bak 7

Focus: Rational Choice Theory / Approach: The self-axiom

"We assume that every individual is rational, but also selfish." (Downs 1968: 26) "When we talk about rational behavior, we always mean rational behavior that is based primarily on self-serving intentions." (Downs 1968: 26)

What does it mean to work comparatively? 1

Comparative political science work: The discipline of political science is usually divided, comparative politics is the only one carrying a methodological instead of a substantive label. The term 'comparative politics' indicates the how but does not specify what the analysis of the. "

What does it mean to work comparatively? 2

Comparative work is translation work : "In addition to being a fundamental human cognitive activity, it is a translation into a more specific sense." (Gingrich and Fox 2002: 8) [emphasis added] "... translation is always a shift, not between two languages, but between two cultures ..." (Eco 2001: 17) [emphasis added] How does this relate to the comparative analysis of politics?

How do we compare? Case studies

Comparing by identifying specifics of the individual case - implicit or explicit comparison Mostly fine-grained and qualitative Famous examples: [Tocqueville, Alexis de. About Democracy in America. 1835]

According to Beyme (see slides week 4)

Comparison in the pre-modern phase Comparison in the Early Modern Phase (Comparative Government) Comparison in the (high) modern phase (Comparative Politics) Comparison in the postmodern phase

What is politics?

Conventional meaning : Processes of state decision-making "Settling inevitable conflicts of interest in the public domain" Radical meaning : "Politics as constitutive of the issues, interests and identities of its protagonists" Even the private is political - feminist criticism

East West conflict

East West conflict: Conflict between US and USSR (and deputies) (=> "Cold War") Conflict between liberal capitalism and real socialism This conflict was over (relatively suddenly and relatively unexpectedly). Fall of the Berlin Wall as a metaphor for the end of an epoch: See Eric Hobsbawm (1917-2012): "Age of Extremes. The short twentieth century, 1914-1991. " Which era would begin now?

Focus: Rational Choice Theory / Approach: Economic Rationality

Economic Rationality (Downs 1968: 6): Ability to make decisions based on given alternatives Preference order of alternatives Preference ranking is transitive (consistent) Selection of the preference that occupies the highest rank Make the same decisions in the same situations

How do we compare? Paired comparison

Famous examples: "Most different": Bunce 1981. ☛ Leadership change leads to innovation in both cases "Most similar": Putnam, R. D, Leonardi, R., & Nanetti, R. (1993). Making democracy work: Civil traditions in modern Italy . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.]

Austria

Federal Constitutional Law 1920 Prehistory: 1919 HabsburgerG, AdelsaufhebungsG, State Treaty of Saint-German No agreement on fundamental rights! (Therefore resort to StaatsgrundG over the general rights of the citizens 1867) Novelle 1925 (distribution of competencies federal-Länder), 1929 (strengthening of BPräs)

constructivisms

Social constructivism : Berger & Luckmann (1966, The social construction of reality) Radical constructivism by Glasersfeld (2002, Radical Constructivism) by Foerster (2013, truth is the invention of a liar)

The political system of China: historical factors

Important factors: Early Civilization: Scripture, Agriculture Historiography and Theory of History: Dynastic circles, depending on the moral quality of the rulers

Politics in the US

Important moments in the history of the USA: American Revolution US Civil War The political system of the USA: Executive - The President Legislative - Congress Judiciary - Supreme Court Current

Germany merely makes a general phenomenon very clear

Meaning of history in particular and "ideas" in general in politics Germany as a single case, which can generally provide valuable insights (such as the importance of political culture)

Nation -> nationalism: constriction

Nationalism after Ernest Gellner: Form of political thought based on the assumption that social commitment depends on cultural similarities (Nationalism: Culture and Power, 1999) Is a kind of narrowing of the idea of ​​what a nation can be Alternative: Durkheim's mechanical and organic solidarity Legitimacy through cultural / biological agreement: Only members of a particular group, culture, ethnicity, may be part of this nationalist state

What do we compare? 2

Possible 'levels' of the comparison (for the complexity of comparison see also LV 1): Political systems, policy areas, subfields of policy fields Local, regional, national, international / supranational Diachronic and synchronous comparison

State with Max Weber (Attention: not identical with effective state authority in the Völkerreicht!)

" Claims the monopoly of legitimate physical violence for itself (with success)" monopoly Legitimate physical violence => "the ruled humans [submit] to the claimed authority of the respective rulers" Traditional rule Charismatic rule Rule by virtue of "Legality" (law and constitution) State may execute these laws (and does so via sanctions) With success "failed states"

Colin Crouch ([2004] 2008): Post-Democracy

"(...) a community in which elections are still held , elections that even require governments to say goodbye, but where competing teams of professional public relations experts so strongly influence public debate during election campaigns control it to a mere spectacle that only discusses a series of issues that experts have previously selected. "(Crouch 2008, 10) "The majority of citizens play a passive, silent, even apathetic role, they only respond to the signals they give them. In the shadow of this political staging , real politics is being done behind closed doors: by elected governments and elites who, above all, represent the interests of the economy. "(Crouch 2008, 10)

Political Culture: Robert Putnam

"... by almost every measure, Americans' direct engagement in politics and government has fallen steadily and sharply over the last generation, despite the fact that average levels of education - the best individual-level predictors of political participation - have risen sharply throughout this period. " (Putnam 1995: 68)

Political Culture: Robert Putnam's social capital

"... social capital" refers to the features of the social organization search as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit. " (Putnam 1995: 67)

problem with defining democracy:

"... virtually all definitions of democracy are a distillation of the historical trajectory and the present situation of the originating countries. However, the trajectories and situations of other countries may now be considered democratic differ from the originating ones. Thus, efforts to analyze new democracies need to recognize how to differentiate across different historical / contextual settings. More broadly, a theory of general scope shoulderstand acknowledge how the development of democracy in different settings may generate specific characteristics and did it may be useful to distinguish among subtypes within the universe of relevant cases "(O'Donnell 2001: 3)

Rational Choice Theory / Approach: Rational Behavior and Informedness

"... we reach the startling conclusion that it is irrational. ... ignorance of politics is not a result of unpatriotic apathy; rather, it is a highly rational response to the facts of political life in a larger democracy. "(Downs 1957: 147) 'well-informedness' difficult to measure / measurable (Downs 1957: 148)

Interpretative Policy Analysis (IPA): Discourse Coalitions: Communities of interpretation (Hajer 2003: 102)

"A discourse coalition is basically a group of actors who share a social construct." (Hajer 1993: 45) Discourse: "... defined as an ensemble of ideas, concepts, and categories through which meaning is given to phenomena. Discourses frame certain problems ... "(Hajer 1993: 45) Discourse provides the tools with which problems are constructed; at the same time, discourse forms the context in which phenomena are understood (Hajer 1993: 45)

Critical votes - or not? Behavioral Economics

"Behavioral Economics": the only thing that can be predicted is that people act irrationally Daniel Kahnemann: Thinking Fast and Slow Cass & Sunstein: Nudging

Policy Research: Public Policies / Policies Application and Problem Orientation (1)

"Broadly conceived, then, public policy analysis." (Torgerson 1986). Discussing a policy and policy orientation (Parsons 1999: xv) (Political analysis is applied sub-field and content of the problem . "(Wildavsky 1979: 15, cited in Parsons 1999: xv and xvi )

How to measure democracy quality? (1)

"Earlier discussions were more marked by a dichotomous understanding that confronted democracies with non-democracies . The global spread of democracies has meant that more needs have been created and will continue to emerge, distinguishing between different forms of democracies. Electoral democracies , for example, would only fulfill minimum democratic requirements (for example, the regular conduct of elections), while medium and high-quality democracies (such as a more sustainable and comprehensive development of rights and freedoms, possibly interacting with the development of societies) would mark important reform points for a necessary further development of democracy. "(Campbell & Barth 2009: 210)

Rational Choice Institutionalism: Game Theory

"Game theory deals with situations where others" The collective decision-making mechanism may be small (Axelrod 1984, Taylor 1987). "(Ward 2002:

insertion 1 to parties: party behavior

"If political ideologies are really a means to an end, to win votes, and if we know something about the preference distribution of voters, then we can make concrete predictions about how parallel to the maneuvers with which parties seek to come to power, the content of ideologies will change. "(Downs 1968: 110) In a two-party system, parties deliberately change their programs so that they become similar to each other In a multiparty system, the parties endeavor to remain ideologically as independent as possible (Downs 1968: 110)

Rational Choice Theory / Approach at the Collective (Group) Level: Mancur Olson (2)

"If the individuals in a group altruistically disregarded their personal welfare, it would not be very likely that they would seek some selfish common or group objective. Search altruism, is, however, considered exceptional, and self-interested behavior is usually thought to be the rule, at least when economic issues are at stake ... "(Olson 2002: 1)

EU Research & Technology Policy: "Paradigms"

"Information" and "Awareness" (since 1980s and 1990s) "(Public) Participation" (since 2000) "Responsibility" (since approx. 2010) Example: research on embryonic stem cells in Israel

Policies: Decision Options Different 'Size'

"The word 'policy' is commonly used to designate the most important choices either in an organized or private life ..." (Lasswell 1951, cited in Parsons 1999: 16) "But the term policy is usually considered to apply to something 'bigger' than a particular decisions, but 'smaller' than general social movements." (Heclo 1972, cited in Parsons 1999: 13)

Rational Choice Theory / Approach: Mancur Olson (3)

"Members, according to this logic, are attracted to the free riding option since non-contribution is a dominant strategy in the collective action game. Mancur Olson took this insight and demolished prevail pluralist and Marxist by arguing that they do not need form around common interests and objectives (as these more sociological arguments were taken for granted). Individual contributions are both personally and often only trivially important in achieving a group goal, especially in large groups. So individuals are tempted to abstain from contributing. This temptation is reinforced by the realization that everyone else wants to be tempted to free ride. "(Shepsle 2005: 8)

The party system Source: http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/members/partysystem/ (12 August 2017)

"Nearly all MPs represent political parties. The next largest party becomes the official opposition. If they have a political party, they are known as an 'Independent'. Lords do not represent constituencies and many are not members of a political party. Members of the House of Lords are members of a political party. Lords who do not support one of the three main parties are known as Crossbenchers or Independent Peers. There is also a small number who are not affiliated to any of the main groups. "

Caution case: inadmissible generalizations, "decision-based evidence making"

"One finds what one seeks" Different dangers in inductive v. deductive research design

Interpretive Policy Analysis: meanings

"Public policies do communicate meanings, and they do not always do so through the explicit use of language with a singular, clear meaning. We can no longer afford an understanding of the policy process that ignores these points. "(Yanow 1996: xii) Policies <-> a clear, unambiguous transported meaning "Humans make meanings; interpret the meanings created by others; communicate their meanings, and share them with others "(Yanow 1996: 5)

Typology II: After Richard Titmuss (1958)

"Residual Systems" State jumps in when the family or the market is no longer sufficient Limited to marginal groups Welfare as a safety net

What is a scientific comparison?

"Science is highly esteemed. Apparently, it is a special piece about science and its methods. The name of the claim is that it is a "child of merit or special kind of reliability". But what, if anything, is so special about science? "(Chalmers 1999: xix) What is science? Actually in the plural ... Includes: Systematics, Structuredness, Reflection, Verifiability / Traceability of Insight (see Kant) Inductive (from the individual to the general) and deductive (from the general to the individual) approach of generating knowledge

George Lakoff: The power of language

"Tax burden" "Postcolonial"

Esping Andersen's Typology of Well-Being States (1)

"The comparative approach is to (and will) show that welfare states are not all of one type. Indeed, the study identifies three highly diverse regime types, each organized around its own discrete logic of organization, stratification, and societal integration. They owe their origins to different historical forces, and they follow qualitatively different developmental trajectories. "(Esping-Andersen 1990, 3)

Interpretive Policy Analysis (IPA): Discourse Coalition Approach

"The discourse coalition approach suggests that it is a new discourse is formulated, it wants to produce story lines on specific problems, using the conceptual machinery of the new discourse ..." (Hajer 1993: 47) Discursive affinity: Arguments may vary in origin but still have a similar way of conceptualizing the world (Hajer 1993: 47) "A discourse coalition is thus an ensemble of a set of story lines, the actors that utter these story lines, and the practices that conform to a story line, all organized around a discourse." (Hajer 1993: 47)

Corner point 1 Peace of Westphalia

"The juridical core of sovereignty is constitutional independence. The sovereign state stands apart from all other sovereign entities. There is no final authority outside or above the state (James 1999, 461). "(Sorensen 2014, 412) Inside: monopoly of violence! Outward: No higher instance

2 stories (1945-1989 / 90)

"West Germany" Founding several parties Denazification, re-education and political education Parliamentary Council: drafted a Basic Law Entered into force on May 23, 1949 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) Integration of Germany into the West => "Beginning of Europe" "East Germany" Foundation of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) Fascism and National Socialism as different manifestations of the capitalist system Foundation of the German Democratic Republic as a "socialist workers and peasants" (October 7, 1949)

Focus on argumentation: the argumentative turn in policy analysis

"What if our language does not simply mirror or picture the world but instead profoundly shapes our view of it in the first place?" (Fischer & Forester 1993: 1) Language not as a mirror image, but as a producer of our worldview; Terms such as 'truth (s)' and power are to be questioned "Theoretically, the focus on argumentation allows us to understand the complex ways of analyzing and evaluating problems resist broader relations of power and belief ... "(Fischer & Forester 1993: 14)

Interpretative Policy Analysis (IPA): Discourse Coalitions (Hajer) (1)

"Whether or not a situation is perceived as a political problem depends on the narrative in which it is discussed." (Hajer 1993: 44) Changing perception of the role of language in political life: "... language lost this neutral status and became became problematized." (Hajer 1993: 44) "Language is recognized as a medium, a system of signification through which actors do not simply describe but create the world." (Hajer 1993: 44)

Democracy

"is a collective term for modern life forms and political orders. Democracy enables modern forms of life insofar as they do the freedom of individual decisions and actions as well as individual responsibility, guarantees individual equality before the law and protects and protects minorities allows countless forms of social associations , ie, provides collective and solidarity action on a voluntary basis (and protects, for example, in the form of freedom of association). Democracy lays the foundation for a variety of modern political orders whose common hallmark is popular sovereignty and the limitation of political rule

Comparison in the 'early modern' phase of Beyme 2014

'Old Institutionalism' Influence of German political science (settled in the field of law) on the founders of American political science Collection and description of forms of rule, constitutional structures and institutional arrangements (analysis of the same) Classifications and Typologies of Polities

Characteristics of the US Political System

(1) Continuity of the political-institutional system Constitution of 1787-1789 with "only" 27 Amendments But: big changes in practice (2) Federal Republic (3) presidential government system (also called "Separation of Powers System")

GG: Art 1

(1) The dignity of man is inviolable. To respect and protect them is a duty of all state authority. (2) The German people therefore commit themselves to inviolable and inalienable human rights as the basis of every human community, peace and justice in the world. (3) The following basic rights bind legislation, executive power and jurisdiction as directly applicable law.

The Return of the Institutions: 'Policy Paradigm'

(Hall 1993: 279) Policy Change: Policy Paradigms and Third Order Change: (Hall 1993: 288)

Dahl: Polyarchy (1971) (Attention: not identical with democracy!)

-competition -participation

ypology III: According to Gøsta Esping-Andersen (1990)

3 types of welfare state regimes Liberal model Conservative model Social Democratic model ... not defined by expenditure but by policies

What do we compare? 1

-"Ceteris paribus" problem -The famous apples and pears: "A systematic comparison is based on clear rules about what is compared and how. An essential condition for the application of the comparative method is that criteria are found that allow a systematic comparison .

Politics - collective decision-making processes

-Politics => describes the processes in which these decisions are made -Policy => outlines the contents of these decisions -Polity => Structures in which this decision is made

How they compare...

-Single-case studies (rather qualitative) -Small-N case studies -Big-N (rather quantitative)

The main goal of the comp. pol is empirical :

-describe, explain, and predict similarities and differences across political systems , be they countries, regions, or supra-national systems (such as empires or the European Union). Based on data collected at one-time and not-for-big-scale or diachronic (including a temporal dimension). "

The Policy Cycle: A model to understand the policy-making process

1 problem 2 problem definition 3 Evaluation of options 1 4 Selection of policy option 6 2 5 implementation 6 Evaluation 1 problem 5 3 Old, but still partly used ... 4

"Frames" as a methodological instrument in the analysis of policy conflicts

1. "(Intractable) Policy Controversies" 2. "morality politics" 3. racial / identity politics Health policy in the US: "Obamacare" or Electronic Health Record in Austria as examples

The American Revolution (1763-1783)

13 colonies declare independence from Britain Starting point: Turning the control screw after expensive wars 1773: Boston Tea Party In the course of the second Continental Congress: "Declaration of Independence" Written by Thomas Jefferson On July 4, 1776 decided by Congress Revolutionary War until 1783 (1781)

Brief history of the modern (national) state

1648: Peace of Westphalia Principle of sovereignty (inward and outward) => historical ideas: Thomas Hobbes (1651): Leviathan absolutism Louis XIV (1643-1715) as a paradigmatic example Centralization of power and domination 3 phases (according to Poggi, 2017): (territorial) consolidation Rationalization of domination bureaucracy science Expansion => "biopolitical turn" Territorial states become (become) national states

History of the modern state: Summary

1648: Westphalian peace - principle of sovereignty absolutism Consolidation - rationalization - expansion Territorial states become (become) national states

History of the modern state: key points

1648: Westphalian peace - principle of sovereignty absolutism Consolidation - rationalization - expansion Territorial states become (become) national states

Further historical developments 1

1912-1949: Republic of China 1917 Entry into the First World War (to secure the assistance of European powers in the defense of Japanese territorial interests) From 1927: Civil War after the end of the Qing Dynasty. Main opponents: National People's Party (Kuomintang) v. Communist Party From 1937: 2nd Sino-Japanese War (the 1st had lasted from 1894-1895), and 2nd World War 1949: Victory of the Communists in the Civil War. Proclamation of the People's Republic of China

Federal President: Refusal to countersign (signature under laws) (1)

1951: Theodor Heuss (1949-59): The Law on the Administration of Income and Corporate Tax lacked the approval of the Bundesrat 1960: Heinrich Lübke (1959-69): Law on the business and staff trade for violation of the freedom of practice (GG Art. 12 [1]) 1969: Gustav Heinemann (1969-74): Engineering Act wg. lack of competence of the federal government 1970: Gustav Heinemann (1969-74): Architects Act wg. lack of competence of the federal government 1976 Walter Scheel (1974-79): The law on the abolition of conscientious objection to conscientious objectors lacked the approval of the Bundesrat

President: Refusal to countersign (signature under laws) (2)

1991: Richard von Weizsäcker (1984-94): Privatization of Air Traffic Control wg. Violation of GG Art. 87d (1) - Federal aviation administration. Signed for constitutional amendment that made private law organization possible 2002: Johannes Rau (1999-2004): Immigration Act wg. Vote in the Bundesrat, where the inconsistent vote from Brandenburg went through yes. Ultimately, however, sign up to allow for judicial review by the Federal Constitutional Court. Federal Constitutional Court passed the law (new version of the law 2005).

federalism 1

2 considerations: How did Germany develop historically? + Prevention of concentration of power => Totalitarian unitary state under National Socialism Historical: The newly founded since 1946 countries in the western zone unite to the Federal Republic of Germany 1990: new federal states by accession of the GDR

Today?

3 positions The state loses power and importance. The state is gaining in power and importance. No zero-sum game: statehood is in transformation - how it is transformed is an empirical question

Bundestag

=> Democratic imagination shaped by parties (unlike in the US) => Parliamentary work shaped by political groups Cf. Ismayr (2009, 522): "Since the 'small parliamentary reform' of 1969/70, the opposition factions have been strengthened by the progressive expansion of parliamentary group rights (!). On the other hand, only a few rights have remained with individual Members. Apart from amendments, all initiatives (submission) require the support of a political group or a corresponding number of MEPs (...). If a member wants to be proactive, he must first seek support from his own group. " At least 5% of deputies; from a party or parties that are not in competition for the election campaign (CDU / CSU)

3 questions about the post-national constellation

A normative question: How can / should we react? Cf. Habermas: => "What could be a political answer to the challenges of the post-national constellation?" (Habermas 1998a: 2) Two analytical questions: If there is a "post-national" constellation, what exactly is a "national constellation"? What does this mean for the research practice of the comparative analysis of politics?

Government: Order of the Federal Government

BPräs has the right to propose Bundestag elects Chancellor by absolute majority In the second and third ballot, 1/3 of the votes or relative majority is sufficient Federal Chancellor decides on selection of Federal Ministers Bundestag can not legally bind in order / dismissal of the Federal Ministers In practice: Government offices part of the coalition negotiations

Corner 2: Absolutism

Absorption of small units into larger structures Reinforced ability to govern a united territory Reinforced system of law and order Domination by a sovereign States: open competition for power

Cooperation President - Congress

Abstract and exemplification

federalism 4

Additionally: Through the Federal Council, countries also have a say in federal laws and ordinances issued by the Federal Government No clear separation, but close cooperation between the federal government and the states "cooperative federalism" and "federated federation" (as opposed to "competitive federalism" and a "dual federalism" in the USA)

Typologies: Distinction I Bismarck systems

After Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), Prussian Prime Minister, Chancellor Dt Reich) Contribution-financed social insurance Benefits coupled with gainful employment

Typologies: Distinction I Beveridge systems

After William Beveridge (1879-1863) economist, head of an expert commission in the British parliament Tax-financed minimum income for all citizens

3.3. Beginning of the "modern" phase after WW2

After the end of World War II, "institutions" initially take a back seat => Focus on individuals (actors or roles) and their actions Institutions return at the end of the 1970s ("neo-institutionalism" + institutional concept) Why after the end of WW2? 2 developments: Philosophy of Science (epistemic) Political (normative)

Interpretive Policy Analysis: Maarten Hajer's Works (4)

Although the acid rain debate appeared to be a debate over technical facts, Hajer argued that it was the battle for the hegemony of two competing discourse coalitions, and each had their own story lines. 1. Traditional pragmatist story line: Scientific argument in the context of which it was doubted that the emissions of power stations are to blame for environmental degradation Represented by the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) (Hajer 1993)

Biopolitics after Michel Foucault

Among others in: "The will to know. Sexuality and Truth I "(1983 [1976]) New kind of power mechanisms from the 18th century => Biopolitics as "entry of life and its mechanisms into the realm of conscious calculi and the transformation of power-knowledge into a transformation agent of human life" (Focuault 1983, 170) Power penetrates into individual behaviors: sexuality no taboo but "under control" (confession, prohibitions)

President: Tasks

Are regulated in articles 54-61 GG (Interpretation of) experiences of the Weimar Republic -> tasks of the Federal President are limited At government formation Suggests a Federal Chancellor to the Bundestag Appoint this at election by the Bundestag In a third phase: decide whether minority government should be formed or whether the Bundestag should be dissolved Has never happened in history of the Federal Republic But: Eventuality nevertheless regulated When selecting ministers and state secretaries: "Duty of appointment"

Interpretative Policy Analysis (IPA): Discourse Coalitions (Hajer) (2)

Argumentative turn: Analysis required which goes beyond the investigation of differences in technical facts alone (Hajer 1993: 45) Challenge: Emergence of the concept of discourse coalition (Hajer 1993: 45)

How do rational choice approaches explain group cohesion and cooperative behavior? 2

At the macro level: "A good example of the fundamental problem of cooperation is where two industrial nations have erected trade barriers to each other's exports. Because of the mutual advantages of free trade, both countries would have been better off. Unilaterally, it would just stand for a long time. In fact, whatever one country does, the other country is better off retaining its own trade barriers. Therefore, the problem is that each country has an incentive to retain trade barriers.

How do rational choice approaches explain group cohesion and cooperative behavior? 1

At the micro level: Rational choice Theorists explain cohesion within groups through utility maximization. For example, Michael Hechter's work on solidarity: People form groups to consume jointly produced competing goods. Solidarity of the group "(Hechter 1987: 18). [Hechter, Michael (1987). Principles of Group Solidarity . Berkeley: University of California Press.]

3.2) Comparison in the early modern phase: "Old Institutionalism"

At the turn of the century, especially in the USA "Old Institutionalism" or "constitutional system" (Lehner & Widmaier 1998, 9) Collection and description of forms of rule, constitutional structures and institutional arrangements Classifications and Typologies of Polities

1: Behavioralism

Attempt to bring political science closer to a scientific / scientific theoretical ideal. Political science is strongly oriented towards sociology.

USA: different legal tradition than in continental Europe

Case law system ( case law, " judge's rights " ) Judicial decisions of specific cases as source of law Great importance of precedents Civil Law System: Formal source of law is exclusively codified law (and customary international law)

Germany

Basic Law May 23, 1949 (intended as a transitional law!) Great importance of human rights (Art 1: Human dignity!) Art. 79 III GG provides: "An amendment to the Basic Law which" affects "the division of the Federation into Länder (state), the fundamental participation of the Länder in the legislation or the principles laid down in Art. 1 and 20 GG , " is inadmissible. "

Biopolitics after Michel Foucault (uA in "The Will to Knowledge")

Before: sovereign power, characterized by right of life and death - or "die to make or to have the right of life," (Foucault 1983, 162); Power as a "levy instance" Symbol of the sword: wars death penalty "Now the West has experienced a profound transformation of these power mechanisms since the classical era. The 'levy' (exploitation) tends to be no longer its main form, but only one element among other elements working to stimulate, strengthen, control, monitor, increase and organize the subject forces: this power is destined to do so To create, grow and organize forces, rather than inhibiting, bowing or destroying them. "(Foucault 1983, 162-163)

"Nation".

Benedict Anderson (1983) (*): => "an imagined political community" (p. 49) "it is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation want to know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion. "(p. 49) Community => Society (see Ferdinand Tönnies) _____ (*) ​​Benedict Anderson (1983), Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism

The legislative process

Bills are drafted by Legislators in the Parliamentary Councel Office (PCO), a division of the Cabinet Green paper: consultation paper White Paper: A formulation of intended policy content

Government: change of government

Bundestag: "constructive vote of no confidence" Once successful: 1982 (departure of the FDP coalition with SDP under Helmut Schmidt - CDU / CSU-FDP coalition under Helmut Kohl) Alternative: Chancellor asks BPräs after a failed vote of confidence to dissolve the Bundestag 1972, 1982, 2005 new election

By government form or types

By government form or types Parliamentary systems Presidential systems Semi-Presidential Systems or Mixed Systems Attention: ideal types - typologies Classification: By the ratio of "Legislative" (Parliament) and "Executive" (President, Prime Minister and Government) => Is there the instrument of the vote of no confidence?

Chancellor in the government

Chancellor has authority competence Appoint ministers and dismiss them Limitation by coalition governments, coalition agreement Collegial Cabinet Principle and department principle In addition to Cabinet meetings: "Large coalition rounds" (=> majority of Parliament controls government informal) Coalitions are the rule, but big coalitions are the exception

Political culture continues

Changes since Almond & Verba (1963): a) Changes in content & b) Further development of the concept

Marshall (1950):

Civil rights (essentially freedoms) Protection against state arbitrariness Political rights (co-determination rights) and Social rights (participation rights) He assigns these rights to certain centuries Social rights have the greatest impact on class differences

"Modernizing states"

Combination of characteristics of modern, postmodern and weak postcolonial states Are in transition Examples: Brazil, India, Russia

Important role of the philosophy: Eg "era of the hundred schools" (about 500-300 BCE)

Confucianism: the state as a family, hierarchy is nowendig, harmony (no "individualistic" system), "graded love" (manifestations: tighter penalties for crimes against family members) Idealization of agriculture. Trade was considered nonproductive parasitism Right is not the same for everybody (because different people have to be treated differently)

government

Consists A Federal Chancellor Federal Ministers Parliamentary State Secretaries Together form the "Cabinet"

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: congress

Consists Senate (100 members) House of Representatives (435 members) Senate: Each state has 2 senators Been elected for 6 years since 1912 Every 2 years, 1/3 of the senators are newly elected House of Representatives: Is elected every 2 years in constituencies in federal states Number of representatives depends on the population of the states President can not dissolve the congress prematurely separation of powers. Elections always take place in even years on the 3rd Tuesday in November Every 4 years the president is elected at the same time If President is not elected at the same time: "midterm elections"

Federal Council

Consists of 69 directional members who are seconded (and recalled) by the state governments Number per state: 3-6 Votes: by province Attention: Asymmetric Bikameralism "The Federal Council was expected to represent the 'long-term interests' of the Länder at a distance from the daily politics of the parties and to contribute the expertise of the Länder administration to the legislative work (Lehmbruch 2000)." (Ismayr 2008, 525)

"Supreme Court of the United States" (SCOTUS) 2

Consists of 9 judges Vocation: Be appointed by the president for life The Senate must agree Hearings and interrogations in the Judiciary Committee of the Senate Senate votes by nomination by simple majority Possibility of filibuster ("talking a bill to death")

Bundestag

Consists of at least 598 deputies (+ overhang mandates): 299 directly elected directly in the constituencies; The rest over the country lists

houses of Parliament

Consists of two chambers (=> "two-chamber system" or "bicamerales" system) Form different realities: Bundestag Represents the "German people" Federal Council Represents federal states Asymmetric Bikameralism

Corner point 3 3 phases (*)

Consolidation of statehood Rationalization of statehood Expansion of Statehood ___ (*) ​​After Poggi (2014)

US Constitution: 5 achievements

Constitutional Convention and Constitution "on behalf of the people" "We are the people of the United States , in order to establish a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. " Circumstance that this constitution was a written constitution . => Protection against arbitrariness of a majority Bill of Rights (1789) Civil rights that have been defined in Amendments eg: Freedom of religion, speech, press. Right to bear arms. "Judicial Review " - Judicial review by Courts Marbury v Madison (1803) Separation of Powers: Horizontal separation of powers Vertical separation of powers: federalism Division of competences between individual states and the Federal Government Article I: "enumerated powers" of the Congress 10th amendment (1791): all powers that are not explicitly in federal government are the responsibility of the individual states For disputes, the Supreme Court decides

"Supreme Court of the United States" (SCOTUS) 1

Constitutional body (since 1789) "The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may be of time to time ordain and establish." (Article III, Section 1) He is the highest court in the USA. Most important competence: "judicial review" Review of laws and actions of authorities on constitutional conformity ("Supreme Law of the United States") 1803: Marbury vs Madison

General: Concept of the Constitution

Constitutions as basic rules of the game of politics or "meta-norms" (Sweet Stone 2017, 157: "Where we see meta-norms, we observe a constitution") 3 types (according to Sweet Stone 2017): Type 1: Absolutist constitution Meta-norm: reflects, rather than restricts, the power of the rulers. "The rulers are above the law" Hardly separation of powers; no fundamental rights. Constitution can be changed at any time Widely used in Europe in the 19th century "constitutional monarchies"; in the 20th century in real socialist systems

Constructivist Approaches to Analysis (2)

Constructivist approaches: Focus on the role of ideas, norms, knowledge, intersubjective understanding of our coexistence

Impeachment impeachment procedure (3)

Contemporary example: July 2017: Brad Sherman (Dem) applies for impeachment for President Trump . Reason: Dismissal of FBI boss James Comey obstructed according to Sherman the justice Since then several more attempts

President: Tasks

Conversely, after the failed Chancellor's vote of confidence, the Bundestag can dissolve - as proposed by the Chancellor -> New elections So far: three times: 1972 (Brandt), 1982 (Kohl), 2005 (Schröder) Quasi-notarial function in legislation He signs laws and initiates publication in the Federal Law Gazette Can refuse his signature but only for compelling legal reasons: if these "undoubtedly and obviously" violate the Constitution

counter positions

Counterposition 1 History of the modern state and diagnosis of transformation in the present is centered on the West. Opposite position 2: Does not even apply to the west. "(Not even) we have been (ever so) modern!" Free after Bruno Latour (*): "We have never been modern!" (*) Latour, Bruno (1998 [1993]): We have never been modern. Attempt at symmetrical anthropology Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

Terms like "state" and "nation"

Country In international law: state territory-state people-state power The state with Max Weber (1864-1920) as that community that "Within a certain area [...]" " Claims the monopoly of legitimate physical violence for itself (with success)" nation Nations as "imagined political communities" (B Anderson (1983) "Banal Nationalism" (M Cheap 1995)

"Political System" by David Easton

David Easton (1917-2014) David Easton (1965): A Systems Analysis of Political Life . Chicago: University of Chicago Press Goes back to sociology: Talcott Parsons "Sociology" of Comparative Politics Society consists of different subsystems The political system is a "set of structures and procedures for the authoritative control and regulation of social behavior" ( authoritative allocation of values ) See Max Weber!

Fundamental debate: what to focus on in the analysis? Structure and agency

Debate from Sociology (Hay 2002: 90) Giddens, Anthony (1984). The Constitution of Society, Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press. "... the question of structure and agency is about the explanation of social and political phenomena." (Hay 2002: 93) Structure : background, structure, underlying order patterns Agency : action and political conduct (Hay 2002: 94) (although a priori is not clear who is acting!) Giddens' 'third way' - in analogy, 'third ontology' beyond structuralism and intentionalism (Hay 2002: 118)

Bundestag: tasks

Decides federal laws (usually together with the Federal Council) Choose the Chancellor or vote him with a constructive vote of no confidence Elect (as part of the Federal Assembly) the Federal President Decides on Bundeswehr missions Control the government (especially opposition)

How "deep" are democracies?

Deep" democracies: -Passive suffrage is affordable -proportional representation -Suffrage with quotas for under-represented persons -Women and minorities are accurately represented in Parliament -All institutions that perform essential functions for society are situated within a system of democratic institutions

Comparison of democracy

Democracy is a political method ... a certain type of institutional arrangement for arriving at political - legislative and administrative - decisions" (Schumpeter 1975: 242, cited in O'Donnell 2001: 5) "Democracy is a system in which parties loose elections. There are parties: divisions of interests, values, and opinions. There is competition organized by rules. And there are periodic winners and losers. "(Przeworski 1991: 10, cited in O'Donnell 2001: 8)

Focus: Rational Choice Theory / Approach: The term 'rational'

Definition of rationality implies the assumption that people pursue their interests directly and without 'misrepresentation' Economic Definition (Downs 1968: 5): Refers to a person who approaches his or her goals on a path where, to the best of his knowledge, he uses the least amount of limited resources for each unit of value Goals are not just money!

Esping Andersen's Typology of Well-Being States (4)

Degrees of decommodification ("de-commodification") "Commodity" is a commodity Decommodification means that something that initially became a commodity (such as labor) is (again) withdrawn from the market "The outstanding criterion for social rights must be the degree to which they make their living standards independent of pure market forces. It is in this sense that social rights diminish citizens' status as' commodities'. "(Page 3) Example: wage replacement in unemployment, training, parenting; or services such as education and childcare

The liberal welfare state

Demand-tested (minimal) fuse market freedom Low redistribution Minimal decommodification Private care Example: USA, Australia, Canada

What is the "modern"?

Different definitions in political science, economics, intellectual history, literature, art, etc. Originally an antithesis to antiquity Colloquially: demarcation of the present from the past Important developments: Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, Reformation dualism Individualism (Reformation, Enlightenment) Self-consciously to break up with the past

Policy Research: Public Policies / Policies Application and Problem Orientation (2)

Different examination methods as well as terminology "Speaking truth to power" - applied policy research: how can policies be improved? Or alternatively: What can we learn about policymaking? (Comparative approaches are particularly helpful here) No limitation to disciplinary boundaries

Interpretive Policy Analysis (IPA): Discourse institutionalization and formation

Discourse institutionalization the reproduction of a given discourse (Hajer 1993: 46) Discourse formation takes place in many different levels and in many different localities (Hajer 1993: 46) Story lines / narratives: "In the actual discussion of specific problems different discursive elements are presented as a narrative, or story line , in which elements of the various discourses are combinded into a more or less coherent whole and the discursive complexity is concealed." (Hajer 1993: 47 )

Federal Constitutional Court: Tasks

Disputes between the Federation and the Länder constitutional complaints Individual complaints can be brought by any natural or legal person who feels violated by the public authority in its fundamental rights Verification of constitutional compliance Concrete standards control Abstract standards control At the request of the Federal Government, a state government, or one third of the members of the Bundestag "Anticipatory obedience" in the Bundestag

judiciary

Divided between federations and countries Ordinary jurisdiction (for civil and criminal matters) labor, Social-, Administrative, and tax courts Federal Courts Are Provided as Supreme Court (Revision Courts That Guarantee Uniform Application of the Applicable Law)

Majority vote (also personality choice)

Division into constituencies Each constituency sends a member Candidate is elected by majority vote Benefits two-party system with government-enabled majorities

Focus: Rational Choice Theory / Approach: Elections

Downs' Model: Study on Political Rationality (Downs 1968: 14 ff) Assumption: Every government seeks to maximize the level of prestige and popular support Democratic Society with regular elections Goal of all parties: (re) election

Esping Andersen's Typology of Well-Being States (3)

Effect of social policy on the social distribution of power and social stratification ("stratification") Example: Stigmatization: Obtaining a benefit devalues ​​recipients of this benefit Bismarckian politics -> for certain classes At the other end: universalism: all citizens have similar rights "Social policy is supposed to address problems of stratification, but it also produces it." (Esping-Andersen 1990, 3)

Isrealic Policies: Dominated by Jewish culture

Embryos ex utero are not like living humans to treat Traditional meaning of healing Zionist Heritage - Importance of Mastering Nature technology "Playing God" as a moral duty (to improve the world)

2: changing the political context

End of the 2nd World War Decolonization - new countries Experience of the 2nd World War Question of Democracy: "What makes democracy work?" Was not a purely theoretical question, but a deeply normative need Comparable with today ??

Esping Andersen's Typology of Well-Being States (2)

Esping-Anderson builds on older models - criticizes these in places and / or complements them He criticizes (1) the idea that welfare states can be compared to their expenditures

"Congressional Gridlock"

Failure of the president? Or success of the "founding fathers"? And what do Hirschmann's "passions" and "interests" have to do with gridlock ?

What is a comparison? 2

Everyday comparison v. systematic scientific comparison: We often compare unconsciously, but we always compare (this applies to everyday life as well as to our scientific work). "Thinking without comparison is unthinkable." (Swanson 1971, cited in Ragin 1989: 1) The moment we think, we compare (directly or indirectly). The essential thing is the context, which directly affects the comparison. If we do not understand the context, we can not reasonably and systematically compare (current example: "Basic Income" in Kenya and Finland)

Comparison: classification, typology 2

Example of Typology : Typology of Aristotle - dichotomous (oriented to the common good / self interest) with ordinal (one, few, many ruler) variables (Aarebrot / Bakka 2003: 71) Classes are hierarchical, mutually exclusive, and jointly exhaustive (class affiliation is an either-or-question). On types this is not true

Federal President: Refusal to countersign (signature under laws) (3)

Example: Johannes Rau: "Declaration (...) to the Immigration Act of 20 June 2002" (*) "After considering all aspects, I signed the immigration law this morning and issued the order for promulgation in the Federal Law Gazette. According to the code of competence of the Basic Law and according to state practice, the Federal President is only entitled and obliged to refrain from issuing a law if he has gained the confident conviction that there is a clear and obvious violation of the Constitution. I did not come to this conviction in this case. " Later: Federal Constitutional Court declared voting in the Bundesrat invalid

Focus: Rational Choice Theory / Approach: Public Choice - the larger context around Downs (1)

Explanation of political processes with the help of economic models: "Public choice can be defined as the economics of non-market decision-making, or simply the application of economics to political science. The subject matter of public choice is the same as that of political science: the theory of the state, voting rules, ... The methodology of public choice is that of economics, however. "

F Fukuyama

F Fukuyma (2002) "The End of Man" through modern biotechnology State controls necessary F Fukuyma (2004) State building: governance and world order in the 21st century "Failed states"

The legislative process

First Reading: Normally in the House of Representatives (this is mandatory for fiscal bills) Second Reading: Debate on general principles and content Standing Committee (normally 18 members, meets twice a week) Third reading Lord's Stages: general principles and possible additions [both houses must agree to the Bill in identical form, otherwise there will be a "ping-pong" between the two houses] Royal Assent

Civil War (1861-1865)

First war, in which the industrial revolution has meaning. Austin Ranney (2000): "Before 1861 it was a united-disputed question whether or not it was a sovereign state, which had every one of its own states of affairs the state governments. After 1865, in both law and fact, it was established that the United States was, as every American schoolchild is drilled to know, "one nation, indivisible," not a federation of sovereign states. "(Ranney 2000, 735) 1860: Abraham Lincoln elected president Southern states renounced Union and formed a confederation ("Confederate States of America") civil war slavery Constitution of the United States: safeguard the rights of individual states vs union Question of Democracy => Gettysburg Address of Lincoln 13th Amendment: Prohibition of slavery 14th Amendment (1868): "All persons born or naturalized in the United States (...), are citizens of the United States and of the State they reside."

Supreme Court of the United States

First, it checks if the case can be heard Then: hearing majority decision Publication of "Dissenting Votes" => Individualized legal culture

The Political System of the PRC

Formal multiparty system Communist Party is trusted with the leadership of the country; 88 million party members (of 1.4 billion people) Central Institutions: Politburo (about 20 members), Central Committee (up to 200 members) Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Politburo: head of state, party leader, commander-in-chief of the army. Currently: Xi Jinping

How do we compare?

Identify differences and similarities (3): Galton's problem: How can one explain the same or similar phenomena in different countries? Functionally explainable or mutual influence / diffusion? Political learning?

Political system at Almond (and co-authors)

Framework for the comparison of all political systems Political systems as "the sum of all interactions that affect the use of legitimate physical force" Almond opens Easton's Black Box: Distinction of "structures" and "functions" All political systems are similar in that they have to fulfill certain functions. How they perform these functions depends on "structures". "Structural concept" as a delimitation from formal description of institutions - regularities of actions of individuals ("roles") (News: Cf. Acemoglu's focus on extractive v. Inclusive institutions)

Francis Fukuyama: "The end of the story"

Francis Fukuyama (* 1952): US political scientist John Hopkins University "The end of history" (The end of history) 1989 as essay and Published in 1992 as a book References: Hegel, Nietzsche Liberal democracy as the end of history Endpoint of an "ideological evolution of humanity" Teleological understanding of history (from gr. Telos = goal and end) No further progress can be expected in the basic principles and institutions of liberal democracy Battles will take place within the paradigm of liberal democracy

Repeat last unit: 3. Current diagnoses

Francis Fukuyama: "End of History" (1989-1993) Liberal democracies as the end of an ideological evolution of humanity Crisis of Representative Democracy: Colin Crouch: Post-Democracy (2008 [2004]) Jürgen Habermas: "Post-National Constellation" (1998)

Three global "macro models" for democracy measurement and their democracy indices in the foreground: (MEM!)

Freedom House Democracy Index Democracy Ranking

How to measure democracy quality? 3

Freedom House : central dimension: freedom (in addition to civil liberties and political rights) Democracy Index : refers directly to Freedom House and criticizes the equation of freedom and democracy Democracy Ranking : Democracy quality as a key feature according to the conceptual formula Democracy quality = (freedom & other characteristics of the political system) & (performance or performance of non-political dimensions) Six Dimensions: Political System, Gender, Economy, Knowledge, Health, Environment

How to measure democracy quality? 2 (MEM!)

Freedom House: Electoral democracy: 1. competitive multiparty system; 2. universal suffrage for all adult citizens; 3. regular elections without electoral fraud, representative of public opinion; 4. as well as the possibility to address the electorate (the voters) through the media and open political campaigns. Liberal democracy goes beyond (civil liberties)

German Politics

GOOGLE! BRANCHES, POWER, STRUCTURE, PARTIES!!

THE UK GOV

GOOGLE! BRANCHES, POWER, STRUCTURE, PARTIES!!

The Political System of the USA

GOOGLE! BRANCHES, POWER, STRUCTURE, PARTIES!!

Source: Easton, David (1957): An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems. World Politics 9 (3): 383-400.

Gabriel Almond (1911-2002) One of the most important political scientists in the Western world Together with Sidney Verba (1963): The Civic Culture Together with G. Bingham Powell (1966): Comparative Politics: a Developmental Approach Almond, Gabriel, et al (1993): Comparative Politics , New York.

Characteristic of the Political System of Germany

Germany is a "federal state" (and not a "single state") -> federalism A parliamentary democracy -> parliamentary system Germany is a "defensive / conflicting democracy" Basic Law and Federal Constitutional Court

Dimensions of the postnational constellation

Globalization => Increase of economic, political and cultural interactions and relations across state borders Appearance of new and the continuation of old inequalities New actors Plunder of the planet and the destruction of nature Rise of nationalism and fundamentalism Development of new forms of cooperation

COMMITTEE ACTION

HR 1 introduced in House INTRODUCTION Referred to subcommitte Reported by full committee Rules Committee House debate, vote on passage

"Federalist Papers"

Hamilton wrote in Paper # 72 that the president could have a "temptation to sorid vies to peculation" However, another term could ensure that he would resist this temptations, in the interest of his own interest in being re-elected Paper # 51: "division of power" - "ambition must be made to counteract ambition"

Political Culture: Robert Putnam (* 1941)

Harvard Kennedy School 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Putnam investigates and compares regions in Italy Why are some more stable? Why are some more efficient? Comparative study, 20 regions, since 1970 (civic engagement over time) Example: Emilia Romagna in contrast to Calabria Putnam's thesis: Depends on "social capital" => interpersonal networks, social trust and community values 1995 (2000). Bowling Alone: ​​The Collapse and Revival of American Community

Similar concepts

Herbert Gottweis (1958-2014) "Metanarrative" of Nations and "Policy Narrative" (Gottweis 1998) Charles Taylor (* 1931): "Social Imagininaries" => ways in which people imagine their social existence, how they fit together with others, how things go on between them and their fellows, the expectations that are normally met, and the deeper normative notions and images that underlie these expectations. "(Taylor 2002: 23) The formation of a paradigm / metanarrative / "imaginaries" is always specific and particular. But : All communities and societies have such paradigms / narratives / imaginations: can be more or less contentious - narratives can give counter narratives Sometimes they are so stabilized that they become "naturalized" and invisible => Comparison as a method: can make the invisible visible These imaginings inscribe themselves into political practices and institutions stabilization

Impeachment impeachment proceedings (2)

Historical cases? Two cases, both unsuccessful: 1868: Andrew Johnson (Reason: Appointment of War Minister without Senate approval, violation of tenure of office act 1999: Bill Clinton (reason: perjury and obstruction of justice) No impeachment, only threat: 1974 Richard Nixon (Watergate scandal). Nixon came with resignation before.

FLOOR ACTION

INTRODUCTION HOUSE SENATE Once both chambers have passed related bills, a conference committee of members of both houses work out the differences

Meta-Narrative

Iceland: Risks from Nature Outweigh Risks to Nature (Hilary Rose) Germany: Risk of moral / ethical missteps - repetition of the mistakes of history (Stefan Sperling: Germans as "moral world champions" Israel: risk from demographic developments Concept of "technological society" by Andrew Barry (*) Does not mean (only) that there are many technologies. Imagining that problems and conflicts about technologies can be solved. Example: hybrid car, biofuels, etc. Science and technology as "continuation of politics with other things" (Bruno Latour) Question: Does this apply to all sciences? Sometimes science and technology themselves generate great controversy nuclear power Genetically modified foods genome project Comparative policy research is particularly interested in these controversies interprets them as expressions of "Policy controversies" or "Morality politics" or "Identity politics"

How do we compare?

Identify differences and similarities (1): John Stuart Mill: a) concordance - or b) difference method Ad a) "If two ... instances of the phenomenon ... have only one circumstance in common, the circumstance in which alone all the instances agree, is the cause (or effect) of a given phenomenon" Ad b) "The two instances which are to be compared ... must be identical, in all circumstances except the one we are attempting to investigate ..."

How do we compare?

Idiographically v. nomothetic (Jahn)

Caution trap: "Cultural Fallacy" (our supplement)

If it can not be explained otherwise then it is "the culture" (without further explanation) Here only quantitative and qualitative methods can explain together

Interpretive Policy Analysis: Maarten Hajer's Works (6)

Important actor groups of this coalition: Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution Friends of the Earth "A discourse coalition becomes dominant if (1) the central actors are persuaded by, or are forced to accept, the rhetorical power of a new story line (discourse structuration); and (2) this is reflected in the organizational practice of a given domain (discourse institutionalization). "(Hajer 1993: 66) It was about causing destruction, costs and (non-) causation (SO2)

3.2) First generation of comparison: "Old Institutionalism"

Important names: such as Francis Lieber and Carl J Friedrich An essential impulse: from (German) political science (from the jurisprudence and the historical sciences ) See also History of Political Science in Vienna Descriptive approaches: Mostly description of constitutions no fieldwork, mostly analysis of written texts (like constitutions) Comparative Analysis of Politics as Comparative Government (" Comparative Government ")

Cultural factors (continued)

Important role of the philosophy: Eg "era of the hundred schools" (about 500-300 BCE) Mohism: strong egalitarian orientation Daoism: harmony, "the way" (Dao) is given by nature; "The best activity is inactivity" Yin-Yang cosmology Etc.

Focus: Rational Choice Theory / Approach: Rationality - Processes and Goals

Important: Rationality refers to the processes of action (rationality of the means), not to their goals or the success in achieving the goals (Downs 1968: 6) Nevertheless, meaning of the goals: You have to know what they are in before you can decide which behavior is rational (focus on economic and political goals)

federalism 2

In Article 20 GG fixed and in "eternity clause" (Article 79 paragraph 3 GG) declared immutable 16 countries have their own constitutional and state organs "Minimum Standards" in GG: Principles of the Republican, Democratic and Social Rule of Law Bandwidth, about Own fundamental rights catalogs (with basic social rights) and diverse state goals Mainly: Unikamerale Landtage, which determine Prime Ministers -> important political actors

Academic articulations:

In Europe: Colin Crouch: Post-Democracy (2004) Thomas Piketty: Capital in the 21st Century (2013) In the US: Lawrence Lessig: Republic, lost! (2011) Noam Chomsky: Who Rules the World? (2016)

Bundestag: Elections (new suffrage 2013)

In Germany: compromise Every 4 years election to the Bundestag with "personalized proportional representation" 2 votes: With the first vote, direct candidates are elected in 299 one-person constituencies Simple majority is enough -> "direct mandates" With second votes, country lists of the parties are elected Seats are distributed according to the votes cast for the list Exclusion clause of 5% (or at least 3 direct mandates) Possibility of voice splitting "Overhang seats"

Developments from the 70s: turning to policies

In the bye principles of individual choice and preference "(Ashford 1977: 572 cit. By von Beyme 2014: 29) Comparison of policies in the foreground (Comparative Public Policy) Transnational comparisons: "Comparative public policy is the cross-national study of how, why, and to what effect government policies are developed." (Heidenheimer et al., 1975: v, cited in von Beyme 2014: 29)

State: to the term

In the comparative political science state usually means the modern (national) state International law: state people, national territory, effective state power State in the history of ideas: Eg social contract theories Weber, Hegel until today: state as "essentially contested concept" (*) => Concepts where there is a broad consensus that they are important, but no consensus on how to best realize them

Rational Choice Theory / Approach: Incomplete Knowledge / Information

Incomplete knowledge / information means in Downs' model: Parties do not always know what citizens want Citizens do not always know what governments / opposition have done Necessary information is expensive (Downs 1957: 145f) Influence on tendentious choice of facts (Downs 1957: 140 f)

Political Culture: World Value Survey

Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map "Traditional values" versus "Secular-rational values" and Survival values ​​versus self-expression values.

Conservative (or continental European welfare state:

Insurance benefits are in the foreground Strong connection of wage work with social demands Those who are not self-employed are also insured Amount of benefits depends on the contribution amount => low redistribution Child care is above all the responsibility of the family Examples: Germany, France, Austria

president 2

Is at the head of the executive Is (directly) selected Nominal by the Electoral College De facto by direct choice Together with a "Vice President" Term of office: 4 years A re-election is possible He can not be removed prematurely for political reasons - no vote of no confidence But: Impeachment procedure (appointment procedure)

President as head of government

Is responsible for the implementation of all laws passed by Congress. Leads a Cabinet appointed by him: Secretaries are directly dependent on the president and can be dismissed at any time President has full authority in the Cabinet Executive Office of the President Type State Chancellery with key employees Also: Strong symbolic figure

Interpretive Policy Analysis (IPA): Discourse Coalition Approach: Benefits from Hajer's Perspective

It is a strategic action in the context of specific sociohistorical discourses It takes the explanation beyond mere reference to interests It illuminates how different actors and organizational practices help to reproduce or fight a given bias (Hajer 2003: 48)

Interpretation dispute in economics

It is criticized: Acceptance of rational actors Ideology instead of reality Selective empiricism "If economists wished to study the horse, they would not go and look at horses. They'd sit in their studies and say to themselves: 'What would I do if I were a horse?' "(Ronald Coase)

@ Gegenthese II: Exemplification

James Scott (* 1936) Political scientist at Yale University "Seeing Like a State" (*): At the beginning of modernity, states knew very little; They had to make phenomena "readable" ( legible ); Local knowledge was always displaced Example: surname Example: Standardization of forests - "normal trees" What could not be made legible disappeared gradually forest dying "High modernist statecraft" with "tunnel vision" _____ (*) ​​James Scott (1998). Seeing like a state: How to improve the human condition have failed . Yale: Yale University Press.

Jürgen Habermas

Jürgen Habermas (born 1929) emeritus Sociologist and philosopher 1998: The "post-national constellation"

Positivism :

The world exists independently of our knowledge of it; establishing causal relationships between social phenomena

Short story of Germany

Later nation state 1871: Proclamation of the "German Empire" Wilhelm I. Constitutional monarchy Weimar Republic (1918-1933) Beginning: proclamation of the republic on 9 November (!) 1918 End: Appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of the Reich in 1933 1933: Beginning of the Nazi regime There are many attempts to explain and understand National Socialism. Immediately after the end of 2 WK: Weakness of political culture flagging economy Institutional structure of the Weimar Republic

Lawrence Lessig: "Republic, Lost"

Lawrence Lessig (b. 1961). Lawyer at Harvard Law School Original: Copyright From the failure of reform efforts: Convinced that a problem is a problem "at the root" (=> "rootstrikers" Problem: Republic, lost

Presidential political system

Legislative and top executive are directly elected. They are elected for fixed terms of office. Separation of powers between the legislative and executive branches. Parliament can not recall government for political reasons. President is at the same time Head of State and Head of Government. Example: USA (=> compare unit to the USA)

Example of absolutism: Louis XIV (France): "The Sun King"

Louis XIV (1643-1715 as a symbol of absolutism "L'etat c'est moi" - is attributed to him Did not summon Estates-General anymore Convocation of the Estates-General 1789: Beginning of the French Revolution

The conservative welfare state

Maintaining status differences Family as a central authority (subsidiarity) Low redistribution acquisition-oriented Example: Germany, Austria, France, Italy

biopolitics

Michel Foucault (1926-1984) Further development / other interpretations at: Giorgio Agamben Roberto Esposito Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri Nikolas Rose Thomas Lemke Etc. "Empirical Biopolitics"

3.1) Comparison in the "pre-modern phase"

Modern political science emerges in the 20th century. But political systems have been compared within the framework of the "history of ideas" since Aristotle. Comparison remained anecdotal and unsystematic and not always logically consistent Niccolò Machiavelli: "Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio" (1513-1519). Montesquieu: Classification of Monarchies, Republics and Despotic Systems

Federal Council: Committee

Most work is done in committees Formulates decision recommendations Federal councils are often represented in committees by ministerial officials => "Political integration" In plenary session: usually only more formal vote

Compromise between fine grain and large number of cases ( not between qualitative and quantitative analysis)

N = large N = 1 number of cases level of abstraction high low medium case number high number of cases

How does this imagination work?

Nation Building! See Michael Billig (1995) "Banal Nationalism." Benedict Andersen: Role of (print) media that allow members of a society that do not know each other to simultaneously witness an event (where they were not there). Question: What does the "crisis of the print media" mean in the "# age"?

President as head of state

Negotiates (with the approval of the Senate) contracts with other countries (2/3 majority in the Senate) Appoints ambassadors, ministers, judges and other officials Report to the Congress on the State of the Union

New goal: Systematic conception of politics in order to generate the most comprehensive explanatory theories.

New goal: Systematic conception of politics in order to generate the most comprehensive explanatory theories. Cf. First Unit (=> Daniele Caramani 2014): description systematization Explanation => "empirical turn" of Comparative Politics (not "comparative government") Medium: "Political Systems" "Political systems" capture components that can not be read from texts => goes beyond describing constitutions. Different phenomena are made comparable => they become "commensurable" (made).

rationalization

New hierarchies and new divisions of labor emerge Bureaucracy arises New role of knowledge, experts and technologies of all kinds <Number> "Consolidation, (...), larger, more visible, and stable containers of state power; rationalization bears chiefly on the ways in which such power is exercised. "(Poggi 2014, 72)

New Institutionalism (1)

New institutionalism: From a focus on organization to a focus on rules From a formal to an informal conception of institutions Form a static to a dynamic conception of institutions From submerged values ​​to a value-critical stance From a holistic to a disaggregated conception of institutions From independence to embeddedness (Lowndes 2010)

Impeachment - Impeachment (1)

No deselection! In case of serious offenses (in addition to the president also judges of the supreme court) procedure: Representative House decides by simple majority on the initiation of the procedure Hearing in the Senate Guilty statements require a 2/3 majority in the Senate Decision on dismissal / prohibition of the exercise of office

president

No dual executive power as in parliamentary systems US President is at the same time: head of state Head of government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces

democracy

Not freedom is in the foreground, but ethos and protective function of senior politicians Maintaining harmony No individualistic social organization Human rights violations are often "defended"

Fall of the Berlin Wall

November 9, 1989 is symbolic: In Germany: Fall of the Berlin Wall - Reunification In Europe: End of the East-West conflict Nevertheless, no national holiday in Germany Nationwide Holiday: October 3 (1990) Why the 3rd of October and not the 9th of November?

Basic Law (GG)

Objective: To avoid the perceived shortcomings of the Weimar Republic Restriction of the Federal President Strengthening of the Federal Chancellor Cutting the "arbitrariness" of the parliamentary majority Constructive vote of no confidence Constitutional recognition of the parties Commitment of an immutable constitutional core See Article 79 (3) of the Basic Law: An amendment to the Basic Law affecting the division of the Federation into Länder, the fundamental involvement of the Länder in legislation or the principles set out in Articles 1 and 20 is inadmissible. Catalog of fundamental rights, which are directly applicable law => enforceable For all other constitutional amendments: 2/3 majority of members of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat (Article 79 GG) Federal Constitutional Court

Citizen participation outside instruments of representative democracy

Occupy & Crouch & Lessig: "Crisis of Representation" (or "Representative Democracy") At the same time: Increasing participation citizens participate in problem solving "liquid democracy" "Ethical Shopping" => new political spaces emerge

How do we compare? Studies with a medium number of cases

Often quantitative and qualitative Example Esping-Andersen: Compares 18 OECD countries in terms of: decommodification: Providing alternative, non-market means of welfare production. Disconnection of social security from the labor market. Stratification : place and form of solidarity Liberal, Conservative, and Social Democratic Welfare Regime

Differentiation to other subareas

On Political Theory and History of Ideas : Political Theory tends to be normative (as it should be ); Comparison tends to be empirical (like something is ). "Some strive for freedom of value" International politics : deals with interactions between political systems; Comparison deals with interactions within systems. But: globalization, Europeanization, etc. Demarcation to Austrian politics : historically grown (in the USA); Comparison always with "foreign" countries (eg "Politics in Italy")

What is Comparative Politics?

One of the three main fields of Political Science, alongside Political Theory and International Relations Frequently mention of ancestors, such as Aristotle (384-322 BCE) and Montesquieu (1689-1755) But Comparative Politics is not very old, as is Modern Political Science

President: Tasks

Overall: hardly any own options for action and decision Extensive representative functions But nevertheless important office - integrating function, in particular by speeches Current President:

"Semi-Presidential Systems" (*) (or mixed systems)

Parliament and President are directly elected President is elected for a fixed term and has significant competences But: dual executive with president and prime minister: a prime minister and a government face the president Government is appointed by the President, but is politically responsible to Parliament Also called "mixed" system: Whether more parliamentary or more presidential depends on the practice. In France: cohabitation __ (*) ​​Term of Duverger (1980)

Parliamentary systems

Parliament is elected Investment power of the parliament Government is recruited from parliament majority The government is politically responsible to Parliament Parliament can control the government (control rights). Parliament can express distrust of the government. Conversely, the right of dissolution of the Prime Minister. Mostly: Dual Executive: Head of Government and Head of State (UK example: Prime Minister and Queen). Example: Great Britain ("Westminster Model" => see unit to UK).

state organs

Parliament: National People's Congress . Elect many other organs (President, People's Court, etc.) 3000 members. Members are elected by "lower" people's congresses. Mandate for 5 years. The lowest level is chosen by the people. Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (150 members). Controls state organs, protects the constitution State Council : administrative body ("Government"), chair: Prime Minister President : Elected by the People's Congress. Far-reaching Powers: Enacts laws (by resolution in the People's Congress), appoints members of the State Council, etc.

Basic Law (GG)

Parliamentary Council: Stock of 65 representatives of the regional parliaments (=> countries!) GG needed approval from military governors and state parliaments Why? It was based on a provisional character Name GG and deliberately insufficient democratic legitimacy But: Basic Law has become de facto "German Constitution" "Unification Agreement" (1990): => GG all-German constitution In addition: public recognition in decades of constitutional practice

Short summary from course 4: classification according to Beyme 2014

Part 3.1: Comparison in the 'pre-modern' phase Part 3.2: Comparison in the 'early modern' phase: Comparative analysis of policy, comparative government '(Comparative Politics) Part 3.3: Comparison in the [high] modern 'phase: Comparative analysis of policy, comparative politics' (Comparative Politics) Comparison in the 'postmodern' phase [Beyme, Klaus von (2014): "The evolution of comparative politics". In: Beyme, Klaus von. Klaus von Beyme: Pioneer in the Study of Political Theory and Comparative Politics . Springer. P. 41-58]

Research and Technology Policy

Part 3: Exemplification of biopolitics and "morality polticis" and "policy controversies" Research and technology policy = another way to implement the biopolitical imperative Investment in (biomedical) research in the present = healing and health in the future

"Eternity clause" (Article 79 (3) GG): human dignity, state structure principles: democracy, rule of law, welfare state, republic and federal state

Parties are key players in the political system and democracy -> "Party Democracy" Central role of Chancellors -> also "Chancellor Democracy"

Parties in Germany

Party system was formed under control of the occupying powers after 1945, in places in continuity: Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) Free Democratic Party (FDP) Christian Democratic Union (CDU); in Bavaria: Christian Social Union (CSU) First: smaller regional parties In the 1st Bundestag (1949): 11 parties Gradual: party concentration Between 1961 and 1982: Only three parties in the Bundestag: CDU / CSU, SPD, FDP -> FDP key position in coalition formation Initially bound to CDU / CSU 1969: first social-liberal coalition 1983: Entry of the Greens into the Bundestag (since 1993: Alliance 90 / the Greens) After change: PDS (Party of Democratic Socialism), later unification with SPD spin-off to the "The Left"

A question of focus: Bringing the state back in

Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Theda Skocpol (eds.) (1985). Bringing the state back in . Harvard University Press: Massachusetts. Until recently, dominant theoretical paradigms in the comparative social sciences did not highlight states as organizational structures or as potentially autonomous actors. Indeed, the term 'state' was rarely used. Current work, however, increasingly views the state as an agent which is influenced by the society that surrounds it, ie, shapes social and political processes. " (http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/comparative-politics/bringing-state-back, 23 August 2017)

Political Culture: Pippa Norris

Pippa Norris (* 1953): Teaches at Harvard Kennedy School 1999: Critical Citizens (ed.) Trust in the system decreases At the same time: support for the principles of democracy => "Critical citizens" and "disenchanted democrats" (due to a growing tension between ideals and reality) "[I] n established democracies, during the last decades of the twentieth century, growing numbers of citizens have become increasingly critical of the major institutions of representative government. (...) [i] most countries support for the community and democratic principles remains overwhelming. (...) But public support for the core institutions of representative government - including parties, parliamentary and governments - has fallen into many established and newer democracies. "(Norris 1999: 15)

Peter A. Hall (1993). Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain. Comparative Politics

Policy Paradigm: An interpretive framework Goal: To explain the role of ideas in policy processes. All policy paradigms contain ideas, but not every idea is a policy paradigm When ideas are "consensual" in a society, then they are usually also a policy paradigm

Short summary from LV 4: Political Culture

Political ('civic culture') culture as individual attitudes of citizens to their political system; "Subjective dimension" of the political "When we speak of the political culture of a society, we refer to the political system as internalized in the cognitions, feelings, and evaluations of its population ." (Almond & Verba 1963, 14) Polls in the US, UK, West Germany, Italy and Mexico. Almond & Verba distinguish three ideal types (=> typology): a parochial political culture ("parochial") passive political culture, a participatory political culture [Almond, Gabriel & Verba, Sidney (1963). The Civic Culture . Legend.]

The three dimensions of the political

Politics - collective decision-making processes Politics: Describes the processes in which these decisions are made Policy: Describes the contents of these decisions Polity: structures in which these decisions are made

Political Culture at Almond and Verba (1963)

Polls in the US, UK, West Germany, Italy and Mexico. They distinguish three ideal types (=> typology): a parochial political culture ("parochial") (*) passive political culture, a participatory political culture "Civic culture" ___ (*) ​​see. Banfield (1955). The moral basis of a backward society - "Amoral family"

Power to life: since the 17th century in two main forms:

Power to life: since the 17th century in two main forms: "Body as Machine" - "Disciplinary Power" "Generic body" - "biopolitics of the population" / regulation "The disciplines of the body and the regulation of the population are the two poles around which the power to life has been organized. The installation of these large bi-faceted - anatomical and biological, individualizing and specifying technologies related to bodily performance and life processes - characterizes a power whose highest function is no longer killing but complete assertion of life . "(Foucault 1983, 164) A "power of life" emerges, "which takes life into its own hands in order to increase it and to multiply it, to control it in detail and to regulate it as a whole." (Foucault 1983, 163) "You could say that the old regulations were dying to make or let live was replaced by a power to make live or come to their death." (Foucault 1983, 165) What does that mean? Examples? Impact on social and health policy Indication for the expansion of state activities At the same time: social and health policy is not limited to the state! Variety of actors, discourses and practices that manage the body, population and life

Example 2: Debate on preimplantation genetic diagnosis in Germany

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Combines two innovations: In vitro fertilization (late 1970s) Genetic diagnostics - on the embryo In the UK "invented" at the turn of the 1980s to the 1990s In many countries "normalized" and a "non-brainer" USA United Kingdom: Human Fertilization and Embryology Act (HFE Act) and Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA) In Germany: Almost 2 decades of debate

"Balance of Power" and "Divided Government"

President and Congress are independent of each other and interdependent President needs support from Senate and Congress (budget!) Conversely, Congress needs the signature of the president veto 2/3 majority In practice: President and majorities in Congress do not have to come from the same party => "Divided Government" <Number> Democrats republican

Welfare societies / welfare policies

Prominent topic in the area of ​​comparative analysis of policy and policy research (policy analysis) Definition: Wilensky (1975, 1): "government-protected minimum standards of income, nutrition, health, housing and education, assured to every citizen as a political right, not charity " (Wilensky 1975, 1) Important: legally enforceable legal claims, not just symbolic or moral claim. "Free the individual from family dependence"

How do rational choice approaches explain group cohesion and cooperative behavior?

Rational Choice Institutionalism: "In the rationalist approach, institutions are defined as formal legal entities and processes, as well as formal and informal rules that limit the scope for action of rational agents, thus structuring the actors 'relationships and shaping the actors' strategies. The self-interested actors act in this institutional framework according to the principle of utility maximization , whereby the preference order is determined exogenously and clearly (see transitivity principle). The rational players try to maximize their "pay-offs" taking into account the institutional framework and actions of the other players. No player can unilaterally achieve a better result (pay-off), as the result achieved is the best possible. Institutions are created to circumvent collective dilemmas. If the actors did not cooperate, the result would be socially sub-optimal. Through cooperation, all actors could better themselves. "(Taschowsky 2001: 5)

Rational Choice Theory / Approach: Summary (3)

Rational citizens: "Because the citizens of our model are democratically rational, each of them considers the most beneficial to him." (Downs 1957: 138) Rational decisions of governments: "The government thus makes decisions rationally, but its behavior is not so easy to analyze because it is engaged in political warfare with its opponents." (Downs 1957: 138)

Focus: Rational Choice Theory / Approach: Subjective purpose rationalism

Rationality in connection with politics Abandonment of a goal in favor of a purpose-rationalist concept Acceptance of the model of Homo oeconomicus It is not about objectively best behavior , but about perceiving the best alternative from a selection of perceived alternatives (Beck 2006: 98f)

Examples of Typologies of Polities (*)

Regime types: Totalitarian Systems - Authoritarian Systems - Democratic Systems (=> cf Unit for Germany) ___ (*) ​​Not all come from the time of the "Old Institutionalism", but they correspond to its spirit. <Number> State forms: After head of state: Monarchy (eg Great Britain, Spain) Republic (eg USA, Italy, France, Germany) => decisive: How is the head of state determined? By choice or succession? After state organization: Federal systems Unitary systems

Cf. "Historical Institutionalism"

Reminder: Neo-institutionalism (from about 1970s): Sociological Institutionalism Historical Institutionalism (eg Peter Hall; path dependence!) Rational choice institutionalism Especially in historical institutionalism: Relative autonomy of state and institutions Role of ideas: With historical institutionalism: Ideas become part of institutions

Bundestag: Control rights

Right to information: Political groups can make "small" and "large requests" to the Federal Government Individual Members may ask (in writing) questions for answering during Question Time Current hour: At the request of a political group (Right of appeal of the majority: in committees or plenary) A qualified minority of ¼ of the Members can : A committee of inquiry or Enforce an inquiry commission To request public hearings of experts and interest groups in committees

Federal Council: tasks

Right to legislative initiatives Federal government must send all cabinet templates to the Bundestag Participation in the decision of federal laws For constitutional amendments: 2/3 of the votes (right of veto) In "Consent Laws": Absolute majority in the Bundesrat (de facto veto power) For all others: Right to object can be overruled by the Bundestag (suspensive right of veto) "Mediation Committee" Ca 2/3 of the statutory ordinances of the Federation require the approval of the Federal Council Common: Change editions

Elections and local people's congresses

Right to vote: All Chinese over 18 Select members of their Local People's Congress. Local people's congresses can be found at provincial level, autonomous regions, municipalities directly subordinate to the central government, autonomous provinces, municipalities, autonomous communities, cities, districts, etc. Mainly completion days!

Political Culture: Ronald Inglehart

Ronald Inglehart (b. 1934): University of Michigan 1977: The Silent Revolution: Changing Values ​​and Political Styles among Western Publics . Prosperity, peace and security have led to a "silent revolution" Formation of Post-Materialism See: "Postmaterialists are élite-challenging advocates of the new politics rather than elite-sustaining foot-soldiers in the old party battles. They are more attracted to single-issue groups than to the broader packages offered by political parties. "(Hague & Harrop 2001: 82-83)

Political culture

Rousseau: Turning into right and obedience into duty. "(Cited from Hague & Harrop 2001, 79) Political culture as individual attitudes of citizens to their political system; "Subjective dimension" of the political "When we speak of the political culture of a society, we refer to the political system as internalized in the cognitions, feelings, and evaluations of its population." (Almond & Verba 1963, 14) ____ (*) ​​Almond, Gabriel & Sidney Verba (1963). The Civic Culture . <Number> If the democratic model of the participatory state is to develop in new nations, it will require more than the formal institutions of democrac and the suffrage, the political party, the elective legislature. (...) A democratic form of participatory political system as well as a political culture consistent with it . (...) But the civic culture-the ways in which political elites make decisions, their norms and attitudes, as well as the norms and attitudes of the ordinary citizen, his relation to govenrment and to his fellow citizens -are subtler cultural components. They have the more diffuse properties of belief systems or codes of personal relations. (Almond & Verba 1963, 5)

Diamond & Morlino (2004): Eight Dimensions of Democracy Quality (MEMORIZE)

Rule of Law participation competition Vertical responsibility (eligibility of politicians) Horizontal responsibility (mutual balance of power between institutions) freedom equality "Responsiveness"

(Comparative Politics

Science as the sum of conflicting theories Knowledge - Science Theories abstract and establish connections Sometimes within a paradigm (approximately within a common ontological, epistemological and methodological framework) Can be tested (verified or falsified). => Who is right, can be decided. Often, however, a dispute between "incommensurate" paradigms. "Undecidable conflicts" or controversies. => Can not be solved only on the basis of knowledge (because there is no common frame of reference).

Federal Constitutional Court

Seat in Karlsruhe Consists of 2 senates with 8 judges each Will be elected for 12 years Half of each election with a 2/3 majority by the Federal Council and one electoral committee of the Bundestag Mostly: equal occupation

What is a comparison? 1

Select criteria of comparison Space, time, functions Many parameters in a small number of cases v. few parameters in a large number of cases "Big data" 3 levels: 1. describe, 2. explain, 3. predict

@presidential political system

Separation of Powers - Separation of Powers Power is divided between several actors: executive legislative branch judiciary Act largely independently: President can not dissolve Legislature; Congress can not vote President Strict personal separation Checks and Balances - Law Enforcement Control each other Are interdependent - interdependence

Multiple crises / upheavals

September 11, 2001 Beginning of a new era? Currently: "Syria" and Middle East Islamic state-whose practices evade our visual language Since 2008: Financial Crisis - Sovereign Debt Crisis - Economic Crisis - Union Crisis? Since the 1980s: environmental and natural crises and catastrophes "Acid rain" "Global Warming"

The American Revolution

Seymour Martin Lipse (1963): USA as "first new nation" (*) => USA had to reinvent itself Central remedy and product of this "imagination work": US Constitution 13 colonies initially united as a confederation of sovereign states ("Articles of Confederation") 1787-1789: Constitution of the United States of America See "Federalist Papers" (1788) by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay. Originally propaganda campaign; today important document of the general history of ideas (*) Seymour Martin Lipset (1963). The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective . New York: Basic Books

Other sources of law:

Simple Laws issued by the President and National People's Congress (or its Standing Committee) Administrative rules issued by the State Council Local regulation: enacted by local people's congresses (or their permanent committees) Administrative Rules: Local laws enacted by local governments, ministerial regulations, etc. military law

Further historical developments 2

Since 1949: People's Republic of China Maoism (Mao died in 1976) Smashing the feudal society, "Great leap" "Cultural Revolution" [Korean War 1950-1953]

Newer developments

Since 1978: reform and opening policy Deng Xioaping (1904-1977): reforms that led to economic growth and prosperity. At the same time, social inequality increased and social cohesion weakened. 1989: Tian'anmen massacre Socialism of Chinese character Andrew Nathan (2003): China established "input institutions" that made people feel they had an influence on policymaking and shaping their living conditions.

The party system: First Past The Post (FPTP)

Single Majority or Plurality Voting "Voters put a cross in a box next to their favorite candidate and the candidate with the most votes in the constituency wins. All other votes count for nothing. " http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/first-past-the-post/ (12 August 2017)

Realism :

The world exists independently of our knowledge of it; not all phenomena are directly observable; often a dichotomy between reality and appearance

Esping Andersen's Typology of Well-Being States (3)

Spending alone does not necessarily mean much: "By scoring welfare states on spending, we assume that all spending counts equally. But some welfare states, the Austrian one, for example, spend a large share on benefits to privileged civil servants. A commitment to social citizenship and solidarity. "(Esping-Andersen 1990, 19) Question: Why are such numbers so popular? What do these say - and what not? It's not enough to compare what states do (or not) "We must, therefore, take into account how state activities are interlocked with the market and the family's role in social provision" (Esping-Anderson 1990, 21) "[I] t is a myth to think that markets or the state are more. Instead, markets are often politically created and form an integral part of the overall welfare-state regime . "(Esping-Andersen 1990, 4) => Concept of "welfare regime" Which categories and methods can we use to distinguish types of welfare states?

State in International Law: 3 Elements Teaching

Staatsvolk territory Effective state power

Congress: task allocation

Standing Committee Committee Action Subcommittee ev. change adoption Bill Senate Standing Committee Committee Action Floor action in different versions Senate u. House PRESIDENT Signature Veto No action "Override Bill" 2/3 Congressional majority rejection

Welfare state

Start: about 125 years ago in Europe: For example, under Otto von Bismarck created health-accident and pension insurance Regularities -> Risks -> Risks are collectivized "Social risks" arise (=> Society & solidarity) Since then: great diversity and very different explanations of why and how social states have formed

Focus: Rational Choice Theory / Approach: Anthony Downs

Starting point: decisions of perfectly rational individuals Necessary simplification, because otherwise no detectable order possible Order patterns necessary if one wants to make predictions or analyze reciprocal relationships (Downs 1968: 4) From the pioneering work of Anthony Downs, the 'rational choice theory' developed in different directions

"Expansion of rule"

State assumes more and more tasks cf. Transition from the territorial state (which defends its territory and wants to keep its laws) to the state in the age of "biopolitics" Goal: To manage and multiply life __ see. Michel Foucault [1976] "The Will to Knowledge"

Example: Structure and agency: The rise of fascism in Germany in the 1930s

Strong contrast between structural and agential factors, and explanations (Hay 2002: 96ff, especially Fig. 3.1): Structure: Social and economic context Cultural context Historical context Agency: Hitler himself Groundswell resistance to Weimar Concepts of structure and agency are implicit in every explanation we offer (Hay 2002: 113)

Bundestag: Structure

Technical committees Corresponding working groups of the political groups Correspond largely to the departmental structure of the Federal Government Cast by fraction strength Advise bills "Decision recommendations" for the plenary session me are of much decision-making nature Days mostly not public (exception: public hearing)

Comparison: positivist, interpretive, ... 1

Terms (1): Reference to the text by Marsh / Furlong Ontology (Theory of Being): Does a world exist outside of our knowledge? What is the nature of being? Epistemology (theory of knowledge): What can we know about the world? And how? Marsh / Furlong distinguish three positions regarding scientific approaches: Positivist, realist and interpretist (Marsh / Furlong 2002: 20) "... ontological and epistemological positions should not be treated like a sweater that can be put on" when they are addressing philosophical issues and 'taken off' when we are doing research. ... researchers can not adopt one position at a time for one project and another for another project. These positions are not interchangeable because they reflect fundamentally different approaches to social science and how we do it. "(Marsh / Furlong 2010: 21)

Comparison: classification, typology 1

Terms (2): Subdivisions of the Analyzer: Classification and Typology "The simplest way to organize knowledge is in the classification . By picking out a single variable that makes sense for a one-dimensional mapping of all cases, they can be put into a specific order. Depending on the level of measurement of the selected variables, it is a dichtotome (eg, for large or small states), an ordinal (eg for countries with low, medium and high standard of living) or an interval (eg according to the percentage literacy level of a population) division. ... In contrast, a typology already represents a more complex form of assignment. ... A typology thus correlates at least two variables to each other. "(Aarebrot / Bakka 2003: 71) | Emphasis added]

Rein & Schön (1993)

Terms: "Stubborn policy controversies" => "Tend to be enduring, relatively immune to resolution by reference to evidence, and seldom finally resolved." (Rein & Schön 1993, 145) => "Can not be understood in the form of questions of fact, for the participants construct the problem of their problematic policy situation through frames in which facts, values, theories, and interests are integrated." & Beautiful, 145) terms: "Frame" => "A frame is a perspective from which an amorphous, ill-defined, problematic situation can be made sense of an acted on ." (Rein & Schön 1993, 145) Framing => "leads to different views of the world and creates multiple social realities." (Rein & Schön 1993 147) "Policy disagreements " => "arise within a common frame and can be settled in principle by appeal to established rules." (Rein & Schön 1993, 148) "But policy controversies can not be read by recourse to facts alone, or indeed by recourse to evidence of any kind. Because they are different from conflicting frames . "

Corner point 4 nation states

Territorial states also become "nation states" (made!) National actions: European invention: from the 18th and 19th centuries after 1945: "World Institution" But: What is a nation? What is a people? Who is the people?

consolidation

The "Fleckerlteppich" disappears slowly Sometimes peaceful: about marriage Mostly about war "States make and wars was state." (Charles Tilly) For wars resources are necessary - and these must be "driven".

Interpretist position :

The world is socially and discursively constructed; interpreting and understanding social phenomena

Caution trap: "Ecological fallacy"

The Ecological fallacy is a fallacy in social science, in which based on aggregate data that reflect the characteristics of a collective, inadvertently concluded on individual data. " Ecological " means "collective". Examples: A tendency at the population level does not mean that the same tendency exists at the individual level Robinson's Paradox (1950): Literacy rate among migrants

Postmodern phase or: the search for new approaches to the socio-political

The end of the great narratives (Lyotard) Postmodernism as a "Reflected Stage of Classical Modernity with a New View" (von Beyme 2010: 18) Set of theoretical assumptions, clearly affecting the view of the person to be analyzed Socio-political developments, shifting focus of analysis, new policy areas (which become relevant) - looking for new ways to analyze / approaches (to explain better, see IB below)

The UK government

The cabinet includes the most important members of the government. During the sessions of Parliament, the Cabinet meets every Tuesday. Cabinet May II: Government institutions: 25 ministries 21 non-ministerial departments (eg inspections) 300+ agencies and other public bodies that perform public functions without taking on any political design tasks (eg Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency, subordinate to the Ministry of Transport)

"Counter position 1"

The crisis of the modern nation-state or the transformation of the modern nation-state applies only to a minority of states. Majority of states do not occur at all. Classification of States by Sorensen (2017) * "Modern states" "Post modern states" "Weak (post-colonial) states" "Modernizing states" __ Sorensen, George (2017). Globalization and the nation-state. In: Daniele Caramani (ed.): Comparative Politics . Fourth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 422-436 (Chapter 24.)

The Legislative Process Important website: http://www.legislation.gov.uk

The government announces in the Queen's Speech what it has in the respective legislative period. Legislative proposals or bills are "bills" until they have received the Royal Assent; after that they are called "Act". Royal Assent: Can theoretically be denied, not in practice. Usually given in writing (the last time Royal Assent was personally granted was 1854). Lastly, the Royal Assent was denied by Queen Anne in 1707 for the Scottish Militia Bill, who was to establish a vigilante in Scotland.

Policy research: Public / not public, political / not political

The idea of ​​public policy presupposes that there is a sphere or domain of life which is not private or purely individual, but held in common. It is considered as requiring governmental or social regulation or intervention, or at least a common action. "(Parsons 1999: 3) "And, even when a condition is so recognized, it does not follow that it becomes a public matter." (Parsons 1999: 87)

Interpretive Policy Analysis: Maarten Hajer's Works (5)

The institutionalized discourse of the first discourse coalition is evident in the nature of air quality control, the science-based policy approach and a policy of consultation as well as best practicable means 2. Ecomodernist story line: Acid rain anything but an unimportant aspect; Insufficient knowledge of acid rain, but time is running out; Basis as well a scientific argument Essential Report 1984: Fourth Report of the House of Commons Environment Select Committee, Focus on Historic Building Destruction (Hajer 1993)

Constructivist approaches to analysis: how to gain insight and how to find explanations

The perspective of the watching person: Humberto Maturana: "Everything that is said is said by an observer" (1970) Constructivist approaches in political science first in International Relations eg: Checkel, Jeffrey T. (1998). The constructivist turn in international relations theory. World Politics 50/2, 324-348. Nowadays increasingly in political science interpretative approaches of analysis "... facts are things that never speak for themselves. They require an interpreter. "(Parsons 1999: 87)

USA / Europe: Christian culture dominates discourse

Traditional argument: religion Catholic Doctrine: Fusion of egg and sperm cell Protestant Positions: Heterogeneous Intervention in God's creation is sinful Science as "playing God"

Supreme Court is a major player

The role of the Supreme Court has grown historically: Parallel to changes in American politics that the Supreme Court actively helped shape First: questions concerning federalism; Then protection of property rights - against state intervention and regulations; In the course of the First World War: civil and political rights 1950s: Supreme Court as "Formidable right protector" (Stone Sweet 2014) 1954: Brown vs. Education 1965: Griswold vs Connecticut 1973: Roe vs. Wade

"German special way"

The significance of history in the presence of Germany is as unique as the Holocaust is unique => has nothing to do with politics in other countries Idiographic interpretation

State at Max Weber

The state is => the community that "Within a certain area [...]" " Claims the monopoly of legitimate physical violence for itself (with success)"

3 positions of the state (MEM!)

The state loses importance and power. <Number> The state is gaining in importance and power. The state or "statehood" is changing and being changed How and where this happens is an empirical question.

@ Gegenthese II

The story does not even apply to the West. We "reify" and "romanticize" the past-making them better / worse and, at any rate, simpler than they ever were. How we read the past determines our interpretation of the present and the solutions we see for the future

Comparative analysis of politics

The subject of the comparative analysis of politics is therefore in sum: a (more or less) systematic comparison of politics, in the sense of the institutional dimension of the political; the procedural dimensions, and the content components of politics and a systematic reflection on how and why such a comparison can and should be made (=> methodology). (Good 2 memorize!)

2 slot to options: voting systems

The way in which votes of voters are turned into mandates Proportional representation: Parliament understood as a 'map' of society (all groups according to their share of electoral votes), mathematical procedures for converting votes into mandates; Ex: Germany Majority voting: relative (each constituency elects one MP, more votes than any other: Moving in, The winner takes it all principle, US, UK) and absolute (also one-person constituencies, but (in the first ballot) with an absolute majority (more than 50% of the votes) moving in, but usually 2nd ballot necessary (electoral agreements - foreseeable coalitions) eg: France) (BPB)

How to measure democracy quality? 1

Three research questions: 1. How do the Freedom House, Democracy Index and Democracy Ranking differ conceptually and methodologically? 2.How plausible are these three global macro models for democracy measurement? 3.How similar or dissimilar are the empirical measurement results of the global macro models for democracy and democracy quality? (Campbell & Barth 2009: 210 f)

Proportional representation

To be elected (lists of) parties Each party sends as many MPs to Parliament as it considers its share of votes cast Tends to depopulate the population

How do we compare?

To identify differences and similarities (2): "... Przeworski and Teune (1970), who distinguished between ' most similar systems ' and ' most different systems ' research designs. In the 'most similar systems' design, ... the researcher chooses cases with many similar features, so that most variables wants to be 'constant' and can not be adjudicated as causes of any differences between them (this equates to Mill's method of difference ). ... 'most different systems' approach ... draws from Mill's 'method of agreement' and seeks out similarities between cases in which the potential confounding differences between them

Multiple crises

Together: Eliminate the traditional categories in which we act politically (such as going to the ballot box) and politics (scientific) think (about Party XY, or Syria and Turkey) New actors New rooms Something starts to waver - but what exactly?

Comparison in the '(high) modern' phase (Comparative Politics) by von Beyme 2014

Turning to Politics in Response to a Changing World - Transitions from Traditional Societies to Modern Democratic Systems Influences from sociology (methodological) and economics (creating models) End 2. WK: Institutions initially take a back seat (focus on actors, roles of the same), but return from the end of the 70s back

General: concept of constitution (Stone Sweet 2017)

Type 2: Legislative supremacy constitution Meta-norms: All power lies with the legislature; + Provisions on how to legislate Constitution can be changed by Legislature (qualified majority) No Substantial Limitations of Legislature in Constitution Rights are decided by simple law of Parliament Example: Great Britain: 1912: House of Commons abolishes veto of the House of Lords Example: Great Britain; But: change through Europeanization

General: concept of constitution (Stone Sweet 2017)

Type 3: Higher Law Constitution "Higher law ... Adds a charter of rights that binds the legislation, and establishes an independent, judicial means of enforcing those rights" (Sweet Stone 2017, 158) Catalog of rights and constitutional jurisdiction that defends these rights human rights civil rights Basic social rights -> mostly not enforceable, but "state targets" Constitution contains provisions on how to amend the Constitution Today: "standard without rival" "new constitutionalism"

Criticism:

Typology obsolete? Ideal types or real types? Need of other types - (eg Mediterranean welfare regime) Post-socialist welfare regimes Gender? + numerous reforms: timeliness? But: tend to stay within a type (=> "path dependency")

"Constitutional review"

USA Judicial review: All courts are allowed to inspect standards "Decentralized model" Great interpretive travel Germany Only the Federal Constitutional Court is allowed to control norms -> "floats" over other institutions Centralized model or European model Low interpretative scope

Presidential system

VOTERS IN HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT GOVERNMENT choose Presidents choose appoints

New Institutionalism (2)

Very broad definition of the term 'institution': institutions as 'the rules of the game', including informal conventions and formal procedures (Lowndes 2010: 103) The danger that too many aspects of political life will be grouped under one and the same category issues ... on a practical level: "How can political scientists recognize (and measure) an institution when they see one?" ... on the theoretical level: how to avoid the trap of reductionism? (Lowndes 2010)

Historical Factors (continued)

Very heavily regulated and differentiated bureaucracy at the court of the regent since the 14th century. Strict and well-organized "civil service examinations" (women were excluded) "Six Board", quasi-ministries "Censorate": control and criticism of other government institutions. Still no immunity! 18th century: 18 provinces, further divided into profectures Important role for head of household (multigenerational families!) Many secret societies and processes

PRESIDENT 1

Veto or Signature Veto overruled by 2/3 majority in both houses Referred to House committee S 2 introduced into senates Referred to Senate committee The compromise version is sent from conference to each chamber for final approval

federalism 3

Which level is responsible for laws? In principle: The right to legislation lies with the Länder, unless the GG gives the federal authority the competence ("presumption of competence" in countries) 2 (3) species: "Exclusive legislation" at federal or state level "Competing Legislation" (misleading term) Previous: Framework legislation (abolished by federalism reform of 2006) De facto: majority of the competencies are federal Exception: about education policy But: countries (and municipalities) are responsible for executing laws "executive federalism"

Typology II: After Richard Titmuss (1958) "Institutional Systems"

Welfare for the entire population Welfare as a basic structure

Democracy models according to Lijphart (ideal types): The Westminster model

Westminster model as a prime example of competitive democracy (majority democracy)? Lijphart: 10 variables: Party system (two-party system in MD), Government (one-party majority government in MD), Government-parliamentary relationship (executive dominated in MD), Electoral system (majority voting in MD), Organizing interest groups (uncoordinated pluralism in MD), vertical separation of powers (centralized state in MD), Separation of power within the legislature (power concentration in the parliament in MD), Constitutional amendment procedure (simple majority in MD), Constitutional interpretation by whom (parliamentary sovereignty in MD), Central Bank (weak in MD) [Lijphart, Arend (1999). Patterns of Democracy. Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries . Yale University Press: New Haven and London]

Interpretive Policy Analysis (IPA)

What are the different ways in which we make sense of public policies? Interpretation, embedding in experience, knowledge How do policies convey their meanings? Discourses, practices Who are the 'readers' of policy meanings? To what do you speak? Policy Makers, Society, Political Scientists (Yanow 1996: ix)

How do we compare? Paired comparison

What is being compared? Beware in the choice of criteria Similarities and differences Two countries, two policy instruments, before-after comparisons Often fine-grained and qualitative Beware of wrong ends! Differences in one parameter do not mean that everything else is the same Linear v. systemic causes

review Development of the Comparative Analysis of Politics Exemplary country studies Politics in the UK Politics in the USA Politics in Germany Politics in China

What is/ How is it analyzed? -polities -POLITICS -POLICY "Old Institutionalism" "Political Systems" "Rational choice" "NEO-institutionalism" Post-positivist approaches actors structures 1900 1950 1970

What does it mean to work comparatively? 3

Why is being compared? ... to better understand the 'own' ... to explain the 'others' better (but respect for the point of view) ... to explain both better (comparison) ... to explain both better in relation to each other (including causality) ... categorizations and typologies ... Comparison of specific / general (general validity of detailed analysis) ... development of policy learning processes ... comparing policy instruments

Federal President: Order

Will be elected for 5 years by the Federal Assembly (*): Members of the German Bundestag Equal number of members elected by the Representation of the Länder (ie members determined by the state parliaments) 1st and 2nd ballot: absolute majority of votes required From the third ballot: a simple majority is enough One-time re-election is possible (*) The only task of the Federal Assembly is to elect the BPräs (Comparison Federal Assembly Austria: BPräs: Raising, referendum on dismissal, official prosecution, declaration of war)

Weak (post-colonial) states"

With the end of colonialism emerged, especially in the African area After Sorensen marked by: (2017, 422-436): "Lack of stateness" (keyword: corruption) Lack of "nationness" (No national identity that can span a national territory) Weakness of economy Weakness of sovereignity Examples: Afghanistan, Burma, Haiti, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Yemen

Mulitple crises / upheavals

Within supposedly established democracies: Constantly declining turnout and "political disenchantment" "Crisis of Representation" or "Crisis of Representative Democracy" "Post-Factual Age"?

According to Beyme (2014) (*)

___ (*) ​​Beyme, Klaus von (2014): "The evolution of comparative politics". In: Beyme, Klaus von. Klaus von Beyme: Pioneer in the Study of Political Theory and Comparative Politics . Springer. Pp. 41-58. <Number> Part 3.1: Comparison in the "pre-modern" phase Part 3.2: Comparison in the "early modern" phase: Comparative analysis of politics as "comparative government" (Comparative Politics) Part 3.3: Comparison in the "[high] modern" phase: Comparative analysis of politics as "comparative politics" (Comparative Politics) Comparison in the "postmodern" phase

Determination of comparisons

democratic vs non-democratic

Liberal (or Anglo-Saxon) welfare state models:

emphasize the role of the free market and the family Transfer payments are rather low, flat rate, and need-based More comprehensive services must be purchased on the market, for example via private insurance (health insurance, life insurance or pensions) or employer benefits financed mainly through taxes Child care is a private matter Common: often associated with stigmatization Examples: USA, Great Britain

Functions and structures

features: In the input area: political socialization, recruitment and communication; Output area: resource use, effective rule enforcement and distribution (adapted model) Process function: Interest articulation, interest aggregation, policy formulation, policy implementation and adaptation How they perform these functions depends on the structures These structures are indicative of the quality of a political system. These structures are historically and culturally influenced - political culture - Almond's most important term.

China legal system

google everything

Congress: task allocation senate legislation Control of the executive Confirmation by federal judges Confirmation from ambassadors Confirmation of government personnel Approval of international treaties Negotiates impeachment cases

house of representatives legislation Control of the executive Origin of budget laws -> budget law Start of impeachment GESETZESGEBUNGSPROZESS MP, President & CEO Administration, Lobby Groups, etc. Proposal for a law (Member of) House Conference Committee Floor action 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading

Attention: this is just one of many debates, conflicts and controversies

how we should understand / explain the world "epistemic side" b) in which world we live "Normative side" <Number> (coproduction) => "the proposition that the ways in which we know and represent the world are inseparable from the ways we choose to live in it" (Jasanoff 2004, 2) See Jasanoff, Sheila (2004, ed.): States of Knowledge. The co-production of science and the social order . London and New York: Routledge. Empirical Material: Munck, Gerardo L. & Snyder, Richard (2007). Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics . Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

The political system with David Easton

inputs: requirements support services outputs: withdrawals Regulation of behavior Allocation of goods Symbolic activities Political systems pick up (some) "inputs" and translate them into "outputs." As that happens, Easton does not care political system as a "black box" Feedback flaws and responsiveness of the system

The Supreme Court of the United States

judiciary

Centralist unitary state

legal system Constitution is the highest legal source (current constitution 1982 - revisions 1988, 1993, 1999, 2004).

All democratie typologies and systems for measuring democracy quality include: (MEM!)

process content Result

The Social Democratic Welfare State

universalism High redistribution effect State as a central instance High decommodification Equality at the highest level Example: Sweden, Norway

Parliamentary system

voters HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT GOVERNMENT choose holds politically responsible

Semi-presidential system

voters HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT prime ministers choose PRESIDENT government appoints appoints choose Holds politically responsible