.

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act contains various subsections referred to as​ "titles." Which of the following​ "titles" gets the most attention​ (and funding) from​ policymakers?

A. Title I

Please assume you are a​ middle-school English teacher​ who, despite this​ chapter's urging that you​ rarely, if​ ever, collect reliability evidence for your own​ tests, stubbornly decides to do so for all of your midterm and final exams. Although you wish to determine the reliability of your tests for the group of students in each of your​ classes, you only wish to administer the tests destined for such reliability analyses on one​ occasion, not two or more. Given this​ constraint, which of the following coefficients would be most suitable for your​ reliability-determination purposes?

An​ internal-consistency reliability coefficient

How does "classification consistency" differ conceptually from more traditional indicators of test reliability?

Classification-consistency approaches are focused more on capturing the degree of students' consistent categorizations rather than supplying only numerical indices of students' score consistency.

Which of the following terms best describes the means teachers employ in their attempt to promote​ students' achievement of the curricular ends being​ sought?

D. Instruction

Which of the five general​ item-writing commandments is most likely violated in the following​ question: Any time a teacher measures the performance of​ students, the teacher tests the students. a. true b. false

D. None of the five general​ item-writing commandments have been violated.

Which of the following is a consequence of a collaborative effort by the National​ Governor's Association​ (NGA) and the Council of Chief State School Officers​ (CCSSO)?

D. The Common Core State Standards​ (CCSS)

Which of the following is generally conceded to be a key component of formative assessment?

D. The framework provided by a learning progression's building blocks

Which of the following conceptions of assessment validity is most constant with the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing released in 2014 by AERA, APA, and NCME?

The accuracy of score-based interpretations for intended test uses

Which of the following is not one of the three types of reliability​ evidence?

Validity

Which of the following descriptions of validity is most accurate?

Validity refers to the accuracy of score-based interpretations for specific purposes.

If educators wish to accurately estimate the likelihood of consistent decisions about students who score at or near a​ high-stakes test's previously determined​ cut-score, which of the following indicators would be most useful for this​ purpose?

A conditional standard error of measurement​ (near the​ cut-score)

Which one of the following statements could be technically correct?

"The test-based inference is valid."

Reliability coefficients range from​ ________________.

-1.00 to​ +1.00

These illustrative​ short-answer items were created for use in a​ 12th-grade English course and are intended to be used in the​ course's midterm exam. Please complete the​ short-answer items below by filling in the blank you will find in each item. o​ __________ is the case to be employed with all modifiers of gerundsdefinitely including pronouns. o A​ __________ infinitive​ that, in former​ times, was regarded as a grammatical error is now acceptably encountered in all kinds of writing. Which of the following assertions best reflects how these two​ short-answer items conform to the​ chapter's item-writing guidelines for such items.

A. there is the same violation of an​ item-writing guideline in both items.

Which of the following conclusions regarding multiple binary-choice items has not been supported by available research?

C. These items are a bit less difficult for students than multiple-choice items.

Which statement best characterized this nation's current use of formative assessment?

B. Although research-supported, formative assessment is not widely used.

One of the following rules for the construction of essay items is accurate. The other three rules are not. Which is the correct rule?

B. Construct all essay items so the student's task for each item is unambiguously described.

Which term best describes the type of measurement that would yield the following​ feedback: Jonathan mastered 92 percent of the tested​ content?

B. Criterion-referenced measurement

Which of the following is not a general item-writing rule for classroom assessments?

B. Do not inform students about how much the items on a test will be weighted.

Which of the following answer choices depicts the chronologically accurate development of assessment legislation in the United​ States?

B. ESEA, NCLB, ESSA

Which of the following rules is often recommended for the generation of matching items?

B. Employ relatively brief lists, placing the shorter words or phrases at the right.

One of the important rules to be followed in creating multiple binary-choice items is that:

B. Item clusters should be strikingly separated from one another.

Please select the one answer that most accurately identifies the particular​ item's "quoted" reason for teachers to know about assessment.​ "Just as physicians need to know about​ patients' blood pressure and what it​ indicates, teachers need to know about educational testing. It is simply part of what a solid educational professional needs to​ understand." This​ is:

B. Neither a traditional reason nor one of​ today's reasons for teachers to know about assessment

This excerpt from a​ teacher's memo includes​ faculty-created rules for scoring their​ students' responses to essay items. The following rules for scoring​ students' responses to essay items were created last year by our faculty and were approved by a near unanimous vote of the faculty. Please review what those rules recommend prior to our taking this​ year's "confirmatory" faculty vote on these rules. RULES FOR SCORING RESPONSES TO ESSAY ITEMS When teachers in this school score their​ students' responses to essay​ items, those teachers should always​ (1) make a preliminary judgment about how much importance should be assigned to the conventions of​ writing, such as​ spelling, (2) decide whether to score holistically or​ analytically, (3) prepare a tentative scoring key prior to actually scoring​ students' responses,​ (4) try to score​ students' responses anonymously without knowing which student supplied which​ response, and​ (5) score a given​ student's responses to all essay items on a test and then move on to the next​ student's responses. Please select the most accurate assertion regarding these rules.

B. Only one of the​ faculty-approved rules is basically opposed to the Chapter 7 guidelines for scoring​ students' responses to essay items.

Select the one accurate guideline below for teachers who are scoring students' responses to essay items.

B. Prepare at least a tentative scoring key in advance of judging students' responses to any item.

Consider the following illustrative​ binary-choice item. For this next​ True/False item, indicate whether the​ item's statement is true or false by circling the T or F following the item. Matching items should employ homogenous​ lists, but should seek to achieve relative brevity.​ (Circle one: T or​ F) Which statement best describes the illustrative​ item?

B. The illustrative​ True/False item violates one of the​ item-category guidelines by including two substantial concepts in a single item.

Here's an illustrative​ short-response item intended for use with​ ninth-graders in a​ high-school government​ course: Please accurately fill in the blanks you find in the statement given below regarding​ "Western Exploration and​ Expansion." In​ _______, _______ and​ _______ explored what ultimately became the​ _______ section of the northwestern United States with the assistance of a​ native-American guide known as​ _______. Select the most accurate of the following statements regarding this illustrative​ short-answer item.

B. The item satisfies the guideline regarding linear​ equality, yet violates the​ number-of-blanks guideline.

Consider whether the following​ binary-choice item adheres to the​ item-writing guidelines presented in the text. Presented below is a​ binary-choice item. Please indicate - by circling the R or W - whether the statement given in the item is right​ (R) or wrong​ (W). R or​ W: ​ Absence-of-bias determinations are typically made as a function of judgmental scrutiny​ and, when​ possible, empirical analysis. Which statement best describes the illustrative​ item?

B. The item violates none of the​ chapter's guidelines, either the five general guidelines or the specific guidelines for​ binary-choice items.

Consider the illustrative​ binary-choice item.Please decide whether the following statement regarding the reliability of educational tests is True or False. Please place a check behind the True or False to indicate your answer. True​ ___ ​ False___ When determining a​ test's classification​ consistency, there is no need to consider the cut score employed nor that cut​ score's location in the score distribution. Which statement best describes the illustrative​ item?

B. This illustrative item violates the​ item-specific guideline regarding the use of negative statements in a​ binary-choice item.

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP):

B. assesses national samples of U.S. students at three grade levels every few years in certain academic subjects.

When educators collect​ test-based evidence to inform decisions about already completed instructional activities they are engaging in a basic form of​ _____________________.

B. summative assessment

Please select the one answer that most accurately identifies the particular​ item's "quoted" reason for teachers to know about assessment. ​"Wishing that students will make progress does not guarantee that students actually will do so. And this is why I believe teachers have a fundamental responsibility to monitor their​ students' progress throughout the school year. I try to administer informal​ progress-monitoring quizzes every few weeks to make sure my instruction is​ "taking." If my instruction is not working as well as I want it to​ work, then I can make modifications in my upcoming teaching plans.​ Assessment-based monitoring of​ students' progress is so very sensible that​ it's hard for me to understand why it is not more widely used. This​ is:

C. A traditional reason for teachers to know about assessment

Which of the following terms refers to the degree to which there is a meaningful agreement between two or more of the​ following: curriculum,​ instruction, and​ assessment?

C. Alignment

Consider the following test item. Your primary concern in selecting techniques to assess a learning objective or objectives should be classroom practicality and efficiency. a. True b. False

C. Binary-choice

Which category of test items best describes the following​ item: According to​ educators, one of the major advantages of the Every Student Succeeds Act is that it forces schools and teachers to focus only on the important material included in the state test. a. True b. False

C. Binary-choice

These​ standards, released by the Council of Chief State School Officers and the National Governors Association for Best Practices were an attempt to establish continuity and consistency across varying state curricular aims.

C. Common Core State Standards

One of the most commonly misused terms in educational jargon is the word​ "standards." In​ reality, there is no​ singular, all-encompassing concept of a​ standard, but rather more specific subtypes of educational standards. Which of the following subtypes of standards could best be described as​ "the knowledge or skills that educators want students to​ learn"?

C. Content standard

Which of the following pieces of federal legislation attempts to install greater degrees of flexibility so that states and districts can particularize their programs for implementing chief provisions of the current successor to​ ESEA?

C. ESSA

Which of the following is a generally recommended item-writing rule for matching items?

C. In the test's directions, describe the basis for matching and the number of times a response can be used.

Consider the following​ test-item. Which of the following decisions requires educators to use quality assessment​ information? a. Choosing who should get into this college b. Deciding what reading group a student should be placed in c. Determining whether a student is legally disabled d. All of the above e. Only​ (a) and​ (b) Which category best describes this​ item?

C. Multiple choice

Which of the following pieces of federal legislation had notably been an attempt at reversing the growing achievement gap that left poor and minority students in failing schools while requiring a​ "show us" approach to student​ evaluation?

C. No Child Left Behind

Please select the one answer that most accurately identifies the particular​ item's "quoted" reason for teachers to know about assessment. ​"Just a year​ ago, the voters in our school district voted favorably in a huge​ school-levy election that brought in substantial tax dollars for our schools. Most of the​ district's teachers are convinced that this positive support for the schools was based on our​ schools' consistently high rankings on the​ state's annual accountability​ tests." This​ is:

C. One of ​today's reasons for teachers to know about assessment

Which of the rules given below accurately reflects one of the guidelines generally given to classroom teachers who must score students' responses to essay items?

C. Prepare a tentative scoring key prior to judging any student's response-being ready to modify it if this seems warranted during the scoring.

Which of the following is not an item-writing rule for the creation of binary-choice items?

C. Rarely use statements containing double negatives, although single or triple negatives are acceptable.

Which of the following should be most influential in guiding those who create educational tests?

C. The AERA-APA-NCME Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing

This illustrative​ short-answer item was constructed for​ 10th-grade students. Following World War​ II, an international organization intended to maintain world peace was​ established, namely, the United Nations.​ Similarly, after World War I a​ peace-oriented international organization was established. What was the name of that earlier​ organization? Which of the following statements best mirrors the degree to which the illustrative item is in accord with Chapter​ 7's guidelines for writing​ short-answer items?

C. The illustrative item violates none of the​ chapter's guidelines for writing​ short-answer items.

Here is an illustrative​ response-scoring plan devised by a​ high-school Latin teacher. Please review how the teacher plans to evaluate​ students' Latin​ compositions, then select the option that most accurately describes the​ teacher's scoring intentions. A Latin teacher in an urban high school​ (that has a long and​ oft-honored history of preparing students for​ college) frequently expresses during faculty meetings her complete disdain for what she calls​ "multiple-guess exams." As part of her annual​ teacher-evaluation evidence, she has been asked by her​ school's principal to present a written description of how she plans to evaluate​ students' responses to her​ constructed-response items. Please consider the following description supplied by the​ teacher, then select from four alternatives the most accurate comment regarding this​ teacher's scoring plans. ​"I plan to score my​ students' essay responses​ holistically, not​ analytically, because I invariably ask students to generate brief essays in which they must incorporate at least half of the new vocabulary terms encountered during the previous week. I supply students with a set of explicit evaluative criteria that I will incorporate in arriving at a​ single, overall judgment of an​ essay's quality.​ Actually, I always​ pre-weight each of these evaluative criteria and post those weights for students in advance of their tackling this task. Because this is a course emphasizing the writing of Latin​ (rather than oral​ Latin), I make it clear to my studentswell in advancethat grammar and the other mechanics of writing are very important. When I score​ students' essays, if there is more than one essay per​ test, I score all of Essay One before moving on to Essay Two. Because I want these students to​ become, in a​ sense, Latin​ "journalists," I require that they clearly identify themselves with a byline at the outset of each essay. This scoring​ system, based on nearly 20 years of my teaching Latin to hundreds of our​ school's students, really​ works." Select the statement that most accurately depicts this​ teacher's scoring plans.

C. The​ teacher's approach violates one of the​ chapter's essay-scoring guidelines.

This illustrative essay item was written for​ 11th-grade students taking an English course. In the space provided in your test​ booklet, please compose a brief editorial​ (of 250 words or​ less) in favor of the school​ district's after-school tutorial program. The intended audience for your position statement consists of those people who routinely read this​ town's weekly newspaper. Because you will have the entire class period to complete this​ task, you may wish to write a draft editorial using the scratch paper provided so that you can then revise the draft before copying your final version into the test booklet. Your grade on this task will contribute 40 percent toward the grade for the​ six-week persuasive writing unit. Which statement best characterizes this​ item?

C. This illustrative item contains no serious violation of any of the​ chapter's guidelines for writing essay items.

Consider the following illustrative​ five-option multiple-choice item. It addresses content presented in the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing​ (2014) related to the fundamental notion of assessment validity. When we encounter a test whose scores are affected by processes that are quite extraneous to the​ test's intended​ purpose, we assert that the test displays which one of the​ following? a. Construct underrepresentation b. Construct deficiency c. Construct corruption d.​ Construct-irrelevant variance e. All of the above Which statement best describes the illustrative​ item?

C. This illustrative​ item, because it includes an​ "all of the​ above" alternative, violates an important​ item-writing guideline.

Consider the following test item. To what​ purpose, and for what​ end-goal, is diagnostic assessment​ done? a. To ascertain the achievement level of the students. b. To ascertain the specific strengths and weaknesses of the students. c. To ascertain the effectiveness of teaching.

C. Thou shall not employ complex syntax in your assessment items.

Which of the five general​ item-writing commandments is violated in the following test​ item? Complete the following sentence. In multiple​ choice-items, the first part of the​ item, given drawing its name from plant​ biology, is called the​ _______. a. stem b. cluster c.​ binary-choice d.​ test-item

C. Thou shall not provide students with unintentional clues regarding appropriate responses.

Which of the following is not a traditional reason that teachers assess students?

C. To clarify instructional intentions

Of the following four statements, one is not a guideline to be followed when constructing multiple-choice items. Which statement is it?

C. To keep stems brief, place most words in an item's alternatives.

Presented below are four item-writing rules. Which one is a guideline often recommended for the construction of short-answer items?

C. Typically employ direct questions rather than incomplete statements, especially for young students.

Suppose that the developers of a new science achievement test had inadvertently laden their​ test's items with​ gender-based stereotypes regarding the role of women in science​ and, when the new test was​ given, the test scores of girls were markedly lower than the test scores of boys. Which of the following deficits most likely accounts for this gender disparity in​ students' scores?

Construct-irrelevant variance

Ms. Brown attempted to design an assessment that assessed the reading comprehension of her students in regard to their ability to comprehend informative text. After reviewing her drafted​ assessment, she realized she had relied on other kinds of text and had not included an adequate amount of informative text. Which phrase best describes Mrs.​ Brown's mistake?

Content underrepresentation

When students' test scores are-as predicted-correlated positively with those students' scores on a test aimed at a similar measurement mission, of what is this an example?

Convergent validity evidence

Which is the most appropriate description of a learning​ progression?

D. A learning progression is an ordered sequence of the stuff a student must learn so as to achieve a significant curricular outcome.

Which of the following types of assessment targets a​ student's attitudes,​ interests, and​ values?

D. Affective assessment

Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why the word assessment may be used over the word​ testing?

D. Assessment is a broader descriptor of the type of measurement practices in which teachers engage.

This illustrative item is intended for use in a​ middle-school American history course. ​ Directions: Remembering the class discussions of​ America's current immigration​ issues, please provide a brief essay on each of the issues cited below. You will have a full​ 50-minute class period to complete this​ examination, and you should divide your​ essay-writing efforts equally between the two topics. In grading your twin​ essays, equal weight will be given to each essay.​ Remember, compose two clear essays - one for each issue. Your Two Essay Topics 1. Why would some form of​ "amnesty" for illegal aliens be a helpful solution to at least part of​ today's U.S. immigration​ problems? 2. Why would some form of​ "amnesty" for illegal aliens be a disastrous solution to​ today's U.S. immigration​ problems? Which of the following statements most accurately describes the match between the illustrative item and the Chapter 7 guidelines for creating essay​ items?

D. At least one of the​ chapter's guidelines has been explicitly followed in the illustrative item.

Please select the one answer that most accurately identifies the particular​ item's "quoted" reason for teachers to know about assessment. ​"I was quite surprised when our​ state's department of education insisted that each of the​ state's teachers collect accurate evidence of their​ students' growth because such evidence was to be used in evaluating all of the​ state's teachers. I​ have, for my entire​ career, collected pretest and posttest evidence of my​ students' achievement status because this helps meirrespective of what the state wants me to dodetermine which​ changes, if​ any, are needed during next​ year's instruction." This​ is:

D. Both a traditional reason and one of​ today's reasons for teachers to know about assessment

This illustrative essay item was written for sixth graders. Thinking back over the mathematics lessons and homework assignments that you received during the past 12​ weeks, what mathematical conclusions can you​ draw? Describe those conclusions in no more than 300​ words, written by hand on the​ test-booklets provided or as a printed copy of your conclusions composed on one of our classroom computers. Select the statement that most accurately appraises this essay item for​ sixth-grade students.

D. Despite its adherence to one of the​ chapter's item-writing guidelines for essay​ items, the depiction of a​ student's task renders the item dysfunctional.

Which of the following is an item-writing guideline for the construction of multiple-choice items?

D. Don't ever use "all-of-the-above" alternatives, but use a "none-of-the-above" alternative to increase an item's difficulty.

Which of the following is a recommended item-writing rule for the construction of binary-choice items?

D. Employ a roughly equal number of statements representing the two categories being tested.

The Common Core State Standards were an attempt to outline what students should know at each grade level in which of the following​ subjects?

D. English Language Arts and Mathematics

Which represents the most appropriate definition of formative​ assessment?

D. Formative assessment is a planned process in which​ assessment-elicited evidence of​ students' status is used by teachers to adjust their ongoing instructional procedures or by students to adjust their current learning tactics.

This illustrative item is destined for use in a​ high-school speech course​ that, in recent​ weeks, has been focused on debate preparation.​ Directions: To conclude our unit on how to prepare successfully for a​ debate, please consider carefully the following​ preparation-focused topics. After doing​ so, choose one that you regard as most important - to you - and then write a 300-400 word essay describing how best to prepare for whatever topic you chose. Be sure to identify which of the potential topics you have selected. You will have 40 minutes to prepare your essay. Potential Essay Topics Introducing your position and defending it Use of evidence during the body of the debate Preparing for your​ opponents' rebuttal Please choose the statement that most accurately reflects the illustrative​ item's congruence with Chapter​ 7's guidelines for writing essay items.

D. The illustrative item is structured in direct opposition to one of the​ chapter's guidelines for writing essay items.

Consider the illustrative​ three-option multiple-choice​ item: An anonymously​ completed, self-report item regarding a​ student's values - an item that has no clearly correct answer - is best suited for use in​ an: a. cognitive examination b. affective inventory c. psychomotor skills test Which statement best characterizes the illustrative​ item?

D. The illustrative item violates a general​ item-writing guideline by providing a blatant grammatical clue to the correct answer.

Consider the illustrative​ three-option multiple-choice item. Schools often purchase​ shorter-duration tests in an attempt to assist classroom teachers in adjusting their instructional activities to the progress of their students. These tests are an example of an​ ___________: a. interim assessment b.​ computer-based assessment c. constructed response Which of the five general​ item-writing principles has been​ violated?

D. Thou shall not provide students with unintentional clues regarding appropriate responses.

Proper formative assessment is conducted​ ___________________.

D. during the instructional process

Which of the following was a major shift in the 2014 AERA-APA-NCME Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing?

Defining assessment validity as inference-accuracy for a specific purpose.

Cronbach's coefficient alpha and the Kuder-Richardson reliability formulae are examples of:

Internal-consistency coefficients

If Mr. Higgins, a fourth-grade teacher, tries to evaluate his major exams by ascertaining the degree to which his test's items are functioning in a similar manner, what kind of test-evaluative evidence is this?

Internal-consistency reliability evidence

The standard error of measurement is focused chiefly on:

None of the above

What kind of evidence is most eagerly sought by the commercial testing firms that develop academic aptitude tests?

Relations to other variables evidence of validity

Based on the 2014 edition of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing​, and on common​ sense, which one of the following statements about​ students' test results represents a potentially appropriate phrasing​ that's descriptive of a set of​ students' test​ performances?

Students' scores on the test permit valid interpretations for this​ test's use.

Which of the following sources of validity evidence are teachers most likely to collect?

Test content

Classroom teachers are most apt to focus on which of the following?

Test content evidence of validity

A history teacher, Mrs. Scroggins, tries to determine the consistency of her tests by occasionally re-administering them to her students, then seeing how much similarity there was in the way her students performed. What kind of reliability evidence is Mrs. Scroggins attempting to collect?

Test-retest

If a multistate assessment consortium has generated a new performance test of​ students' oral communication skills and wishes to verify that​ students' scores on the performance test remain relatively similar regardless of the time during the school year when the test was​ completed, which of the following kinds of consistency evidence would be most​ appropriate?

Test-retest evidence of reliability

Stability data regarding assessment consistency is an instance of:

Test-retest reliability

Validity evidence can be collected from a number of sources. For​ instance, suppose that a mathematics test has been built by a school​ district's officials to help identify those​ middle-school students who are unlikely to pass a statewide​ 11th-grade high-school diploma test. The new test will routinely be given to the​ district's seventh-grade students. To secure evidence supporting the validity of this kind of predictive​ application, the new test will be administered to current​ seventh-graders, and the​ seventh-grade tests will also be given to the​ district's current​ eleventh-graders. This will permit the​ eleventh-graders' two sets of test results to be compared. Which best describes this source of validity​ evidence?

The relationship of​ 11th-graders' performances on the two tests

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship among the three sanctioned forms of reliability evidence?

The three forms of evidence represent fundamentally different ways of representing a test's consistency.

What is the chief function of validity evidence when employed to confirm the accuracy of​ score-based interpretations about​ test-takers' status in relation to specific uses of an educational​ test?

To support relevant propositions in a validity argument​ that's marshaled to determine the defensibility of certain​ score-based interpretations

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between students' aptitude and their achievement?

Whereas aptitude tends to reflect potential, achievement tends to reflect prior learning.

Reliability refers to the​ ___________________.

consistency of the test scores