Basic principles - Exam 2

-> space

larger areas ( eg. skirts, bodice)

unequal shapes & forms

- create more visual interest because, - inequality invites comparison of dimensional differences

triangle, inverted triangle, square, or diamond face shape

- curved focus - necklines with sweeping curves (eg. deep sabrina, sweetheart, cowl, scoop)

Space as Volume

- every body concavity defines a convexity - every garment depends on the body's convexities for support

2. solid form

- 3D mass - human body

1. hollow form

- 3D volume - space enclosed by a surface - structural clothing parts

Space works as?

- Ground - Volume - Hollow

Space as Hollowness

- Inside space of garment 1. provides functional protection: insulation, ventilation, movement 2. influence functionality and visual appearance: pleats, folds, flares 3. controls the space between the figure and the garment 4. controls the space surrounding the figure

new shapes & forms

- Issey Miyake - a consistent balance of, - tradition and innovation - handcrafts & new technology - space, line, shape, & form

silhouette

- silhouette provides a frame for its structural or individual parts - silhouette is always dominant - structural or individual parts complete silhouette, they are "subsidiary"

rectangle shape

- straight, even measured bust, waist, hip - short jackets, patterns and motifs - avoid tops and dresses that are fitted, add interest with texture and print

Effects of Broken (4B)

- variation of Continuity Physical Effects: - emphasizes irregularities Psychological Effects: - casual, sporty, playful

Effects of Continuous, Unbroken (4A)

- variation of Continuity Physical Effects: - reinforces smooth lines - emphasizes bulges Psychological Effects: - consistent, sure, elegant

Effects of Dotted (4C)

- variation of Continuity Physical Effects: - spotty, varied Psychological Effects: - playful, casual, interrupted

Effects of Uneven (3A)

- variation of Evenness Physical Effects: - accents bulges Psychological Effects - wobbly, unsure, unsteady

Effects of Even (3B)

- variation of Evenness Physical Effects: - steady Psychological Effects: - smooth, secure, firm

Effects of Bent (1D)

- variation of Path Physical Effects: - combines straight and curved effects Psychological Effects: - forceful and gentle - depends on how it is used - mostly found in nature (eg. rivers)

Effects of Jagged (1E)

- variation of Path Physical Effects: - emphasizes angularity Psychological Effects: - nervous, jerky, busy, excited

Effects of Full Curve (1C)

- variation of Path Physical Effects: - emphasizes body curves - counters thinness Psychological Effects: - dynamic, feminine, youthful, active

Effects of Scalloped (1H)

- variation of Path Physical Effects: - repeats roundness - counters angularity Psychological Effects: - soft, feminine, youthful

Effects of Crimped (1J)

- variation of Path Physical Effects: - rough contour Psychological Effects: - involved, complex, rough

Effects of Thin (2B)

- variation of Thickness Physical Effects: - minimizes weight Psychological Effects: - delicate, feminine, passive

Effects of Wavy (1G)

- variation of path Physical Effects: - emphasizes roundness - counters angularity Psychological Effects: - feminine, soft, flowing, graceful

Effects of restrained Curve (1B)

- variation of path Physical Effects: - slightly emphasizes body curves Psychological Effects: - soft, gentle, graceful, feminine, passive

Effects of Straight (#1)

- variation of path Physical Effects: - emphasizes body angularity - counters roundness Psychological Effects: - rigid, precise, dignified, masculine

Effects of Looped (1F)

- variation of path Physical Effects: - emphasizes roundness Psychological Effects: - active, soft, feminine

Round face shape

- vertical focus - necklines that are deeper than they are wide (eg. sweetheart, empire, v neck, queen anne)

1. space isolates and defines an object

1. As a plain background 2. Or as objects: pattern, motifs, pockets, buttons

4. Continuity

uninterrupted, unbroken vs. interrupted, broken

Space

"blank" canvas the designer manipulates through, - line, shape, texture, and pattern to, - subdivide, fill, break, and pull into, - composition

Effects of Zigzag (1I)

- Variation of Path Physical Effects: - emphasizes angularity - counters roundness Psychological Effects: - sharp, busy, masculine

illusions distracting line

- Zolner - autokinetic

perception of space and shape is influenced by?

- advancing cues: make enclosed space (shape) seem solid or 3D - flattening cues: make an area seem 2D ( eg. flat), reduced in size or depth

hourglass shape (x-shape)

- almost equal sized hips and bust with narrow waist - silhouette defines waist - wrap dresses - avoid straight silhouettes and high, round necklines

Line

- an elongated mark - a connection between two points - effect made by the edge of an object (no actual line)

inverted triangle shape

- broad shoulders, big chest, small hips - wide legged pants, roomy skirts, dresses, that are cut small on top and wider below the waist - avoid tight pants and skirts, voluminous tops with heavy patterns

combining dominant & subsidiary shapes

- first impressions of size and shape are due to silhouette - each part is viewed in relation to the whole - when combined forms interact, the dominant directions and shapes may be reinforced, modified, or obscured - silhouette and parts should agree with purpose and function of garment - silhouette and parts can be seen regrouped by movement and perspective - new combinations can be created through movement and perspective

Shape

- flat space enclosed by a line - 2 dimensional area - shape automatically has proportion, the relationship of length to width. - shapes or forms of unequal proportions, such as the cylinder, oval, or cone generally create more visual interest than equal proportion shapes such as circle, square, sphere, or cube.

pear shape (triangle)

- fuller around hips, small around chest and shoulders - focus on upper body - large collars, shoulder pads, medium long jackets, straight cut skirts or pants - avoid wide, pleated patterned skirts, high waist pants with pleats, decoration

apple shape (oval)

- fullest around the middle - simple cuts and straight lines - straight cut blouses, pants and skirts, flowing fabrics, long jackets - avoid large belts, tugged in blouses, short t-shirts and jackets, horizontal stripes

illusions using line & space

- geometric illusions (eg. size & space) depend on, - how lines relate to each other in space

variations of line

- have a powerful role in clothing - each variation has physical and psychological effects - the effects are affected by combinations of lines

horizontal-vertical illusion

- heightening or widening - a vertical line appears longer

Long face shape

- horizontal focus - wide necklines (eg. bateau, sabrina, portrait, cowl)

Oval face shape

- most necklines with ease - including hard to wear halter tops, tube tops, crew neck style shirts and sweaters

Lines in Clothing

- seams - darts - edges - pleats - hems - trims - fabric pattern - gathers - silhouette/draping

Size of Spatial Divisions (p. 62)

- shape sizes that differ from each other and the background size are more likely to be seen. - smaller areas are usually perceived as shape and larger areas as space

1. size of spacial divisions (p. 62)

- shape sizes that differ from each other and the background size are more likely to be seen. - smaller areas are usually perceived as shape and larger areas as space.

basic shapes & forms

- when basic shapes and forms relate well to the human body, - they are repeated throughout the history (eg. necklines, bodices, belts, sleeves, etc.)

Aspects of Line

1. Path 2. Thickness 3. Evenness 4. Continuity 5. Sharpness of Edge 6. Contour of Edge 7. Consistency 8. Length 9. Direction

Visual Effects (illusions) of Space (p.70)

1. Physical Effects: - weight, height, size, proportions (spacing between shapes: heightens) 2. Psychological Effects: - manipulate feelings: (Unbroken space: serene, bold, small. Broken space: delicacy, complexity)

Spatial Effects

1. Structure: distance between seams, darts, pleats, gathers, etc. Structurally? -> Open Decoratively? -> Filled 2. Decorative: used with fabric patterns, construction details, applied trim

structural lines in clothing

1. construction lines: seams, darts 2. real or perceived edges of garment parts: silhouette/draping, hem, edge of collar 3. creases or folds: pleats, gathers

aspects of space

1. dimension 2. enclosure 3. empty/filled 4. position

concepts of space

1. enclosed space = shape - represents objects ( eg. motif, pocket, collar) 2. unenclosed space = surrounding space - separates, defines, locates, and relates the shapes ( eg. background)

Concepts of Space

1. enclosed space = shape - space inside a shape 2. unenclosed space = surrounding space - interstitial space: space among unconnected shapes

Functions of Line

1. encloses a space 2. defines a shape 3. divides area 4. leads the eye 5. "makes a statement" about mood, location, character: psychological effects Note: a line may be structural or decorative

flat geometric shapes

1. equal sides: square, circle ... 2. unequal sides: oval, rectangle, trapezium ...

3D forms

1. equally sided volume forms: sphere, cube 2. unequal sided volume forms: tube, cone

components of shape

1. flat garment pieces 2. pattern/motif 3. silhouette 4. flat pattern pieces

visual effects of space illusions (p. 70)

1. physical effects of space: - weight, height, size, proportions (eg. spacing between shapes: heightens) 2. psychological effects of space: - manipulate feelings: (eg. unbroken space: serene, bold, small)

Aspects of Shape and Form

1. relative dimensions 2. size 3. contour 4. density

spatial effects of space

1. structural space: distance between seams, darts, pleats, gathers, etc. structural-open 2. decorative space: used with fabric patterns, construction details, applied trim decorative-filled

Form

3 dimensional area - volume space enclosed by a surface

effects of shape & form

3. garment -> body Silhouette: reveal body contour or add weight and conceal

2. size/bulk

A. snug fit accents body contours B. loose styles add weight, conceal C. shapes extending away from body add bulk and weight

4. shape/space

A. a shape conveys the effects of - the lines around it - the filled or empty space within it - curves reinforce roundness and counter angularity - straight lines reinforce each other and counter roundness

1. direction/length

A. a shape emphasizes its dominant direction - slender, vertical styles heighten and narrow - thick horizontal styles shorten and widen B. styles with many vertical and horizontal sub-dividing lines - can emphasize either length or width of shape and form C. diagonal shapes - more influenced by surrounding lines, shapes, spaces D. equally divided areas appear shorter

3. garment/body

A. affects may "spill over" to other parts of body: - effects of elements such as shape and form used in clothing ... naturally have impacts on the wearer's body because - clothing is designed to fit the body B. hems and edges emphasize part of body where they end C. first impressions - first impressions of size and shape are due to silhouette - then, each part is related to the whole

4. space provides rest & relief of pattern

As a visual pause

6. space gives shapes resilience

As being less dense, more airy, and hollow

Elements of Visual Design

Basic components from which a visual design is created 1. space 2. line 3. shape & form 4. light 5. color 6. texture 7. pattern

3. space provides distance

By determining how shapes, lines, spatial divisions relate

2. space gives stability

By locating an object at a certain position and distance from other objects

5. space creates depth

By pushing shapes forward

Space as Ground

Ground = Captured space

Structural Space:

Distance between seams, darts, pleats, gathers, etc.

Concave

Indentation, caves in

Decorative Space:

Used with fabric patterns, construction details, applied trims

5. Convex & Concave

Occur when curved lines separate space and shape - Convex: curved outward - Concave: curved inward

Convex

Protrusion, direction toward which it pushes, bulges out

What is the difference between space and shape?

Shape: enclosed, figure, foreground, internal Space: unenclosed, ground, background, external/interstitial

4. Density of Spatial Divisions

Subdivided, filled, or patterned space -> Is perceived as solid shape surrounded by empty space -> Advances, enlarges, heavier Unfilled space -> Recedes, reduces, lighter

6. Character of Enclosing Lines

Thick, solid, sharp lines: -> Shape advances, enlarges, more solid Thin, broken, fuzzy lines: -> Shape recedes, flat, airy Broken line allows space to flow into and out of the area -> Flatness, hollowness, receding, weakness

3D forms and 2D shapes in dress should?

all parts should agree with the purpose and function of the garment as a whole and with the body. each part should add related interest, but vary enough from each other or the silhouette to not be lost

6. Contour of Edge

appearance of the outline; shaped vs. smooth

physical/psychological effects of shape & form

are compounded by physical and psychological effects of: Lines: surrounding shape and form Space: within or separating shape and form - changing or sub-dividing the space inside a shape or form can change its effects

visual effects of shape & form

are influenced by Line and Space

human body & clothing

clothing uses both: - 3D form: structural design - 2D shape: decorative design - to fit the human body

2. overlapping (of shape)

complete shape ( eg. collar, flower motif) - foreground (in front) partial shape (eg. bodice, leaf motif) - background (behind) overlapping - reduced feeling of depth - flat

variation of space:

degree of aspect used - eg. empty/filled -> how much filled? filled with what?

3. Evenness

degree of regularity or irregularity

5. Sharpness of Edge

distinct (sharp) vs. indistinct (fuzzy)

8. Length

extent from end to end (lengthwise)

decorative lines in clothing

fabric patterns, construction details, & applied trim: braid, rickrack, piping, fabric pattern lines, etc.

2. Thickness

having more or less extent when measured crosswise (breadth) from side to side

apparent angle sizes

influence on spacing by surrounding lines

Muller-Lyer Illusion

lengthens

Flattening Cues

make an area seem 2D (eg. flat), reduced in size or depth

Advancing Cues:

make enclosed space (shape) seem solid or 3D

7. Consistency

separated (or not) by intervals; having interstitial space (or not)

lines + space =

shapes

3. closeness of shapes

shapes that are not touching, completely surrounded by space, floating free -> Shapes advance more if not touching if touching, they appear to be on the same surface as the background, on the plane -> Flat

-> shape

smaller areas ( eg. collar, cuffs, pocket, button, pattern, motif)

space inside a shape

subdivided by lines, shapes, or patterns Empty: open, unbroken, plain/blank Filled: closed, broken, filled

1. Path

the course or route a line follows; straight, crooked, circuitous, etc.

interstitial space

the space among unconnected shapes

9. Direction

to point toward something; appearing to move from left to right, up to down, lower left to upper right, etc.