Axial Division: Cranium & Post Cranium
C1
"Atlas" -no centrum -occipital fondly rocks on atlas joint; allows head to shake "yes" -lordosis
C2
"Axis" -shake "no" joint -axis because it acts as axis by which head & neck is rotating -lordosis -has part that sticks up called the DENS -transverse ligament: wraps around and holds the C1 to the dens, allows for side to side movement
viscerocranium
*protect soft tissues in face* maxilla palatine bones nasal bones- inferior nasal conchae- zygomatic bones lacrimal bones vomer mandible
neurocranium
*to protect bone* occipital bone parietal bone frontal bone temporal bone sphenoid ethmoid
ethmoid bone:
-cribifrom plate: flat area with a lot of holes for olfactory nervers -crista galli: mountain sticking up on the cribiform plate -perpendicular plate: thin piece of bone hanging into nasal cavity
Ribs
-flat bones -costal cartilage= more flexibility; important for breathing by allowing kings to expand with air
temporal bone features
-internal acoustic meatus: opening on the inside -external acoustic meatus: where you put your Q-tip inside -mastoid process: projection on the temporal bone -styloid process: long, pointy bone below ear -foramen lacerum: GAP where occipital, temporal, & sphenoid come together -carotid canal: named after major artery that supplies blood to brain (carotid artery) -mandibular fossa: where mandible articulates with cranium
mandible bone features
-mandibular condyle: articulates with temporal bone -metal foramen: chin -alveolar part: contains teet roots -mandibular foramen: hole inside mandible
occipital bone features
-occipital condyles: joint surface that articulates the vertebral column -hypoglossal canal: canal names after hypoglossal nerve that runs underneath occipital condyle -jugular foramen: jugular vein exists head; lateral to condyles -foramen magnum: connects cranium to vertebral column (passage for spinal cord)
Post Cranium Functions:
-protects spinal cord -transfers entire weight on torso to lower limbs -acts as muscle attachment for muscles that let you sit up right
Sacral Features:
-sacral body: big centrum where L5 attaches -ala: flares(wings) -sacral foramina: 8 in total, where spinal nerves come out -sacral hiatus: separation; spinous process is open exposing vertebral canal to env't
frontal bone features
-supra-orbital foramen: hole above orbit; named after supraorbital nerve
vertebrosternal ribs
1-7 Attach to sternum Flat & shorter
axial division consists of:
1. Bones of skull (cranium & mandible-lower jaw) 2. Thorax 3. Vertebral Column
vertebral ribs
11-12 Attach to back & nowhere in front Short & stunted/blunted
Intervertebral Foramina
2 vertebrae together *purpose: spinal nerves come off spinal cord
Coccyx
3-5 coccydial
Sacrum
5 fused sacral vertebrae kyphosis
vertebrochondral ribs
8-10 Fuse and form one costal cartilage that attaches to sternum Long (taller > wide)
Centrum
Aka body, where the weight of body is distributed *C1= lovely, has no body
Hyoid Bone
Attaches indirectly to stupid process *floats in neck, doesn't articulate with any other bone* -connection point for several muscles that allow you to swallow
cervical vertebrae
C1-C7 Unique feature= transverse foramen (carry vertebral artery) lordosis
Intervertebral discs
Cartilage (shock absorption) that separates the joint that connects the centra together
Thorax
Contains lungs and heart, ribcage protect superior abdomen muscles
Vertebral foramen
Hole in the center, where spinal cord passes
Intervertebral structures
How vertebrates articulate with one another -intervertebral discs, articular process, vertebral foramen, intervertebral foramina
Lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5 -in region of abdomen, not unique (just big & rugged) lordosis
Sternum contains
Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
thoracic cage (rib cage)
Ribs( 12 left, 12 right) -attachment place for breathing muscles
Transverse process
Serves as attachment for back muscles
Spinous process
Sticks straight, what makes our spine bumpy when we feel it
Articular process
Superior set: what articulates vertebrae above it Inferior set: attach to vertebrae inferior to it
Thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12 Unique Feature= coastal facet; where ribs attach kyphosis
Vertebral Features
Transverse process Centrum Spinous process Vertebral Foramen
Rib structure
Tubercule of rib (small rounded/rigid projection) Neck Head- one that attaches to vertebrae Coastal groove: where the rib curves; protects vein, artery, and nerve from damage
Vertebral Foramen (altogether)
Vertebral canal: long tube through bone
Why do vertebrae get larger and more robust as you go inferiorly?
Weight distribution; larger % of body it has to hold up
scoliosis
abnormal curvature of spine in a lateral way
post crania
all bones below/outside cranium ex: vertebrae, ribs, sternum
cranium
all bones in head
vertebral column curves
allows spine to be flexible help support weight of the torso evenly over lower limb
nasal bone
bridge
sphenoid bone features
butterfly -sella turcica: "Turkish saddle" (depressed), houses pituitary gland -optic canal: allows passage of optic nerve -superior orbital fissure: long hole on inside of the socket -foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum: ROS (medial to lateral)
lordosis
cervical and lumbar
zygomatic bone
cheek bones, forms lateral port of bony eye orbit
Which suture separates the frontal and the parietal bones of the skull?
coronal
head of rib articulates with:
costal fact on the centrum
coronal suture
divides frontal bone from 2 parietal bones
sagittal suture
divides left and right parietal bones
lambdoidal suture
divides occipital from both left and right parietal bones
squamosal suture
divides temporal bone from parietal bone
the crista galli is a bone feature of which of the following bones?
ethmoid
nasal septum consists of:
ethomid & vomer -ethmoid: superior portion(perpendicular plate) vomer: inferior portion
mandible
holds lower teeth
maxilla
holds upper teeth and inferior portion of the eye
hyper kyphosis
hunchback
lacrimal bone
in front of ethmoid; tear gland sits
Maxilla Bone Features
intra orbital foramen: under orbit inferior orbital fissure: groove
the lambdoid store joins the parietal bone to the:
occipital bone
hyper lordosis
overly bowed anteriorly bc weight in abdomen ex: back pain in pregnancy
what bone makes up the superior portion of the lateral side of the cranium?
parietal bone
palatine bone
posterior part of the bony palate
inferior nasal conchae
regulates flow of air, through nasal cavity
the extinguishing characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae are the:
superior, inferior, transverse costal facets
tubercle of the rib articulate with:
the vertebrae below
kyphosis
thoracic, and sacral + coccygeal
sutures
type of fibrous joint, found in the skull