Astronomy ch 7-12

Why is Mars red

The iron within the dust reacted with oxygen, producing a red rust colour, while the sky appears red as storms carried the dust into the

Jupiters Great Red Spot

The largest and most powerful hurricanes ever recorded on Earth spanned over 1,000 miles across with winds gusting up to around 200 mph.

Source of earths water

The water we encounter today, it seems, must have been delivered long after Earth formed. Faced with this conundrum, astronomers realized that there are two ready-made sources: comets and asteroids, the solar system's gravel strewn among planetary boulders.

Jovian planets bulge at equator why?

Their rapid rotation flings the mass near the equator outward.

Jupiters core compared to earth

They found Jupiter's core is an Earth-like rock that's 14 to 18 times the mass of Earth, or about 5 percent of Jupiter's total mass. Previous studies suggested the core was only seven Earth masses or that Jupiter had no core at all.

Green house gases

This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.

Solar nebulas mass and percentage of hydrogen & helium

2%

Age of oldest materials

2.5 and 3.8 billion years

Age of the solar system

4.6 billion years

Titans atmosphere

98.4% nitrogen—the only dense, nitrogen-rich atmosphere in the Solar System aside from Earth's—with the remaining 1.6% composed of mostly of methane (1.4%) and hydrogen (0.1-0.2%).

Why is sky blue

A clear cloudless day-time sky is blue because molecules in the air scatter blue light from the sun more than they scatter red light. When we look towards the sun at sunset, we see red and orange colours because the blue light has been scattered out and away from the line of sight.

Small peice of debris that falls to earth

A meteorite is a solid piece of debris, from such sources as asteroids or comets, that originates in outer space and survives its impact with the Earth's surface.

Location of targon asteroids

Astronomers estimate that the Jupiter trojans are about as numerous as the asteroids of the asteroid belt. Later on, objects were found orbiting near the Lagrangian points of Neptune, Mars, Earth, Uranus, and Venus.

Rain on venus's surface

Besides carbon dioxide, the atmosphere contains trace amounts of carbon monoxide and sulfuric acid. The latter frequently falls as rain, although it doesn't reach the ground.

Terrestrial planet with strongest magnetic feild

Earth

Jovian planet rings

From Earth, the rings look like a solid sheet of material, but they are actually made up of billions of particles of rock, ice and dust. The particles range in size from miniscule and microscopic to the size of houses and cars.

How does green house effect work

Gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide do what the roof of a greenhouse does. During the day, the Sun shines through the atmosphere. Earth's surface warms up in the sunlight. At night, Earth's surface cools, releasing the heat back into the air.

Difference between weather and climate

Image result for difference between weather and climate The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time. Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time

Why is Venus lacking strong magnetic feild

In part because of its slow rotation (243 days) and its predicted lack of internal thermal convection, any liquid metallic portion of its core could not be rotating fast enough to generate a measurable global magnetic field.

Planet with highest average surface temperature

Venus

Terrestrial planet cores are mostly metal why

Iron is heavier than rocks and iron sinks to the center. Aluminum and magnesium are lighter, but they bond to oxygen more strongly than iron, so leftover metal tends to be iron. The oxides and silicon oxides form rock.

Planet with most substantial atmosphere

Jupiter and Saturn—that has a substantial atmosphere

Plant with strongest magnetic field

Jupiter's

Composition of polar icecaps on mars

Mars has frozen polar caps, but unlike Earth, these caps are made of carbon dioxide ice as well as water ice.

Location of most known asteroid

Most asteroids lie in a vast ring between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This main asteroid belt holds more than 200 asteroids larger than 60 miles (100 kilometers) in diameter

Definition of a planet

a celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star.

Radioactive dating

a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they formed.

Olympus mons

a very large shield volcano on the planet Mars. By one measure, it has a height of nearly 22 km (13.6 mi).[5] Olympus Mons stands about two and a half times as tall as Mount Everest's height above sea level. It is the youngest of the large volcanoes on Mars, having formed during Mars's Amazonian Period. It is currently the largest volcano discovered in the Solar System

Rocky leftover planetesimals orbiting the sun

asteroids. Many orbit in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Many more share Jupiter's orbit and a few are found elsewhere in the solar system all the way from Mercury out as far as Neptune.

Suns mass compared to other plants

diameter: 1,390,000 km.

How is the nucleus of a comet described

dirty snowball

What causes internal heat on io

drive mantle convection, which in turn causes volcanism through plate tectonics

Convection

heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it

Elements heavier then hydrogen and helium

hydrogen fusing: Deuterium burning. The proton-proton chain. ... Helium burning: The triple-alpha process. ... Burning of heavier elements: Lithium burning: a process found most commonly in brown dwarfs. ... Production of elements heavier than iron: Neutron capture:

Characteristics of inner and outer planets

inner-They're made up mostly of heavy metals such as iron and nickel, and have either no moons or few moons. outer-huge planets swaddled in gas. They all have rings and all of plenty of moons each. Despite their size, only two of them are visible without telescopes:

Combined mass of all astroids

less than that of any terrestrial plane

We're is most of the water on mars

most of the water on Mars is frozen deep below the surface, within polar ice caps and in permafrost.

Which internal energy source heats terrestrial planets today

radiation

Furthest plant out that you need a telescope to see

satern

Which tail of a comet pointed directly away from sun

streams of dust and gas thus released form a huge, extremely tenuous atmosphere around the comet called the coma, and the force exerted on the coma by the Sun's radiation pressure and solar wind cause an enormous tail to form, which points away from the Sun.

Erosin

the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, then transport it away to another location.

What suggests Mars may have been a suitable planet for life

the evidence of water

Litho sphere

the solid outer section of Earth, which includes Earth's crust (the "skin" of rock on the outer layer of planet Earth), as well as the underlying cool, dense, and rigid upper part of the upper mantle.

Heat flow through the litho sphere

to be a consequence of the high temperatures inside Earth. Common experience tells us that heat flows from hot to cold, so the heat in Earth's deep interior must be flowing somehow to the surface. Hot lavas and gases coming out of volcanoes are direct evidence of heat flowing out of Earth. Another indicator of heat flow is the increase in temperature with depth inside deep mines. These measurements of heat flow, however, are all made near the surface. The processes by which heat moves in Earth's deep interior are investigated by computer simulations, which can be compared with seismic and heat flow data that show temperature variations in Earth's interior.