Basic principles - Exam 2
-> space
larger areas ( eg. skirts, bodice)
unequal shapes & forms
- create more visual interest because, - inequality invites comparison of dimensional differences
triangle, inverted triangle, square, or diamond face shape
- curved focus - necklines with sweeping curves (eg. deep sabrina, sweetheart, cowl, scoop)
Space as Volume
- every body concavity defines a convexity - every garment depends on the body's convexities for support
2. solid form
- 3D mass - human body
1. hollow form
- 3D volume - space enclosed by a surface - structural clothing parts
Space works as?
- Ground - Volume - Hollow
Space as Hollowness
- Inside space of garment 1. provides functional protection: insulation, ventilation, movement 2. influence functionality and visual appearance: pleats, folds, flares 3. controls the space between the figure and the garment 4. controls the space surrounding the figure
new shapes & forms
- Issey Miyake - a consistent balance of, - tradition and innovation - handcrafts & new technology - space, line, shape, & form
silhouette
- silhouette provides a frame for its structural or individual parts - silhouette is always dominant - structural or individual parts complete silhouette, they are "subsidiary"
rectangle shape
- straight, even measured bust, waist, hip - short jackets, patterns and motifs - avoid tops and dresses that are fitted, add interest with texture and print
Effects of Broken (4B)
- variation of Continuity Physical Effects: - emphasizes irregularities Psychological Effects: - casual, sporty, playful
Effects of Continuous, Unbroken (4A)
- variation of Continuity Physical Effects: - reinforces smooth lines - emphasizes bulges Psychological Effects: - consistent, sure, elegant
Effects of Dotted (4C)
- variation of Continuity Physical Effects: - spotty, varied Psychological Effects: - playful, casual, interrupted
Effects of Uneven (3A)
- variation of Evenness Physical Effects: - accents bulges Psychological Effects - wobbly, unsure, unsteady
Effects of Even (3B)
- variation of Evenness Physical Effects: - steady Psychological Effects: - smooth, secure, firm
Effects of Bent (1D)
- variation of Path Physical Effects: - combines straight and curved effects Psychological Effects: - forceful and gentle - depends on how it is used - mostly found in nature (eg. rivers)
Effects of Jagged (1E)
- variation of Path Physical Effects: - emphasizes angularity Psychological Effects: - nervous, jerky, busy, excited
Effects of Full Curve (1C)
- variation of Path Physical Effects: - emphasizes body curves - counters thinness Psychological Effects: - dynamic, feminine, youthful, active
Effects of Scalloped (1H)
- variation of Path Physical Effects: - repeats roundness - counters angularity Psychological Effects: - soft, feminine, youthful
Effects of Crimped (1J)
- variation of Path Physical Effects: - rough contour Psychological Effects: - involved, complex, rough
Effects of Thin (2B)
- variation of Thickness Physical Effects: - minimizes weight Psychological Effects: - delicate, feminine, passive
Effects of Wavy (1G)
- variation of path Physical Effects: - emphasizes roundness - counters angularity Psychological Effects: - feminine, soft, flowing, graceful
Effects of restrained Curve (1B)
- variation of path Physical Effects: - slightly emphasizes body curves Psychological Effects: - soft, gentle, graceful, feminine, passive
Effects of Straight (#1)
- variation of path Physical Effects: - emphasizes body angularity - counters roundness Psychological Effects: - rigid, precise, dignified, masculine
Effects of Looped (1F)
- variation of path Physical Effects: - emphasizes roundness Psychological Effects: - active, soft, feminine
Round face shape
- vertical focus - necklines that are deeper than they are wide (eg. sweetheart, empire, v neck, queen anne)
1. space isolates and defines an object
1. As a plain background 2. Or as objects: pattern, motifs, pockets, buttons
4. Continuity
uninterrupted, unbroken vs. interrupted, broken
Space
"blank" canvas the designer manipulates through, - line, shape, texture, and pattern to, - subdivide, fill, break, and pull into, - composition
Effects of Zigzag (1I)
- Variation of Path Physical Effects: - emphasizes angularity - counters roundness Psychological Effects: - sharp, busy, masculine
illusions distracting line
- Zolner - autokinetic
perception of space and shape is influenced by?
- advancing cues: make enclosed space (shape) seem solid or 3D - flattening cues: make an area seem 2D ( eg. flat), reduced in size or depth
hourglass shape (x-shape)
- almost equal sized hips and bust with narrow waist - silhouette defines waist - wrap dresses - avoid straight silhouettes and high, round necklines
Line
- an elongated mark - a connection between two points - effect made by the edge of an object (no actual line)
inverted triangle shape
- broad shoulders, big chest, small hips - wide legged pants, roomy skirts, dresses, that are cut small on top and wider below the waist - avoid tight pants and skirts, voluminous tops with heavy patterns
combining dominant & subsidiary shapes
- first impressions of size and shape are due to silhouette - each part is viewed in relation to the whole - when combined forms interact, the dominant directions and shapes may be reinforced, modified, or obscured - silhouette and parts should agree with purpose and function of garment - silhouette and parts can be seen regrouped by movement and perspective - new combinations can be created through movement and perspective
Shape
- flat space enclosed by a line - 2 dimensional area - shape automatically has proportion, the relationship of length to width. - shapes or forms of unequal proportions, such as the cylinder, oval, or cone generally create more visual interest than equal proportion shapes such as circle, square, sphere, or cube.
pear shape (triangle)
- fuller around hips, small around chest and shoulders - focus on upper body - large collars, shoulder pads, medium long jackets, straight cut skirts or pants - avoid wide, pleated patterned skirts, high waist pants with pleats, decoration
apple shape (oval)
- fullest around the middle - simple cuts and straight lines - straight cut blouses, pants and skirts, flowing fabrics, long jackets - avoid large belts, tugged in blouses, short t-shirts and jackets, horizontal stripes
illusions using line & space
- geometric illusions (eg. size & space) depend on, - how lines relate to each other in space
variations of line
- have a powerful role in clothing - each variation has physical and psychological effects - the effects are affected by combinations of lines
horizontal-vertical illusion
- heightening or widening - a vertical line appears longer
Long face shape
- horizontal focus - wide necklines (eg. bateau, sabrina, portrait, cowl)
Oval face shape
- most necklines with ease - including hard to wear halter tops, tube tops, crew neck style shirts and sweaters
Lines in Clothing
- seams - darts - edges - pleats - hems - trims - fabric pattern - gathers - silhouette/draping
Size of Spatial Divisions (p. 62)
- shape sizes that differ from each other and the background size are more likely to be seen. - smaller areas are usually perceived as shape and larger areas as space
1. size of spacial divisions (p. 62)
- shape sizes that differ from each other and the background size are more likely to be seen. - smaller areas are usually perceived as shape and larger areas as space.
basic shapes & forms
- when basic shapes and forms relate well to the human body, - they are repeated throughout the history (eg. necklines, bodices, belts, sleeves, etc.)
Aspects of Line
1. Path 2. Thickness 3. Evenness 4. Continuity 5. Sharpness of Edge 6. Contour of Edge 7. Consistency 8. Length 9. Direction
Visual Effects (illusions) of Space (p.70)
1. Physical Effects: - weight, height, size, proportions (spacing between shapes: heightens) 2. Psychological Effects: - manipulate feelings: (Unbroken space: serene, bold, small. Broken space: delicacy, complexity)
Spatial Effects
1. Structure: distance between seams, darts, pleats, gathers, etc. Structurally? -> Open Decoratively? -> Filled 2. Decorative: used with fabric patterns, construction details, applied trim
structural lines in clothing
1. construction lines: seams, darts 2. real or perceived edges of garment parts: silhouette/draping, hem, edge of collar 3. creases or folds: pleats, gathers
aspects of space
1. dimension 2. enclosure 3. empty/filled 4. position
concepts of space
1. enclosed space = shape - represents objects ( eg. motif, pocket, collar) 2. unenclosed space = surrounding space - separates, defines, locates, and relates the shapes ( eg. background)
Concepts of Space
1. enclosed space = shape - space inside a shape 2. unenclosed space = surrounding space - interstitial space: space among unconnected shapes
Functions of Line
1. encloses a space 2. defines a shape 3. divides area 4. leads the eye 5. "makes a statement" about mood, location, character: psychological effects Note: a line may be structural or decorative
flat geometric shapes
1. equal sides: square, circle ... 2. unequal sides: oval, rectangle, trapezium ...
3D forms
1. equally sided volume forms: sphere, cube 2. unequal sided volume forms: tube, cone
components of shape
1. flat garment pieces 2. pattern/motif 3. silhouette 4. flat pattern pieces
visual effects of space illusions (p. 70)
1. physical effects of space: - weight, height, size, proportions (eg. spacing between shapes: heightens) 2. psychological effects of space: - manipulate feelings: (eg. unbroken space: serene, bold, small)
Aspects of Shape and Form
1. relative dimensions 2. size 3. contour 4. density
spatial effects of space
1. structural space: distance between seams, darts, pleats, gathers, etc. structural-open 2. decorative space: used with fabric patterns, construction details, applied trim decorative-filled
Form
3 dimensional area - volume space enclosed by a surface
effects of shape & form
3. garment -> body Silhouette: reveal body contour or add weight and conceal
2. size/bulk
A. snug fit accents body contours B. loose styles add weight, conceal C. shapes extending away from body add bulk and weight
4. shape/space
A. a shape conveys the effects of - the lines around it - the filled or empty space within it - curves reinforce roundness and counter angularity - straight lines reinforce each other and counter roundness
1. direction/length
A. a shape emphasizes its dominant direction - slender, vertical styles heighten and narrow - thick horizontal styles shorten and widen B. styles with many vertical and horizontal sub-dividing lines - can emphasize either length or width of shape and form C. diagonal shapes - more influenced by surrounding lines, shapes, spaces D. equally divided areas appear shorter
3. garment/body
A. affects may "spill over" to other parts of body: - effects of elements such as shape and form used in clothing ... naturally have impacts on the wearer's body because - clothing is designed to fit the body B. hems and edges emphasize part of body where they end C. first impressions - first impressions of size and shape are due to silhouette - then, each part is related to the whole
4. space provides rest & relief of pattern
As a visual pause
6. space gives shapes resilience
As being less dense, more airy, and hollow
Elements of Visual Design
Basic components from which a visual design is created 1. space 2. line 3. shape & form 4. light 5. color 6. texture 7. pattern
3. space provides distance
By determining how shapes, lines, spatial divisions relate
2. space gives stability
By locating an object at a certain position and distance from other objects
5. space creates depth
By pushing shapes forward
Space as Ground
Ground = Captured space
Structural Space:
Distance between seams, darts, pleats, gathers, etc.
Concave
Indentation, caves in
Decorative Space:
Used with fabric patterns, construction details, applied trims
5. Convex & Concave
Occur when curved lines separate space and shape - Convex: curved outward - Concave: curved inward
Convex
Protrusion, direction toward which it pushes, bulges out
What is the difference between space and shape?
Shape: enclosed, figure, foreground, internal Space: unenclosed, ground, background, external/interstitial
4. Density of Spatial Divisions
Subdivided, filled, or patterned space -> Is perceived as solid shape surrounded by empty space -> Advances, enlarges, heavier Unfilled space -> Recedes, reduces, lighter
6. Character of Enclosing Lines
Thick, solid, sharp lines: -> Shape advances, enlarges, more solid Thin, broken, fuzzy lines: -> Shape recedes, flat, airy Broken line allows space to flow into and out of the area -> Flatness, hollowness, receding, weakness
3D forms and 2D shapes in dress should?
all parts should agree with the purpose and function of the garment as a whole and with the body. each part should add related interest, but vary enough from each other or the silhouette to not be lost
6. Contour of Edge
appearance of the outline; shaped vs. smooth
physical/psychological effects of shape & form
are compounded by physical and psychological effects of: Lines: surrounding shape and form Space: within or separating shape and form - changing or sub-dividing the space inside a shape or form can change its effects
visual effects of shape & form
are influenced by Line and Space
human body & clothing
clothing uses both: - 3D form: structural design - 2D shape: decorative design - to fit the human body
2. overlapping (of shape)
complete shape ( eg. collar, flower motif) - foreground (in front) partial shape (eg. bodice, leaf motif) - background (behind) overlapping - reduced feeling of depth - flat
variation of space:
degree of aspect used - eg. empty/filled -> how much filled? filled with what?
3. Evenness
degree of regularity or irregularity
5. Sharpness of Edge
distinct (sharp) vs. indistinct (fuzzy)
8. Length
extent from end to end (lengthwise)
decorative lines in clothing
fabric patterns, construction details, & applied trim: braid, rickrack, piping, fabric pattern lines, etc.
2. Thickness
having more or less extent when measured crosswise (breadth) from side to side
apparent angle sizes
influence on spacing by surrounding lines
Muller-Lyer Illusion
lengthens
Flattening Cues
make an area seem 2D (eg. flat), reduced in size or depth
Advancing Cues:
make enclosed space (shape) seem solid or 3D
7. Consistency
separated (or not) by intervals; having interstitial space (or not)
lines + space =
shapes
3. closeness of shapes
shapes that are not touching, completely surrounded by space, floating free -> Shapes advance more if not touching if touching, they appear to be on the same surface as the background, on the plane -> Flat
-> shape
smaller areas ( eg. collar, cuffs, pocket, button, pattern, motif)
space inside a shape
subdivided by lines, shapes, or patterns Empty: open, unbroken, plain/blank Filled: closed, broken, filled
1. Path
the course or route a line follows; straight, crooked, circuitous, etc.
interstitial space
the space among unconnected shapes
9. Direction
to point toward something; appearing to move from left to right, up to down, lower left to upper right, etc.