Axial/Appendicular Skeleton
all cervical vertebrae have
transverse foramen/foramina
mandible
lower jaw
mastoid process (right lateral view)
round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
inferior pubic ramus
running from the prubic crest inferiorly to connect to the ischial ramus
calvaria
skull cap
stapes
stirrup; last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear
cranial fossae function
support and protect the brain
The os coxae is composed of what 3 bones?
the ilium ischium pubis fuse together during childhood cannot be distinguished by any markings
what organs are contained in the true pelvis?
the pelvic colon, rectum, bladder, and some of the reproductive organs
body of vertebrae (cervical vertebrae)
the thick, disc-shaped anterior portion which is the weight bearing portion
2 unique features on thoracic vertebrae
*articulation of the ribs with the thoracic vertebrae *articulation surfaces called facets
zygomatic bones
*known as the cheekbones *located inferolaterally to the orbits *articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch
Lumbar Vertebrae (superior view)
-body -transverse processes -spinous process -pedicles -superior/inferior articular facets -vertebral foramen -vertebral arch -laminae
male and female pelvis
-large vs small pubic angle (arch) - formed by the bubic bones, inferior to the symphysis -size of pelvic outlet -curvature of the coccyx females: *have a larger (obtuse) pubic angle - which creates a larger pelvic outlet *the pelvic outlet should be larger- less obstructed *coccyx is much straighter keeping the pelvic outlet unobstructed *can accommodate an infant's skull males: *the coccyx curves sharply, obstructing the pelvic outlet *cannot accommodate and infant's skull
bones of the foot
-metatarsals -phalanges -talus -calcaneus -medial cuneiform -navicular -lateral cuneiform -tarsals -cuboid -intermediate cuneiform
Pubis
-pubic crest -symphyseal surface -superior and inferior rami
Ethmoid bone (superior view)
Crista galli Cribriform plate Olfactory foramina
Ethmoid bone (superior view) cont.
Crista galli Cribriform plate Olfactory foramina
zygomatic bone (lateral view)
Temporal process
The middle ear cavity contains:
3 bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations: 1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes
How many teeth do adults have?
32 teeth
Tubercle of rib (with facet)
A structure in the neck of the rib that articulates with the transverse costal facet of a thoracic vertebrae transverse process.
Maxillae
Bones of the upper jaw *positioned laterally and inferiorly to the nasal cavity *extends superiorly to the nasal cavity and sits laterally to the nasal bones *contain the upper teeth *contain air filled sinuses
cervical vertebrae
C1-C7; first set of seven bones, forming the neck
Which regions of column curve INWARD (concave)?
Cervical curvature (concave) Lumbar curvature (concave)
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is what kind of joint?
Hinge joint
differences between the bony pelvis on human vs cat
Human pelvis - "bowl-shaped" and is closely tied to our bipedalism
inferior and superior articular facets
*articulate with each vertebra to the adjacent vertebra in the vertebral column *they face in different directions between the regions of the vertebral column to allow for different types of movement *almost every vertebra have a pair or inferior/superior facets
vertebral arch (cervical vertebrae)
*formed from the spinous process, lamina, and transverse processes *creates the dorsal wall of the vertebral foramen *curves like an arch *The arch attaches to the body of the vertebrae at the pedicles *The Atlas (C1) does NOT have a single defined vertebral arch - instead it has an anterior arch and a posterior arch
Superior and inferior costal facets (thoracic vertebrae)
*found along the dorsal portion of the vertebral body *paired on the left side and right side of each thoracic vertebra *These facets are considered "demi" facets because each one represents "half" of a facet *the inferior costal facet on one vertebra and the superior costal facet from the next vertebrae form a full facet to accommodate the head of the rib *UNIQUE TO THORACIC VERTEBRAE
Ethmoid bone
*located anterior to the sphenoid bone *Forms the medial walls of the orbits and the roof of the nasal cavity *Contains air filled sinuses
condyles (condyloid process)
*located on the posterior part of the rami
transverse costal facet (thoracic vertebrae)
*located on the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebra *this round facet articulates with the tubercle of the rib *UNIQUE TO THORACIC VERTEBRAE
to help distinguish inferior and superior articular facets
*look at vertebral notches on each vertebra - curved portion of the vertebrae that forms an intervertebral foramen when 2 vertebrae articulate *on a single vertebra, this notch should open inferiorly - this helps you hold the vertebra in proper position
ulna
-coronoid process -radial notch -head -olecranon process -styloid process -trochlear notch -ulnar tuberosity
radius
-head -radial tuberosity -ulnar notch -styloid process
humerus
-head -intertubercular (bicipital) groove -olecranon fossa -capitulum -lateral epicondyle -greater/lesser tubercles -deltoid tuberosity -trochlea -coronoid fossa -medial epicondyle
femur
-head -neck -lesser trochanter -lateral condyle -gluteal tuberosity -medial condyle -greater trochanter -linea aspera -patellar surface
Ilium
-iliac crest -auricular surface -anterior superior iliac spine -posterior superior iliac spine -anterior inferior iliac spine -posterior inferior iliac spine -greater sciatic notch -iliac fossa
ischium
-ischial tuberosity -ischial spine -lesser sciatic notch -ramus
sacrum
-sacral canal -anterior and posterior sacral foramina
scapula
-spine -inferior angle -acromion -suprascapular notch -coracoid process -glenoid cavity
4 types of teeth in humans
2 Incisors 1 Canine 2 Premolars 3 Molars
The 14 facial bones include
2 nasal 2 maxillae 2 zygomatic 1 mandible (only movable bone of skull) 2 palatine 1 vomer 2 lacrimal 2 inferior nasal conchae
Occipital bone articulates with
2 parietal bones, temporal bones, sphenoid, atlas **along the lambdoid suture
os coxae
2 pelvic bones that make up the pelvic girdle (hip)
C1 Vertebrae is also known as
atlas
C2 Vertebrae is also known as
axis
occipital bone (skull)
back of skull
occipital bone (interior)
base of the skull
Zygapophyseal joint
bilateral between superior and inferior facets synovial
carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
bones of the hand
true vs false pelvis
bony pelvis is divided into 2 regions: True Pelvis and a False Pelvis The boundaries of these spaces are distinguished by certain features of the bony pelvis
lambdoid suture of the skull
bottom horizontal, separates occipital bone from parietal bones
nasal bones form
bridge of nose
external occipital protuberance
bump on back of head located at the midline where the posterior and inferior surfaces of the skull meet
Fibula
calf bone -head -lateral malleolus -styloid process
What is a common name for the zygomatic bone?
cheek bone
dorsal cavity
contains the brain and spinal cord
facial bones
contribute to the orbits, nasal and oral cavities that contain the sensory receptors for vision, olfaction and gustation (taste) *also serve for muscle attachment
The cranial bones form the
cranium
Is the acetabulum deeper or more shallow than the glenoid cavity?
deeper glenoid cavity is more shallow
lacrimal canals
drains lacrimal fluid (tears) from the surface of the eyes into the nasal cavity
the cranium
encloses and protects the brain, and its surface provides attachments for muscles that make chewing and head movements possible
Bones of the thigh and leg
femur, patella, tibia, fibula
What is a suture?
fibrous bands of tissue that connect the bones of the skull where the plates of the skull fuse together
bones of the skull are characterized as
flat bones
Sphenoid bone (superior view) cont..
foramen rotundum foramen ovale
Palatine bones
form the hard palate with the maxillae *forms the superior boundary (roof) of the oral cavity and the inferior nasal septum
Parietal Bones
form the supero-lateral portion of the skull right and left parietal bones- separated by sagittal suture
vertebral canal
formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
pubic crest of pubis
forms thickened superior ridge along the anterior articulation of the right and left pubic bones
8 cranial bones
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
Sphenoid bone (inferior view)
greater wing Pterygoid process (1)
malleus
hammer; first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear
Which feature of the rib articulates with the superior/inferior costal facets?
head of the rib
coxal or innominate bone
hip bones
pelvic girdle
hip bones *made up of 2 pelvic bones (os coxae) which attach the lower extremity to the axial skeleton *each pelvic bone articulates with the sacrum medially and with the head of the femur laterally
palatine bones
horizontal plate
Bones of the arm and forearm
humerus, radius, ulna
The stylohyoid ligament runs between the styloid process of the temporal bone and what other bone?
hyoid bone
What makes the hyoid bone different from all the bones of the human skeleton?
hyoid does not feature any major points of articulation (joints) with other bones
true (lesser) pelvis
inferior to pelvic brim, forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs *situated between the pelvic inlet (the oval shaped opening leading into the "bowl-like" structure of the pelvis) and the pelvic outlet
iliac fossa of ilium
inner, slightly concave surface of the wing located anterolateral to the auricular surface of the ilium
What two parts of the os coxae from the obturator foramen?
ischium and pubis bones
why is sagittal a good name for the sagittal suture?
it divides the skull into right/left halves
what does "mast-oid" tell you about the shape of the mastoid process?
it is shaped like a boob
patella
kneecap
Maxillary Sinus
largest paranasal sinus; pyramidal; on cheek bone lateral to nasal bone
Sphenoid bone (superior view)
lesser wing greater wing sella turcica
Sphenoid Bone (anterior)
located at center of skull and it articulates with every other bone of the cranium *Contains air filled sinuses
petrous region of temporal bone
located between the sphenoid bone and occipital bone It is an enlarged, bulbous area found partly in the middle fossa and partly in the posterior fossa Contains space which is divided into inner and middle ear cavities
mandibular fossa
located on the inferior surface of the zygomatic process small depression in the temporal bone where the condyle of the mandible articulates forming the "TMJ" (temporomandibular joint)
ischial spine of ischium
located posterior to the acetabulum serves as an attachment for the sacrospinous ligament
Mandible (anterior view)
lower jaw *contains Mental foramen
What is contained in the inner ear cavity?
malleus incus stapes
What specific feature articulates with the mandibular condyles to form the TMJ?
mandibular fossa
ischial ramus of ischium
narrow portion of the bone that articulates with the pubis runs superoventrally from the ischial tuberosity to connect to the pubis
transverse costal facet (thoracic vertebrae) - superior view
not really visible- on the transverse process
occipitomastoid suture is the articulation between the
occipital bone and the temporal bone (contains the mastoid process)
anterior and posterior sacral foramina
openings that accommodate sacral spinal nerves
right and left os coae form the
pelvic girdle
styloid process (temporal bone)
pen-shaped process that projects from the temporal bone
superior pubic ramus
piece of bone running between the acetabulum and the pubic crest
lamina (cervical vertebrae)
pieces of bone found lateral to the spinous process on each side *Atlas (C1) does NOT have defined lamina
the articulation between the atlas and axis vertebrae creates a
pivot joint
Sphenoid bone (greater wing) (lateral view)
portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly anterior to the temporal and forming a part of the eye orbits
zygomatic process of temporal bone
projects anteriorly from the temporal bone articulates the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch
3 phalanges
proximal, middle, distal
auricular surface of ilium
region for articulation between the ilium and the sacrum- forms the sacroiliac joint *located on the posteromedial side of the ilium
What other bone of the skeleton do all thoracic vertebrae articulate with?
ribs
What kind of motion can occur at the pivot joint?
rotation
carpals proximal row
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
bones of the upper extremity
scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
seven
tibia
shin bone -medial malleolus -tibial tuberosity -medial condyle -fibular notch -lateral condyle
frontal bone of skull
single bone forming the forehead and the superior boundary of the obits (conical space containing eye and associated structures)
sacrum and coccyx
single bones that result from the fusion of several vertebrae *composed of multiple segments that fused together during development
lacrimal bone (lateral view)
small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts *sit most anterior and medial in the orbits
iliac crest of ilium
superior border of ilium
What organs would be contained in the false pelvis?
supports the intestines (specifically, the ileum and sigmoid colon) and transmits part of their weight to the anterior wall of the abdomen.
Landmarks of the scapula
supraspinous fossa infraspinous fossa subscapular fossa
what shape joint is formed from the head of the femur and the os coxae?
synovial joint- ball and socket
Sternum
the breastbone, forms the middle of the front of the rib cage and is divided into three parts: *manubrium *body (gladiolus) *xiphoid process
sacral canal
the canal is the continuation of the vertebral canal through the dorsal sacrum *spinal nerves run through here before they exit via the sacral foramina
sexual dimorphism of the pelvis
the differences in certain traits between males and females *can be physical or behavioral *includes traits like: -size -coloration -pattern -ornamentation -structure -shape the male and female pelvis of humans exhibit great sexual dimorphism in size and shape
foramen magnum
the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes. located medial to the occipital condyles *Largest foramen of the skull
shaft of rib
the long, relatively straight component of a rib, between the neck and the angle of the rib
the fully articulated pelvis consists of
the right and left os coxae, the sacrum, and the coccyx *these 4 bones create the boundaries of the pelvic cavity contained within them *there is no real superior boundary to the pelvic cavity because it is continuous with the abdominal cavity
axial skeleton
the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum provides the framework for the trunk and head
ischial tuberosity of ischium
thick, roughened portion of the bone that holds all the weight of the body when you are sitting *in anatomical position = always faces posteriorly
femur (cont.)
thigh bone
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
third set of 5 larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine
carpals distal row
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Which feature of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet?
tubercle of the rib
mandible (ramus)
vertical portions on either end of the mandibles central body
maxillae skull
Infraorbital foramen
Zygapophyseal joint / Intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral foramen - openings created by adjacent vertebrae when they are stacked on top of each other Zygapophyseal joint - synovial joint between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it.
mental protuberance (lateral view)
Part of the mandible that forms the chin *located midventral on the mandible
Ethmoid bone (anterior view)
Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha (l)
inferior nasal conchae
The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity. *located on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity *2 additional pairs of nasal conchae that are part of the ethmoid bone
Which regions of the column curve OUTWARD (convex)?
Thoracic curvature (convex) Sacral curvature (convex)
hyoid bone
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles located inferior and posterior to the mandible NOT CONSIDERED A BONE OF THE SKULL (associated with it)
3 cranial fossae
anterior, middle, posterior
incus
anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear
what is the purpose of the intervertebral foramina?
are essentially "exit routes" from which the nerve roots leave the spine and branch out to all parts of the body
vomer
articulates with the ethmoid bone to form the bony part of the nasal septum
What trait is unique to the axis vertebrae?
Odontoid process (dens)
What are the 2 traits that are unique to the (C1) atlas vertebrae?
*Body absent *Spinous Process absent
anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine (medial view)
*Located at either end of the iliac crest
superior, inferior, transverse facets are __________ on all of the other vertebrae (cervical/lumbar)
ABSENT
cranial bones within the 3 cranial fossae
Anterior: Frontal/Ethmoid/Sphenoid/Parietal Middle: Sphenoid/Temporal/Parietal Posterior: Occipital/Temporal/Parietal
head of rib
Articulates with the inferior/superior costal facets of a thoracic vertebral body.
Articulation of Frontal Bone
At the top of the skull, the frontal bone articulates with the 2 parietal bones at the coronal suture; inferiorly it articulates with the sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and lacrimal bones. Inferoanteriorly, it articulates with the nasal bones, maxillary bones, and zygomatic bones.
squamous suture
Between parietal and temporal bones
what are the functions of the fontanelles on a fetal skull?
During birth, fontanelles enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal. The ossification of the bones of the skull causes the anterior fontanelle to close over by 9 to 18 months.
symphyseal surface of pubis
Medial surface of the pubis that articulates with a disc of fibrocartilage at the pubic symphysis
Mandible (lateral view)
Mental protuberance Ramus
the unique shape and position of the superior articular facet allows the atlas to articulate with what part of the skeleton?
The facets articulate with rounded condyles on the underside of the skull's occipital bone.
what bone articulates with the occipital condyles?
The occipital condyles are undersurface protuberances of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which function in articulation with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra.
parietal bones articulate with
The parietal bones articulate with each other at the midline in the sagittal suture, with the occipital bone posteriorly in the lambdoid suture, and with the frontal bone anteriorly at the coronal suture. The parietal bone articulates inferiorly with the temporal bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
false (greater) pelvis
The portion of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic brim/inlet and anterior to the blades of ilium *organs in the false pelvis are actually in the abdominal cavity
appendicular skeleton
The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it -pectoral limbs (arm, forearm, hand), the pelvic limbs (thigh, leg, foot), the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle.
How many vertebrae are there?
The vertebral column usually consists of 33 vertebrae: 24 presacral vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar) followed by the sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae) and the coccyx (4 frequently fused coccygeal vertebrae)
pedicles (cervical vertebrae)
These are the pieces of bone that attach the vertebral arch to the body *each vertebra has 2 pedicles *the atlas (C1) does NOT have defined pedicles a typical vertebra can be viewed as having 2 major parts: the body and the vertebral arch - these two parts connect at the pedicles
what are the functions of the lacrimal fluid?
act to lubricate and protect the cornea and eyeball from injury which may result from small particles such as dust
bones of the skull are organized as
a layer of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone *THINK: SANDWICH
a fontanelle is
a membrane found in the skull where the skull bones have not yet ossified *typically ossifies within the first year of life
lesser sciatic notch of ischium
a small notch located inferior to the ischial spine accommodates vessels and nerves running to the perineum
2 major features of the os coxae
acetabulum obturator foramen
acetabulum obturator foramen
acetabulum: *formed from all three bones of the os coxae *is the deep socket that articulates with the head of the femur at the hip joint obturator foramen: *the large hole located in the inferior half of the os coxae *largely covered by a fibrous membrane, allowing only several small structures to pass through it
Clavicle
acromion sternal