ASTRONOMY 1010 Questions from Quizzes

According to Newton's Universal law of Gravity, the force of gravity between two masses _____________ when the masses are moved apart. a. decreases b. stays the same c. does not depend on mass d. increases

A

Compared to your mass here on Earth, your mass in a space capsule in transit to the Moon will be ____________. a. the same b. much smaller c. zero d. much larger

A

If you were making a scale model of Earth's internal layers represented by a piece of fruit. The Earth's crust would be about the thickness of _______________ . a. the skin of an apple b. the flesh of a pumpkin c. the rind of a water melon d. the peel of an orange

A

Mercury has a spin-orbit resonance ratio of __________ because its orbit is ___________ . a. 3:2, fairly eccentric b. 2:3, tilted by a measurable angle away from the ecliptic plane c. 1:1 like the Moon, the closest to the Sun d. 1:1 like the Moon, almost circular

A

The Moon's surface has two types of general, large scale regions. Which of the choices below corresponds to the region that is mostly dark, smooth, nearly circular, and low lying? a. Maria b. Highlands c. Sinuous rille D. bowl-shaped impact crater

A

The Sun is at the focus of a planet's orbit. Which of Kepler's laws describes this? a. First Law (orbital shape) b. Second Law (equal areas in equal times) c. Third Law (relationship between period and size of orbit) d. None of the above because this is one of Kepler's laws

A

The Sun with its Solar System is located ________________ the Milky Way Galaxy. a. A little more than halfway from the center towards the edge of b. at the very edge of c. In the Andromeda Galaxy and nowhere near d. At the center of e. Far above

A

The first successful space mission to put a lander on Venus that returned images directly from its surface was _____________. a. Venera b. Viking c. Magellan d. Mariner

A

The gravitational tidal force between the Moon and the Earth ________________. a. affects the shape of both, the Earth and the Moon b. affects the shape of neither Earth nor Moon c. only affects the shape of the Earth but not the Moon d. only affects the shape of the Moon but not the Earth

A

The model of our solar system from which historical astronomer below is the simplest? a. Kepler b. Aristotle c. Copernicus d. Ptolemy e. Brahe

A

The new constellation that was added to the zodiac of the original constellations (from ancient times) is ___________. a. Ophiucus b. Polaris c. Aristarchus d. Hercules e. Pegasus

A

Which combinations of the following properties best describe a star? I - makes own light II - smaller, less massive III - massive, large IV - hot, ionized gas V - solids/liquids VI - reflects other's light a. II, V, VI b. I, III, IV c. II, IV, VI d. III, V, VI e. I, III, V

b

Two stars that are in the same constellation __________. a. appear in the same region in the sky but may be at very different distances from Earth b. are part of the same star cluster in space, so practically at the same distance from Earth c. hold each other in fixed positions with their gravitational forces d. have the same composition e. have the same age

A

Venus is unusual because of its retrograde rotation. This means that Venus ____________ . a. rotates in the opposite direction compared to its revolution b. rotates in such a way that the angle of its rotational axis and the ecliptic keeps changing c. changes its direction of rotation periodically d. rotates much slower than other planets

A

We have the largest ocean tides when the Moon and the Sun are ________________ in the sky. a. either in the same or exact opposite directions b. The Sun has no effect on Earth's ocean tides. c. in the same direction only (ocean tides are smallest if they are in exact opposite directions). d. exactly perpendicular to each other

A

We see different constellations throughout the year when looking at the sky at the same time each night. This is due to __________. a. Earth's revolution around the Sun b. The tilt of the Earths axis c. Earth's daily rotation d. The precession of Earth's axis e. The Moon's revolution around the Earth

A

What present day property of the Moon supports the Collisional Impact Theory of its formation? a. The types of rock that compose the Moon do not contain any water. b. The lunar crust is thinner on the near side than the far side. c. The Moon's rotation and revolution have a 1:1 ratio. d. None of these because the Collisional Impact Theory has been proven false

A

When it is summer in Australia, it is ________ in the USA a. winter b. spring c. summer d. fall e. it can be any one of the above because it is random

A

Which of the aspects below of the Ptolemaic model did Copernicus retain in his model? a. Planetary motion is governed by perfect circles. b. We live in a geocentric universe. c. Planetary motion is governed by ellipises. d. Earth is at the center of the heavens. e. The Sun is at the center of the solar system.

A

Which of the following features do ALL planets have in common? a. They revolve in the same direction b. They rotate in the same direction. c. Their orbits are nearly identical to circles d. They all have moons.

A

Which of the following gases can only be produced in large amounts by photosynthesis? a. oxygen b. nitrogen c. water vapor d. carbon dioxide

A

Which of the following geologic features is NOT located directly at a plate boundary? a. volcanic island chains b. mid-oceanic spreading ridges c. mountain ranges d. They are all located directly at a plate boundary.

A

Which of the following is a possible observation at 7 pm of the full Moon? a. rising in the east b. setting in the west c. highest in the sky d. low in the northern sky e. low in the southern sky

A

Which of the following layers of Earth's internal structure can P-waves NOT pass through? a. they can pass through all b. inner core c. mantle d. outer core

A

___________ is responsible for blocking harmful UV radiation from reaching Earth's surface and it is located in the ___________. a. Ozone, stratosphere b. Nitrous Oxides, Mesosphere c. Chlorofluoro Carbons, Ionosphere d. Carbon Dioxide, Troposphere

A

Kepler's third law (relationship between period and size of orbit) says in effect that planets ___________. a. further away from the Sun orbit faster than planets closer to the Sun b. further away from the Sun orbit slower than planets closer to the Sun c. move slower in their orbits as they near the Sun d. move faster in their orbits as they near the Sun

B

Explain what terms ellipse, eccentricity, and focus (foci) mean with respect the shape of a planetary orbit.

An ellipse is a type of oval that happens to be the shape of bound orbits. Eccentricity is a measure of how much an ellipse deviates from a perfect circle. It is defined as the center-to-focus distance divided by the length of the semimajor axis. The focus (foci) is one of two special points within an ellipse that lie along the major axis.

Earth's magnetic field is generated by ________________ and ______________. a. electrically charged particles, their circular motion in the ionosphere b. the liquid metallic outer core, rapid rotation c. hot plastic magma, the convection currents it undergoes underneath Earth's crust d. the Moon's gravitational tidal force, its orbiting motion around the Earth

B

Earth's speed changes as it orbits the Sun. Which of Kepler's laws describes this? a. First Law (orbital shape) b. Second Law (equal areas in equal times) c. Third Law (relationship between period and size of orbit) d. none of the above because this is one of Newton's laws

B

In addition to Earth, seasons occur on ______________. a. Neither Venus nor Mars b. Mars c. Venus d. Venus and Mars

B

In our times, the Sun passes through ___________ constellations of the zodiac as is correctly described by ____________. a. Astrology b. Astronomy c. Astrology and Astronomy are basically the same

B

Stars that never appear to set are called circumpolar. As you move from Earth's equator toward one of Earth's geographic poles, the number of circumpolar stars _____________. a. Decreases for the North Pole, increases for the South Pole. b. Increases for both. c. Decreases for both. d. Increases for the North Pole, decreases for the South Pole.

B

The jovian planets are characterized by which of the following features? size: I - small II - large mass: III - small IV - large density: V - low VI - high rotation period: VII - short VIII - long a. I, III, VI, VIII b. II, IV, V, VII c. I, IV, VI, VII d. II, III, V, VIII

B

The most abundant component of Venus' atmosphere is ____________. a. water vapor b. carbon dioxide c. acid compounds d. nitrogen

B

The permanent part of the northern Martian polar ice cap is composed of frozen ______________. a. methane b. water c. carbon dioxide d. ammonia

B

The terrestrial planets are characterized by which of the following features? size: I - small II - large mass: III - small IV - large density: V - low VI - high rotation period: VII - short VIII - long a. II, IV, V, VII b. I, III, VI, VIII c. II, III, V, VIII d. I, IV, VI, VII

B

Valles Marineris is a huge ______________ that _______________. a. rift valley, is deeper than Mount Everest is tall b. rift valley, would span from New York to Los Angeles c. volcano, is taller than Mount Everest d. volcano, would span from New York to Los Angeles

B

Which combination of conditions below were occurring when the disk shaped solar nebula formed from the collapse of a cold, dense, interstellar cloud of matter? a. heating and expansion b. heating and rotation c. cooling and expansion d. cooling and rotation

B

Which of the following surface features can be found on Venus but not on Mars? a. Rift Valleys b. Coronas c. Volcanos d. Polar Ice Caps

B

Which of the properties below fit the INNER region of the solar nebula? Temperature: I) < 0°C II) between 2000 °C and 0 °C III) > 2000 °C Solids: IV) none V) heavier elements only VI) heavier and lighter elements Formed: VII) Sun VIII) terrestrial planets IX) jovian planets Choose from above to answer the question. a. I, IV, VIII b. III, IV, VII c. II, V, VIII d. I, VI, IX

B

Which of the properties listed below distinguishes a "moon" best from a "planet"? a. All moons are composed of icy material. b. Moons orbit around planets. c. All moons are heavily cratered, planets are not. d. All moons are smaller than planets.

B

Which situation below does NOT describe an acceleration? a. a planet traveling in an elliptic orbit around the Sun b. a car traveling at constant speed on a straight road c. a car traveling at constant speed around a curve d. a car slowing down on a straight road

B

Ancient civilizations used the motion of the celestial bodies in the sky to ____________. a. tell time b. predict seasons c. all of the others d. spiritual guidance e. tell direction for navigation

C

Galileo's observation of ______________ for Jupiter disproved the geocentric model which predicted _____________ for Jupiter. a. an irregular pattern of dark spots, perfectly even and smooth surface b. only new and crescent phases, a full set of phases c. four moons in orbit around it, no moons because everything orbits Earth d. a full set of phases, only new and crescent phases

C

Galileo's observation of ______________ for Venus disproved the geocentric model which predicted _____________ for Venus. a. an irregular pattern of dark spots, perfectly even and smooth surface b. only new and crescent phases, a full set of phases c. a full set of phases, only new and crescent phases d. four moons in orbit around it, no moons because everything orbits Earth

C

How often is the Sun directly above the Earth's equator? a. Once a day. b. Once every other year. c. Once every six months. d. Once a month. e. Once a year.

C

In composition and size, Pluto is most like ________________ . a. terrestrial planets b. asteroids c. comets d. jovian planets

C

Italian Astronomer, Schiaparelli, reported his observation of "canali" on the surface of Mars. This was mistakenly translated by American Astronomer, Lowell, into ___________ which he intepreted as ____________. a. canal-like trenches, constructed by ancient Martian Civilizations for warfare b. a system of natural rift valleys, similar to the Grand Canyon here on Earth c. canals carrying water, constructed by an ancient Martian civilization d. natural water channels, carrying liquid water when Mars was warmer in the past

C

Mars' surface looks reddish because of ____________ caused by ____________. a. the way light from the surface refracts in the atmosphere, high percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere b. a lack of water and CO2 in the surface rocks, extremely high surface temperatures c. a large amount of iron oxide in the crust, incomplete differentiation d. acidic compounds in the atmosphere, intense solar wind

C

Newton's Law of Universal Gravity (any two objects attract each other with a force proportional to the product of their masses and the inverse square of their distance) represents an example for Newton's ________ law. a. 1st b. none c. 3rd d. 2nd

C

The Moon's surface shows evidence of lava flows. They were caused by _________________. a. hot spot volcanos like the big island of Hawaii b. none of the other choices because the Moon never had any volcanic activity c. magma seeping up through cracks in the crust of giant impact basins d. Volcanos along tectonic plate boundaries

C

The first successful space mission to put a lander on Mars that returned images directly from its surface was _____________. a. Magellan b. Venera c. Viking d. Mariner

C

The location of a star above or below the celestial equator is given by its ___________, while the location of a star east or west of the vernal equinox is given by its ___________. a. Latitude, Longitude b. Right Ascension, Longitude c. Declination, Right Ascension d. Right Ascension, Declination or Latitude, Longitude can be used interchangeably. e. Declination, Longitude

C

The process described below occurred on ____________ and is called ______________ . The planet's lower gravity, bombardment with asteroids, and weak magnetic field caused a slow loss of atmospheric gases which reduced the amount of CO2. Less solar energy in the form of reradiated heat from the surface could be trapped causing the surface temperature to drop. It became so cold that most of the water started freezing solid further removing heat trapping gases from the atmosphere. The temperature dropped even lower. a. Venus, Reverse Runaway Greenhouse Effect b. Mars, Runaway Greenhouse Effect c. Mars, Reverse Runaway Greenhouse Effect d. Venus, Runaway Greenhouse Effect

C

The time between two successive meridian crossings of the vernal equinox (or any other fixed point in the celestial sphere) is called ___________ day and it is ___________ long. a. "Sidereal" day means the same as "solar" day, so it is 24 hrs long. b. Sidereal, 24 hrs c. Sidereal, 23 hrs 56 min d. Solar, 23 hrs 56 min e. Solar, 24 hrs

C

The very slow, periodic, circular path that Earth's axis traces out in the Celestial Sphere and causes the pole star to change over time is called _____________. a. Resonance b. Rotation c. Precession d. Revolution e. Tilt

C

We see the Moon go through different phases because of a. the Earth's revolution around the Sun. b. the Moon's changing shape. c. the Moon's revolution around the Earth. d. the Moon passing through Earth's shadow.

C

What is the "ecliptic"? a. The Sun's daily path from east to west in our sky. b. The line in the sky directly above the Earth's equator. c. The path that the Sun traces out around the celestial sphere throughout the year d. A half-circle extending from your horizon due north, through your zenith, to your horizon due south. e. The path on the Earth traced by the Moon's shadow during a solar eclipse.

C

Which choice best describes what our solar system contains besides the Sun, eight classical planets, and their moons? a. asteroids, comets, Plutonion Dwarf Planets, the stars visible in the sky with the unaided eyes, and the Milky Way Galaxy b. asteroids and comets c. asteroids, comets, and Plutonion dwarf planets d. asteroids e. asteroids, comets, Plutonion Dwarf Planets, and the stars visible in the sky with the unaided eyes

C

Which of the choices below best describes the sequence of the layers composing the Moon's internal structure from the outside in? a. thick layer of dust, thick crust, medium metallic core b. crust, thin mantle, large metallic core c. crust, thick mantle, small metallic core d. crust, mantle, liquid metallic outer core, solid metallic inner core

C

Which of the condition(s) below must be satisfied in order for a lunar or solar eclipse to occur? a. The Moon must be new or full. b. The Moon must cross the ecliptic plane. c. Both of the above. d. None of the above.

C

Which of the following atmospheric layers does the Moon pass through? a. stratosphere b. mesosphere c. none of the others d. ionosphere

C

Which of the following geologic features is NOT caused by plate tectonics? a. volcanic island chains b. oceanic trenches c. impact craters d. they are all caused by plate tectonics

C

Which of the following historical astronomers' greatest achievements was the most accurate position measurements of celestial bodies WITHOUT the use of a telescope? a. Ptolemy b. Kepler c. Brahe d. Galileo e. Copernicus

C

Which of the following in NOT part of an acceptable scientific theory? a. It should be as simple as possible. b. It must make testable predictions that, if found to be incorrect, could lead to its own modification or demise. c. It can only be accepted until it has been proven true beyond all doubt. d. It should be based on natural processes and should not invoke the supernatural or divine. e. It must explain a wide variety of phenomena observed in the natural world.

C

Which of the following planets has a retrograde rotation? a. both b. neither c. Venus d. Mars

C

Which of the following properties below will a planet NOT display when you observe it in the night sky? a. It changes its direction of apparent motion occasionally. b. It passes through constellations over time. c. It twinkles. d. It can be brighter in the sky than any star (except for the Sun). e. It appears as a small disk through a strong enough telescope.

C

Which of the following provides supporting evidence that large amounts of liquid water were once present on Mars? a. dried-up river beds that branch out and have stream deposits b. crater ejecta that look like splashes in a mud puddle c. all of the others d. particular mineral and rock formations that could only have formed in the presence of liquid water

C

Which of the following reasons makes it hard to observe Mercury's surface features with a telescope from Earth? a. Mercury's surface features are very low in contrast. b. Mercury never gets far away from the Sun so the Sun's glare interferes. c. All of the other reasons. d. Mercury can only be observed close to sunrise or sunset so the light reflected by it has to pass through a lot of atmosphere being so close to the horizon.

C

Which of the following statements regarding the moons of Venus and Mars is correct? a. Venus has one moon named Deimos, Mars has one moon named Phobos. b. Venus has one moon named Phobos, Mars has one moon named Deimos. c. Mars has two moons named Phobos and Deimos, Venus has no moons. d. Venus has two moons named Phobos and Deimos, Mars has no moons.

C

Which of the following surface features can be found on Mars but not on Venus? a. Volcanos b. Rift Valleys c. Polar Ice Caps d. Coronas

C

Which of the following surface features do the Moon and Mercury have in common? a. Intercrater plains b. Many surface folds called "scarps" c. Water ice in the permanently shadowed crater floors of impact craters near the poles d. Maria and highlands

C

While on the surface of the Moon, the Apollo astronauts repeated Galileo's famous experiment of dropping two objects of different masses off the Leaning Tower of Pisa to see which one would hit the ground first. The Apollo astronauts used a feather and a hammer. In which order did those two objects hit the Moon's surface? a. first the feather then the hammer b. first the hammer then the feather c. both hit at the same time d. they both kept floating

C

According to the Ptolemaic model, epicycles on deferents are the circular loops that ___________ make(s) during an orbit around __________. a. Earth, the Sun b. distant stars, the Sun c. planets, the Sun d. planets, Earth e. distant stars, Earth

D

In addition to Earth, plate tectonics occur on ______________. a. Venus b. Venus and Mars c. Mars d. Neither Venus nor Mars

D

Mercury has a _________ atmosphere that is mostly composed of ___________. a. Like the Moon, Mercury does not have any kind of atmosphere b. medium thick, nitrogen c. thin, carbon dioxide d. very thin, charged particles captured from the solar wind

D

Newton's universal force of gravity is responsible for __________. a. keeping the Moon in orbit around the Earth b. causing an apple falling from a tree to speed up on its way down c. keeping an Astronaut's feet on the Moon's surface without him/her floating off into space d. All of the other choices

D

The composition of which group of planets below best reflects the composition of the nebula out of which the solar system formed? a. Terrestrial planets b. Terrestrial and jovian planets c. Neither terrestrial nor jovian planets d. Jovian planets

D

The full moon spans an angle of 1/2° in the night sky. That angle is equal to ___________. a. 60" b. 60' c. 30" d. 30' e. 180"

D

The huge impact on Mercury's surface that formed the Caloris Basin is believed to also be responsible for _________________ . a. the scarps b. the 3:2 spin-orbit resonance c. the absence of a typical terrestrial atmosphere d. the jumbled terrain on the opposite side

D

The most abundant component of Mars' atmosphere is ____________. a. water vapor b. nitrogen c. acid compounds d. carbon dioxide

D

The process described below occurred on ____________ and is called ______________ . The planet's distance from the Sun caused all water to evaporate so that more of the Sun's energy reradiated as heat from the surface was trapped by the atmosphere. The increasing temperature caused CO2 to be released from the rocks which trapped even more heat making the surface even hotter. a. Mars, Runaway Greenhouse Effect b. Mars, Reverse Runaway Greenhouse Effect c. Venus, Reverse Runaway Greenhouse Effect d. Venus, Runaway Greenhouse Effect

D

What is the correct order of the following objects from smallest to largest? a. Earth, Local Group, Milky Way Galaxy, Sun, Super Cluster, Solar System b. Sun, Local Group, Earth, Solar System, Local Group, Super Cluster c. Earth, Sun, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Group, Super Cluster, Solar System d. Earth, Sun, Solar System, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Group, Super Cluster e. Sun, Earth, Milky Way Galaxy, Solar System, Local Group, Super Cluster

D

When the Moon blocks out the light of the Sun as viewed from Earth, this type of eclipse is _________ and the Moon is in the _________ phase. a. lunar, full b. solar, full c. lunar, new d. solar, new

D

Which of the choices below best describes the sequence of the layers composing Mercury's internal structure from the outside in? a. crust, thick mantle, small metallic core b. thick layer of dust, thick crust, medium metallic core c. crust, mantle, liquid metallic outer core, solid metallic inner core d. crust, thin mantle, large metallic core

D

Which of the features below is best described by: a mostly circular plateau with a slumped interior surrounded by an annular moat and concentric faults. a. Shield Volcano b. Tesserae c. Rift Valley d. Corona

D

Which of the features below is best described by: a mountain with flanks much wider than its height and an irregular, sometimes circular depression on top. a. Tesserae b. Rift Valley c. Corona d. Shield Volcano

D

Which of the following can happen between two adjacent tectonic plates? a. They slide past each other side by side with a jerky motion. b. They move toward each other so that the denser plate is pushed underneath the less dense plate. c. They move apart and new crust forms in between. d. All of the above may happen.

D

Which of the following layers of Earth's internal structure has a "plastic" texture like silly putty or taffy candy? a. outer core b. inner core c. they all do d. mantle

D

Which of the following planets has a retrograde revolution? a. Venus b. both c. Mars d. neither

D

Which of the properties below fit the OUTER region of the solar nebula? Temperature: I) < 0°C II) between 2000 °C and 0 °C III) > 2000 °C Solids: IV) none V) heavier elements only VI) heavier and lighter elements Formed: VII) Sun VIII) terrestrial planets IX) jovian planets Choose from above to answer the question a. I, IV, VIII b. II, V, VIII c. III, IV, VII d. I, VI, IX

D

The Celestial North and South Poles are defined as a. The point in the sky directly above the observer and the opposite point in the sky directly underneath the observer's feet and blocked by the Earth. b. the line in the sky directly above Earth's equator. c. a region in the sky that includes a recognizable pattern of bright stars and all other objects within its boundaries. d. the set of celestial coordinates describing the position of any object in the sky equivalent to longitude and latitude on Earth. e. the points in the sky that the Earth's rotational axis points to directly above the Earth's geographic poles

E

Define the terms "density" and "differentiation" with respect to Earth's geological history and explain how "density" was important during "differentiation".

The definition of density is how compressed an object is, as in how much mass is compressed into how much volume. Metals are denser than rock so when Earth first formed and was still liquid, gravity caused the denser materials (the metals) to sink toward the center forming the core while less dense materials (rocky substances) rose up to form the mantle and crust.

While watching a science fiction movie you hear a space ship pilot say: "We will arrive at that planet in a time span of 3 light years!" Explain whether or not the pilot has used the unit of light years correctly for the physical property he talked about.

The pilot has not used the unit of light years correctly for the physical property he talked about. He is talking about time. Light years is a measure of distance not time.

Explain the meaning of the term "Planetesimal" and how it relates to our current model of the formation of our Solar System.

The term "Planetesimal" is defined as the building blocks of planets, formed by accretion in the solar nebula that are made from rock, dust and other materials. Planetesimals act as a foundation for planet formation. Because of this foundation, planetesimals can interact with more rock, dust and other materials and grow until they become the size of a planet. Through the collision and chemical bonding stage, there is a "sticking" stage, where the objects bond with one another. Gravity as a force attracts more mass to an already good sized planetesimal.

Compare and contrast Venus and Earth by describing at least two ways in which they are similar and two ways in which they are vastly different.

Venus and Earth are sometimes called "sister planets" due to how similar the planets are. Both Venus and Earth are terrestrial planets that are located closer to the Sun than the Jovian planets. Venus and Earth are also similar in size and what their compositions. Venus and Earth are also different. Earth orbits the Sun at the semi-major axis, while Venus orbits the Sun at perihelion. The majority of Earth's surface is covered in water with mountainous features submerged, while Venus's surface is covered in smooth, volcanic plains. Venus's surface appears to be created by volcanic activity and not tectonic activity whereas Earth was.

a) Describe the properties of seismic P- and S-waves. b) How do these properties help us map the internal structure of Earth as in how many layers there are and if they are liquid or solid?

a) P waves result from compression and stretching in the direction of travel and they travel fastest and are the first to arrive after an earthquake. P waves can travel through almost any material because molecules can always push on their neighbors no matter how weakly they are bound together. P waves reach the side of the would opposite an earthquake. S waves vibrate up and down or side to side perpendicular to the direction of travel. S waves travel only through solids, because the bonds between neighboring molecules in a liquid or gas are too weak to transmit up-and-down or sideways forces. S waves do not reach the side of the world opposite an earthquake. b) These properties help us to map the internal structure of Earth because of which layers these waves go through. Because S waves cannot reach world opposite an earthquake, this tells us that a liquid layer has stopped the S waves, which is how we know that Earth has a liquid outer core.

a) How and why does the method of dating terrestrial surface by counting craters work? b) The Moon has two types of surfaces: Maria and Highlands. Applying the dating method of crater counting to these two surface, which one is older? Explain your reasoning.

a) The method of dating terrestrial surface by counting craters works because the older a surface is the more craters there are on this surface. Young surfaces will have less craters on it. b) Both highlands and maria are found on the Moon. Highlands are mountainous regions of the lunar surface, chiefly made up of anorthositic rock as opposed to the basaltic rock of the flat, darker, lower maria. Maria, singular is Mare, is large impact basins formed early in the lunar history by huge meteorites crashing into the lunar surface and exploding. The maria is younger because the maria have fewer craters and most of the highland craters were created before the basalt filling when the maria formed.

a) Convert to scientific notation: 0.00409. b) Convert to regular decimal: 2.701 x 105.

a)4.09 x 10^-3 b)270,100

Which choice best describes the structure of matter of the universe at the largest scale? a. Local Group, Virgo Cluster, up to 100 other galaxy clusters b. Milky Way Galaxy, Andromeda Galaxy, over 3 dozen smaller galaxies c. Solar system, hundreds of thousands of stars, their planets, star clusters d. Sponge-like distribution with connecting filaments of matter and giant voids in between e. 100 billion stars and planets, interstellar gas & dust, black holes

d