Barrett Chapters 17/18 Quizlet

Shelby County v. Holder - Preclearance

Preclearance Outcome

Educate the Public (Political Party Functions)

Presentation of their beliefs People can view their information and a way of interaction

Develop and implement policy (Political Party Functions)

Set goals for government action Pass laws to deal with the issue

Battleground States

States that aren't fully one party Example: Ohio Also known as purple states

Two Party System (Party System Details)

System is currently in place in the US Single-issue third parties sometimes emerge but they do not last Single-member districts promote their type of system

Republican Party (Party Identification)

Tends to have more white males, educated, and religious members than the point at large Members tend to be from the South and West

Democratic Party (Party Identification)

Tends to have more women, minorities, and young members Members tend to be from Northeast and Midwest

Jim Crow Era Voting Restrictions

The South took advantage of allowing African Americans to vote

Moderate (Political Ideology)

The belief in both liberal and conservative viewpoints

Liberal (Political Ideology)

The belief that the government is to actively promote health, education, and justice

Conservative (Political Ideology)

The belief that the government should play a limited role in citizens lives

Federal Election Commission (FEC)

The government organization that oversees all federal elections

Candidate Platforms

The issues the candidate stands for an what they promise to do when they are elected (goals)

Plurality

The largest number of votes in an election

Before the Civil War (Political Party History)

The original parties were the Federalist and Democratic-republicans. Federalists wanted a strong central government while DR wanted power to the states

Independents (Party Identification)

A voter who doesn't support any particular party

Democratic Party (Platform)

Believes everyone should work together Symbol: Donkey Belief in the government should generally take a bigger role in providing social services and security to Americans

Republican Party (Platform)

Believes in working alone or small groups Symbol: Elephant A party that opposes too much government intervention with the economy and no belief in government burden business with excessive regulation

Conservative Ideology (Political Ideology)

Believes that the government should do less

Liberal Ideology (Political Ideology)

Believes that the government should take more action on things

One Party (Political Party Systems)

A system in which only one political party exists, often because the government tolerates no other opposition

Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)

A 1971 act that allowed unions and corporations to form political action committees to raise and contribute campaign funds to candidates

Citizens United v. FEC

A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. Leads to creation of SuperPACs & massive rise in amount of third party electioneering (Citizens for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow)

Buckley v. Valeo

A case in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld federal limits on campaign contributions and ruled that spending money to influence elections is a form of constitutionally protected free speech. The court also stated candidates can give unlimited amounts of money to their own campaigns.

Political Party

A group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office to win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy

Ideological (Role of Third Parties)

A particular set of ideas about how to change the society rather than one official

Ticket

A party's candidates for President and Vice President

Centrist

A person whose views tend to be moderate

Caucus

A private meeting of party leaders to choose candidates for office

Ideology (Political Ideology)

A set of basic beliefs about culture government and society

Platform

A statement of political party's principles, beliefs, and positions on vital issues

Two Party (Political Party Systems)

A system in which 2 major parties compete for power, although minor parties might exist

Endorsement (Ad Types)

Ads that feature a celebrity or popular political figure promoting the candidate

Positive (Ad Types)

Ads that positively promotes the candidate's policy plans, positions on big issues and their background

Negative/Opposition (Ad Types)

Ads that show footage or commentary about the opponents in a negative light

Testimonial (Ad Types)

Ads that use ordinary people to vouch for the candidate

Introduction (Ad Types)

Ads used at the beginning of a campaign race to introduce the candidate by describing his or her background, qualifications, and reason for running

Petition

An appeal

Open Primary

An election in which all voters can participate

Closed Primary

An election in which only members of the party can vote

Direct Primary

An election in which party members select people to run in the general election

The 26th Amendment

Changed the voting age to 18

Grandfather Clause (Jim Crow Era Voting Restrictions)

Disenfranchise Deprive the right to vote Was a type of disenfranchising that was used in southern states s Stating that the voters grandfather had to vote before the 1867 election Was declared unconstitutional in 1915

The 24th Amendment

Eliminated the Poll Tax

The 15th Amendment

First efforts for African American suffrage after Civil War Ratified in 1870 No state could deprive someone of race, the right to vote

Single Issue (Role of Third Parties)

Focus exclusively on one major social, economic, or moral issue

Patronage (Political Party Functions)

Giving out rewards for loyalty to the party Used to give out jobs for government positions

State (Party Organization)

Help elect parties candidates for state government offices Might provide assistance to local parties

Democratic Party (Beliefs)

Higher tax rates for the wealthy More fuel-efficiency standards and pollution business Increase government funded services Reduced military spending Same sex marriage Support for organized labor

Plank

Individual parts of the platform

Republican Party (Beliefs)

Less government intervention in the economy Federal lands should be open for resource extraction More restrictions on abortion Fewer regulations for business Less reliance on United Nations Lower tax rates for wealthy

Nominating Convention

Local party organizations send reps to a county nominating convention and selects candidates for county offices and delegates to go to state nominating conventions

Elect Candidates (Political Party Functions)

Look for hard working candidates, and use money to spread information about their positions on certain issue in the country

National (Party Organization)

Mainly has representation from all 50 states party organizations

Operating the Government (Political Party Functions)

Make sure members support the parties position Chief executive makes sure people are aware of the administration's program

Poll Tax (Jim Crow Era Voting Restrictions

Money paid in order to vote Unfair because most African Americans were not as wealthy as others Must be paid for the year of voting and precious unpaid years of voting Had to have a receipt to show their payments If you didn't have a receipt you couldn't vote

Multiparty System (Party System Details)

Most common in parliamentary government Offers the widest range of choices to voters Often results in a coalition government

Multiparty (Political Party Systems)

Multiple political parties running for the same position as other parties and all have the ability to gain control

Third Party Obstacles

Must get a large number of voter signatures in a short time in order to be added to the ballot.

After the Civil War (Political Party History)

New names- Republican for the northern states and Democrat for the Southern states. Republicans usually controlled the two houses of Congress while the Democrats held the presidency for four terms. Democrats were the majority party.

Campaign Spending

Normally presidential campaigning costs go into the 100 millions

One Party System (Party System Details)

Often Authoritarian A common result after a military takeover of the government Opposition is not tolerated by the government

Early Voting Restrictions

Only wealthy, white men bc they were thought as the only people who should make decisions in politics, etc.

Presidential Primaries

Operate under a wide variety of state laws Each party frequently changes its rules regarding delegate selection

Super PACs

Organizations that can spend UNLIMITED amounts of money in support of their candidate

Political Action Committees (PAC)

Organizations that raise and spend money to support their candidates

Local (Party Organization)

Parties choose candidates to run and distribute info on the party

Government Watchdog (Political Party Functions)

Party controlling the executive branch

Involve people in political process (Political Party Functions)

People put up signs, they donate Elect people serve as judges and poll watchers

Party Membership

People support the parties ideas and its candidates Only obligation is to vote People do not have to contribute money to the party if they don't want to

Impact of Third Parties

They suggest new ideas, if people like them the major parties will adopt them.

The 1965 Voting Rights Act

This allowed the federal government to register voters and send poll watchers on election day into states to make sure there wasn't any discrimination This Act had a major increase of African American voters in the South Removal of literacy tests More representatives

Polarization

To divide into opposing groups

Splinter (Role of Third Parties)

To elect someone who did not win their party's presidential nomination

Canvass

To solicit votes and determine opinions

Providing Stability (Political Party Functions)

Transfer of Power

Literacy Test (Jim Crow Era Voting Restrictions)

Used to qualify a person to vote Most white voters had easier tests Had to write their names African Americans were asking multiple questions that most people couldn't answer

Runoff Primary

When nobody in the election gets the majority of the votes

The 19th Amendment

Women's suffrage States that the right to vote cannot be denied because of someone's gender Women did not have the same obstacles as African Americans had to go through when it came to voting