Automobile in the History Midterm

Peugeot

First car designed in France; first manufactured coffee mills and bicycles; he first manufactured to fit rubber tired to a petrol-powered car; made cheap cars

Panhard et Levasor

First vehicles set many modern standards, but each was a one-off design; they used a clutch pedal to operate a chain-driven gearbox; the vehicle also featured a front-mounted radiator; an 1895 Panhard is created with the first modern transmission

Tin Can Tourists of the World

Florida in 1919; they recieved the official state charter a year later; the groups stated objective was "to unite fraternally all auto campers"; their guiding principles were clean camps, friendliness among campers, decent behavior and to secure plenty of clean, wholesome entertainment for those in camp; the group known for the soldered tin can on their radiator caps grew rapidly during the 20s and 30s

Universal Car

Ford Model T, universal because it could be used for many different things

General John Pershing

Former head of American Expeditionary Force in Europe during the war, complied by submitting a detailed network of 200,000 miles of interconnected primary highways--the Pershing Map was the first official topographic road map of the United States

William C. Durant

Founded General Motors in 1908; sought to create automobiles targeted to various incomes and tastes; built the company by acquiring Oldsmobile, Buick, Cadillac, Elmore, Cartercar and Chevrolet

Ford Model T

Generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle class American; some of this was because of Ford's innovations, including assembly line production instead if individual hand crafting

Studebaker Brothers

German men; started off making carriages; wanted to make electric powered automobiles

Carl Benz

German who constructed a three-wheeled car that employed an engine; German engine designer and car engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the gasoline powered automobile

Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers (ALAM)

Group gained power to litigate and exclude other manufacturers from licensing, making them the most powerful group in the early automotive industry

Carl Graham Fisher

He was widely regarded as a promotional genius; conceived and helped develop the Lincoln Highway, the first road for the automobile across the entire United States

Henry Ford

In 1903 founded Ford Motor Company and made 11,235 vehicles that year; was relentless in driving down production costs and cutting prices; mass production required: (1) standardized product; (2) assembly of interchangable parts; (3) made use of specialized tools to do specific tasks as rapidly and effectively as possible; (4) the skills were in the tools, not the worker

Highland Park, Michigan

In 1907 Henry Ford purchased 160 acres and built and automobile plant

GAZ (the Nizhny Novogrod Ford-Based company)

In May 1929 the Soviet Union signed an agreement with the Ford Motor Company; under its terms, the Soviets agreed to purchase $13 million worth of automobiles and parts, while Ford agreed to give technical assistance until 1938 to construct an integrated automobile manufacturing plant at Nizhny Novogrod

Nicolas Cugnot

Inventor of automobile if it was defined as a self-propelled vehicle running on a rad surface; 1765-1770 built two steam powered vehicles that were intended to haul artillery for the French army

Chevrolet Classic Six

It was a large well constructed car; it had a 6 cylinder engine up front and a three speed gearbox with a cone clutch mounted at the rear axle

Mercedes Jellinek

Known for her father naming a car after her, beginning with the Mercedes 35 hp model of 1901

Red Flag Law

Law requiring any person driving an automobile to have a person walk in front of them with a red flag to regulate speed and alert pedestrians; 4 mph in country side and 2 mph in cities

Walter P Chrysler

Left GM because he did not like Durant and went to found Chrysler

Multidivisional Enterprise

Means that htere is one parent company and that parent company owns smaller companies that use its brand and name; used by Sloan and GM for each kind of car

Automobile Manufacturers Association (AMA)

Organization joined by those who wanted to share in Selden's patent and in exchange pay royalties to him; if you failed to join and tried to use the products, you would face expensive lawsuits; Henry For'd application rejected

George Brayton

Parented a constant pressure internal combustion engine initially using vaporized gas but later using liquid fueld such as kerosene and oil

George B. Selden

Patent lawyer, invents an improved typewriter, and improving internal combustion engine (a light but powerful one); later files a patent for the 4 stroke engine in a road driving automobile but delays the patent for 16 years; uses this time to add corrections to the patent and the invention; does this because he assumed that the industry will be progressing over the years and he will be able to have his patent take effect so that his patent has the most value

Frank and Charles Duryea

Road tested the first ever American working gasoline-powered automobile

Columbia & Electric Vehicle Company

Selden sold the patent for two-stroke engine to this financial syndicate

People's Cars

Small compact cars

Federal highway Act of 1921

The Federal Aid Road program to develop an immense national highway system

Nicolas Otto

The German inventor of the first internal combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber; first to make is practical

Progressive Good Roads Movement

The Good Roads Movement was supported by a coalition of urban merchants and businessmen, progressive farm leaders, university and other educators, professional engineers, and, during the cycling craze of the 1880s and 1890s

Orukter Amphibolous

The first known self-propelled amphibious vehicle, a steam powered wheeled dredging barge; was conceived and built by inventor Oliver Evans in 1805

Throughput

The movement of inputs and outputs through a production process

Market Saturation

The number of automobiles per family is greater than 1; to the extent that further market growth is constrained

Henry J Lawson

Very enthusiastic in the British automobile, buys up the British rights to all the British patents, he thinks that he will be able to have a patent pool and create the best, but this fails because the pace of change is constantly changing so you cannot keep up

Alexander Winton

Winton was one of the first American companies to sell a motor car; drove one from Cleveland to New York

Charles Rolls

Worked with Henry Royce to co-found the Rolls-Royce motor company

Blitzkrieg

built around the notion of bringing large numbers of troops in the first part of a battle

AMO/ ZIS/ ZIL (The Moscow truck and limo company)

factory is a major Russian truck and heavy equiptment manufacturer, which also produced armoured cars for most soviet leaders, as well as buses, armoured fighting vehicles, and aerosani; the company also produces hand-builtlimosines and high-end luxury sedans

Ferdinand Porsche

first proposed his idea for a military vehicle in 1937; most officials disagreed on whether or not they should use his vehicle because it was light and fast instead of heavy duty; decided to make a more common person car instead; in September 1939 Hitler turns everything in the country to put all focus on the war which put a halt on the development of new vehicles; Porsche negotiates that if they keep the plant open to make planes for the war they must also be able to develop new cars too

American Batam

gets a contract with the government to provide military vehicles for the US; eventually thrown out and seen as the least capable to provide military vehicles

Albert Speer

in 1942 is installed as minister for ammunition and weapons; when he takes over Hitler gives him real power over the military organizations around him and began to turn things around; was able to do convince Hitler that they were in a long war and the people are going to have to make more sacrifices so that more can be put towards the war

Willys-Overland

sees that there are problems with the Bantam models, decides to propose new ideas and prototypes for the war and they will take over; eventually will be in competition with Ford for the makers of military vehicles, will then work with Ford and they will both produce Jeeps

Jeep

will be the main military vehicle for the US during World War II; 650,000 made during the war, produced much more efficiently than the German Kubelwagen

Tatra

A vehicle manufacturer in Czech Republic; the third oldest car marker in the world after Daimler and Peugeot; during World War II Tatra was instrumental in the production of trucks, and tank engines for the German war effort

Gottlied Daimler

German engineer who with help of Maybach developed the four stroke engine

Planned Obsolescence

In industrial design is a policy of planning or designing a product with a limited useful life, so it will become obsolete

Municipal Autocamp

Local governments set up time limits and charged feed for campground use

1901 Mercedes

Regarded as the first modern car

Pathfinders

The Pathfinder was a Brass Era car built in Indianapolis, Indiana from 1912 to 1917; made by the Motor Car Manufacturing Company; the main market for Pathfinder was producing cars for export to pre-war Russia

Interstate Tourist Highways

The US government's efforts at constructing a national network of highways

Ford of England

A British wholly owned subsity of Ford of Europe needed, itself a subsidiary of Ford Motor Company; its business started in 1909; Europe's largest car plant opened producing the Model AA truck and Model A car; this was at the height of the Depression and the Model A was too expensive to tax and run in Britain and very few were sold

De Dion Bouton

A French automobile manufacturer and railcar manufacturer operating from 1883 to 193; was first to manufacture automobiles on large scale; major contribution was a small air-cooled engine, started by making three wheeled vehicles with the smaller engines

Alphonse de Rochas

A French engineer who originated the principle of the four stroke internal combustion engine

Opel

A German manufacturing company purchased by GM in 1929

Motels

A conventional hotel that incorporated space for parking; first starts in SLO

Systeme Panhard

A front mounted engine that turned the rear wheels through a driveshaft that ran under the cars floor, allowed the use of larger engines and isolated some of the commotion

Electric Vehicle Company (EVC)

A holding company of batter powered electric automobile manufacturers made up of several car companies

Autostrada/ Autobahnen

A limited access, divided road that linked Mian with Varese and Lake Como in Italy; designed for speeds of 36mph; was of limited importance at a time when very few Italians owned cars, a forerunner to the Verman Autobahns and American freeways

Automobile Club de France

A men's club founded on November 12, 1895; in 1906, the French Automobile Club licensed the department of Sarthe to organized an auto race; their historical action marked the beginning of the 24 hours of Le Mans and the French Grand Prix

Bituminous Binder MacAdam

A pavement constructed by spreading two or more layers of crushed stone on a suitable base and pouring a bituminous binder of each

Randoms E. Olds

A pioneer of the American automotive industry; claimed to have built his first steam powered car as early as 1894 and his first gasoline powered car in 1896; the modern assembly line and its basic concept is credited to Olds, who used it to build his first mass produced automobile

League of American Wheelmen

A prominent advocacy group for the improvement of roads and highways in the United States long before the advent of the automobile

Touring Club de France

A sports car race held on roads around France; first held in 1899 at speeds of 30 mph

Velocipede

A term for any human-powered land vehicle with one or more wheels including; bicycle

High-Wheel Ordinary

A type of bicycle with a large front wheel and a much smaller rear wheel; with front wheels of increasing size because larger front wheels enable faster speeds

Waterbound Macadam

A type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer John McAdam in around 1820; the method simplified what had been considered state of the art at that point; single-sized aggressive layers of small stones, with a coating of binder as a cementing agent, are mixed in an open structured roadway

Schwimmwagen

A version of the Kubelwagen that could float in water

Emil Jellinek

A wealthy European entrepreneur; specified an engine designed there by William Maybach and Daimler for the first 'moder' car

"A Car for Every Purse and Purpose"

Alfred Sloan divided the US vehicle market into segments by price range

Model A Ford

Allowed Ford to regain many sales lost to others like GM, but its days of dominance were over

Oliver Evans

American inventor who produced an improved high-pressure steam engine in 1801; for some years he contemplated the idea of applying steam power to wagons; he was granted a patent for a steam-carriage design in 1789, but did not produce a working example of such a machine until over a decade later

Hans Ledwinka

An Austrian automobile designer; chief design engineer for Tatra; he invented the frameless central tubular chassis with swing axels, fully independent suspension and rear-mounted air-cooled flat engine

Herbert Austin

An English automobile designer and builder who founded the Austin Motor Company; - Convinces a sheep sheering company to use extra space to start manufacture automobiles

Giovanni Angelli

An Italian industrialist and principal shareholder of FIAT

Skoda

An automobile manufacturer based in the Czech Republic; became a fully owned subsidiary of VW

Paris-Rouen (1894)

As a pioneering 'city to city' motoring competition in 1894; sometimes called race, rally, trail; from Paris to Rouen; not called race

Private Autocamp

Before long, local entrepreneurs were setting up commercial camping facilities for motorists

Colonel Albert A. Pope

Brings the High-Wheel Ordinary to the US; disturbed by the lack of roads so he starts the league of American Wheelmen

Henry Leland

Cadillac's general manager who decided to find another way to start the car other than the crank after the crank broke and killed someone

William C. Durant

Co-founder of General Motors, created the system of multi-brand holding companies with different lines of cars

Cadillac Model B

Completely interchangeable parts; took a lot of inspiration from the Panhard

Autocamping Equipment

Cooking gear, tents, and other necessities

Safety Bicycle

DEsigned by the English engineer Harry John Lawson; riders feet were now within reach of the ground making it easier to stop; pedals powered the rear wheels

Charles Kettering

Developed an air-cooled engine in 1918; copper cooled engine that failed in the Chevrolet

Etienne Lenoir

Developed the internal combustion engine in 1858; his engines had more efficiency than steam engines; used to power a vehicle in 1862, but took six hours to cover distance of six miles

Ford Model N

Diverged from its predecessors in that it was a front engine car with a 4-cylinder engine

Chauffeurs

Drivers were always personal servants of the vehicle owner; did not act like coachmen and did not want to behave as servants

Haratio Nelson Jackson

Drove coast to coast from San Francisco to New York in 1903; took 63 days

Henry Royce

English engineer and car designer; - Henry Royce built a couple 2 cylinder cars with no intention of selling them, then Charles Rolls comes to him and convinces him to start selling the cars so they develop cars ranging from 2 cylinder to 8 cylinder; emphasis on perfection

Kubelwagen

developed by Porsche; a military wagon that he finalized in 1940; the German version of a jeep

Richard Trevithick

Development of the first high pressure steam engine, he also built the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive- 1804

Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino

FIAT was founded in 1899 by a group of investors; also manufactured railway engines and carriages, military vehicles, farm tractors, and aircraft

Paris-Bordeaus-Paris (1895)

Sometimes called the first motor race

Vauxhall

A British automotive manufacturing company purchased by GM in 1925

River Rouge

A Ford Motor Company automobile factory complex located in Dearbord, Michigan; became the largest integrated factory in the world

Seep

Amphibious version of the Jeeo

Motor Courts

Another name for motels where they had parking for the hotel

Louis Renault

French used conveyer belts to bring parts to assembly point; made a lot of money by providing Taxis for Paris

Portland Cement

The most common type of cement in general use around the world becasue it is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout