Autonomic Nervous System
What kind of nervous system consists of motor neurons that innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands?
Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is under the control of the CNS or PNS in what parts of the body?
CNS, brain stem and spinal cord, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex
What may modify the ANS but usually does so subconsciously (Works through the limbic system structures on hypothalamic centers)?
Cerebral input
Does the somatic or autonomic nervous system have a two-neuron chain?
autonomic nervous system
Is the somatic or autonomic nervous system effect either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on type of receptors?
autonomic nervous system
What nervous system is responsible for shunting the blood to areas that need it and adjusts heart rate, blood pressure, digestive processes, etc?
autonomic nervous system
What nervous system operates via subconscious control?
autonomic nervous system
Does the somatic or autonomic nervous system fibers make up most spinal and many cranial nerves?
both
Is the somatic or autonomic nervous system regulated and coordinated by higher brain systems?
both
What is it called when all visceral organs are served by both division, but these division cause opposite effects?
dual innervation
What activates the sympathetic division or the autonomic nervous system?
exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment (increased heart rate, dry mouth, cold sweaty skin, dilated pupils)
What are the sites/origins of the parasympathetic fibers?
fibers are craniosacral, originate in brain and sacral spinal cord
What are the sites/origins or the sympathetic fibers?
fibers are thoracolumbar, originate in thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
Dynamic antagonism between two division maintains...
homeostasis
What controls emotional responses (rage, fear, pleasure) activated through limbic system signal hypothalamus to activate fight-or-flight system?
hypothalamus
What controls heart activity, blood pressure, temperature of body, water balance, and endocrine activity?
hypothalamus
What part of the body is the main control center for ANS activity?
hypothalamus
What are the other names for the autonomic nervous system?
involuntary nervous system or visceral motor system
What is the location of the ganglia in the sympathetic division of the ANS?
lie close to the spinal cord
What is the location of the ganglia in the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
located in or near their visceral effector organ
What is the regular length of parasympathetic fibers?
long preglanglionic and short postganglionic
What are some examples of viscerosensory receptors?
myocardial ischemia, appendicitis, gastrointestinal cramping or bloating
Upon stimulation, medullary cells secrete..
norepinephrine and epinephrine into blood (also called noradrenaline and norepinephrine)
What arm of the ANS promotes maintenance functions and conserves energy?
parasympathetic division
What division of the autonomic nervous system is referred to as the "rest-and-digest" system?
parasympathetic division
What division of the autonomic nervous system keeps the body energy use as low as possible, even while carrying out maintenance activities (directs digestion, diuresis, defecation)?
parasympathetic division
What are the two arms of the autonomic nervous system?
parasympathetic division and sympathetic division
A person relaxing and reading after a meal (blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low, gastrointestinal tract activity is high, pupils are constricted, lenses are accommodated for close vision) is an example of what nervous system at work?
parasympathetic nervous system
Why is visceral pain is poorly localized because...
receptor density is low, and receptive fields are large and input converges in pathways
What kind of pain are visceral and somatic pain fibers travel along the same nerves , so the brain assumed that the stimulus comes from a common (somatic) region?
referred pain
What kind of pain is pain from one body region perceived as coming from a different body region?
referred pain
What kind of pain is the left arm pain during a heart attack?
referred pain
What is the regular length of the sympathetic fibers?
short preganglionic and long postganglionic
What does the sympathetic nervous system do during physical activity?
shunts blood to skeletal muscles and heart, dilates bronchioles, and causes liver to release glucose
What is it called when only the sympathetic innervates smooth muscle of blood vessels and sweat glands?
single innervation
What are the three main differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
sites or origin, relative lengths of fibers, location of ganglia
Does the somatic or autonomic nervous system have one neuron from CNS to periphery?
somatic nervous system
Is the somatic or autonomic nervous system effect always stimulatory?
somatic nervous system
What is the ascending pathway for sensory afferents?
spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathways to the thalamus
What arm of the ANS mobilizes the body during activity?
sympathetic division
What division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "fight or flight" system?
sympathetic division
What division of the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the body during activity?
sympathetic divison
What kind of pain is activated by tissue stretching, ischemia, chemicals and muscle spasms?
visceral pain
What kind of pain results from stimulation of visceral organ receptors?
visceral pain
what kind of pain is felt as vague aching, gnawing and burning?
visceral pain
What are nociceptors with free nerve endings?
viscerosensory receptors
What responds to stimuli that damages tissue (mechanical stimuli, ischemia (reduced blood flow) and chemicals))?
viscerosensory receptors
Some preglanglionic fibers pass directly to the adrenal medulla with or without synapsing
without
Do adaptation usually involve both skeletal muscles and visceral organs?
yes