bcor 370 exam 3

Two factor theory of motivation

Theory based on job satisfaction and/or job dissatisfaction and the extent to which attitudes influence motivation

Communication

Act of transmitting information, thoughts, and processes through various channels

Written communication disadvantages

Time and effort required to prepare an effective statement Does not permit spontaneous or immediate feedback Sender does not know whether message has been interpreted as intended

Barriers to communication

Obstacles that interrupt the flow of conveying and receiving messages

Machiavellian leaders

have little respect for their subordinates, tend to take credit for their ideas, and rule with fear

Type B personality

Behavioral pattern where individuals tend to be more patient, relaxed, easygoing, and more sensitive to the feelings of others

Individual differences

Variable psychological, behavioral, cultural, and physical dimensions that uniquely distinguish each team member

Physiological

basic items that we need to ensure our survival

Telephone conversation

next richest channel Body language and direct eye contact are absent Verbal cues express level of emotion

Authoritarianism

-Management philosophy that using the threat of punishment, power, and legitimacy is required to produce superior results -Less prevalent as organizations have adopted flatter structures

Receiver

-decodes and interprets the meaning of the message -Provides feedback to the sender to assure that message was received and understood

Motivators

-opportunities for personal growth, such as recognition, achievement, and advancement -When absent, employees experience ambivalence toward their roles -When effective, employees are highly stimulated and satisfied with their roles

Performance-to-outcome expectancy

-perception that desired performance will lead to desired outcomes -If it is high, motivation will be high

Consequences of stress

Absenteeism Burnout Negative affectivity

Expectancy theory

Holds that individuals are more likely to be motivated and perform well if they expect to receive desired rewards

Oral Communication disadvantages

Informal nature may lead to vague or reckless statements Unless recorded, messages may be unreliable, unstable, and incomplete

Attitudes

Person's or group's inclinations toward an idea or situation

Self-awareness

-Ability to look objectively at a circumstance and make subjective, principle-based judgment decisions simultaneously -In order to make judgments about others, one must be keenly aware of one's own behavior -Involves focusing on external relationships -Mangers who practice this are more likely to receive feedback from others, listen to other perspectives, encourage communication, and treat others fairly

positive affectivity

-Even under adverse conditions, managers must try to promote this -Outward display of positive emotions

Positive psychology

-Explores ways to help people recognize their positive traits or strengths, rather than their perceived weaknesses and failings -In economically rough times, it is difficult to instill its message

Joyful living

-Feelings and emotions defined by interest, passion, curiosity, contentment, enthusiasm, satisfaction and quality of life -A measurable culmination of the other dimensions of abundance, providing the means for progress and motivation

Oral Communication Advantages

-Helps to build relationships -Accelerates decision making and problem solving -Provides a forum for immediate feedback

Motivation

-Incentive or drive to complete a task, function, or idea -All our behaviors are motivated by an intrinsic desire to do well -Managers need to know what motivates their employees

Purposeful thinking

-Involves continually seeking pathways for possibilities and looking for opportunities to learn and grow -Linked to self-awareness

Goal setting theory

-Motivation will be increased by clear, challenging, specific goals where employees are fully committed and encouraged to give feedback -Goals focus attention and direct efforts to achieve a specific target -Achieving goals produces a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction

Relationships of thoughtful candor

-Must hold oneself responsible first, then others -Show gratitude for the acts of others

Communication networks

-System of resources used as a channel for groups of people to connect to each other -Effective and consistent management communication required to control rumors

Moral courage

-Taking a position against something or someone even though you know the outcome may be unpopular -Involves taking risks

Hygienes

-e.g., working conditions, wages, job security, and company policy -If these factors considered poor or below average, job dissatisfaction likely to be higher

Effort-to-performance expectancy

-effort devoted to role will result in high performance -Individuals confident in their ability to perform will have high motivation

Negative affectivity

-general dimension of personality where an individual experiences negative mood states -Lowers likelihood of making contributions to the organization

Information overload

-large amounts of information can lead to confusion -Prioritize work to avoid simultaneous waves of information

EQ

-managers who have insight into their own emotions and the feelings of others can inspire a higher quality of work performance -Requires getting substantial feedback from others to increase self-awareness

Dysfunctional behavior

Actions that show a lack of commitment, lack of trust, fear of confrontation or conflicting opinions, a refusal to accept responsibility, and a tendency to focus on their own individual needs ahead of the team and organization

Attribution

Ascribed quality or characteristic that is related to a particular individual or situation

Reinforcement theory

Behavioral construct where individuals may be rewarded or punished based on the consequences of their behavior

Type A personality

Behavioral pattern where individuals tend to be ambitious, goal oriented, impatient, determined, highly organized, competitive, and aggressive

electronic communication advantages

Can be delivered instantly to a large audience Messages can be sent and delivered from any location Effective way for group members to stay in touch

Channel richness

Capacity to convey as much information as possible during the communication process

Emotional intelligence (EI)

Capacity to recognize and appreciate emotional responses in one's self and others

Citizenship

Commitment to the overall functions of the team and organizational culture in order to improve performance

To become a more effective communicator and motivator a manager must display

Compassion Conscientiousness Forgiveness Gratitude Grit Humility Hypo-egoic Mindfulness Openness Wisdom

Challenging work

Comprised of two types of tasks (Pleasureful tasks and Purposeful tasks)

Locus of control

Degree to which an individual or team feels in control of circumstances and outcomes

"Big Five" personality traits

Five broad domains of human psychology openness conscientiousness neuroticism extraversion agreeableness

Inducements

Formal or informal agreements intended to entice positive or desirable behaviors

Written Communication Advantages

Greater time may be devoted to message preparation Message can be archived Receiver has more time to interpret the message

Electronic communication

Includes emails, Skype, instant messaging, videoconferencing, and social networking (e.g., Twitter, Facebook)

Psychological contract

Informal expectation between employee and organization that determines quality and satisfaction

Deviance

Intentional behavior and attitudes that differ from or violate the accepted social norms

electronic communication disadvantages

May be hampered by technical problems Messages open to misinterpretation Users subject to hacking and cyber criminals

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

People are motivated by a number of needs that are displayed in a hierarchy

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Physiological reactions to long-term stress that can be grouped into three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Machiavellianism

Pragmatic management philosophy that condones unethical and manipulative behavior if it produces desirable results

Oral communication

Provides verbal discussions, ideas, and processes, either one-on-one or as a group (face-to-face)

Written communication

System in which sender prepares written documents

ERG theory

System that sets out three categories of human needs Existence Relatedness Growth Movement within the hierarchy can be up or down

Stereotyping

Tendency to ascribe characteristics or attributes to a particular group or individual unfairly

risks

The probability of loss or undesirable consequences

Listening

active effort to understand, learn, and obtain information from others Give speaker full attention Avoid distractions Don't interrupt Read nonverbal cues In the case of global networks, learn to understand different culture and teach teams to communicate effectively in virtual organizations

Confidence

certainty about handling something that a person desires or needs to do

Extrinsic rewards

concrete rewards (e.g., bonuses, promotions)

Abundance

conscious pursuit of purposeful possibilities that are sustainable and stable over time

Commitment

degree to which an employee is psychologically devoted to an organization or team

Existence needs

describe our physiological and safety needs

agreeableness

describes the extent to which an individual relates to others by being trusting, forgiving, kind, affectionate, and cooperative

Affiliation/belongingness

desire to be accepted by others and to find our place in social settings

Positive deviance

deviance that is honorable

Sender

encodes and transmits message through a chosen communication channel

extraversion

generally outgoing, sociable, talkative, and able to get on well with others

Cluster chain

group of people that disseminate information within their group or cluster

Hypo-egoic

heightened self-awareness that signals leaders when their actions are inhibiting others or are based on satisfying their own needs

Differing perceptions

imposing one's own reality Overcome by examining our assumptions and seeking constructive feedback

Valence

individual's opinion of the value of outcomes

Neuroticism

individuals high in this (or low in emotional stability) tend to be tense, moody, irritable, and anxious

Grapevine

informal line of communication where information is passed from one person to another

Porter-Lawler

introduced two types of rewards into expectancy theory Intrinsic rewards Extrinsic rewards

Filtering

message is screened before being passed on to the receiver May be resolved with simple language and reliance on several communication channels

Emotion

mood affects communication May be overcome with awareness of one's feelings and constraining them when communicating

Safety

need for an environment that is safe, both physically and mentally

Growth needs

need for personal fulfillment, self-development, and accomplishment

Self-actualization

need for personal growth and self-development

Esteem

need to be respected and appreciated by others

Internal

one feels in control of own fate

External

one feels that fate, rather than the actions of an individual, controls outcomes in life

Esteem and self-actualization

particularly important and relevant for today's fluid workplace

Body language

person's facial expression and body movements that express communication and emotion without the use of words

Stress

physiological and emotional reactions experienced by individuals to excessive pressures or demands at work

Intrinsic rewards

positive feelings experienced as a result of achieving the task

Selective perception

process by which individuals accept information consistent with their values and beliefs, while screening out information that is not aligned with their own needs

Perception

process by which individuals select, interpret, and organize information in the world around them

Purposeful tasks

provide a sense of accomplishment that has lasting meaning

Pleasureful tasks

provide an immediate feeling of joy and delight, with little effect on overall life satisfaction

Candor

quality of being open, frank, and sincere in speech or expression

Relatedness needs

reflect our desire for good relationships with others

Gossip chain

several individuals spread information through an organization, which is sometimes false or misleading

openness

the ability to have fun and fee elation and delight. These people have the capacity to foster diverse sharing of ideas and listen and learn from contradictory points of view.

Outcomes

the results of a process or undertaking

Face-to-face

the richest communication channel Permits direct personal contact, immediate feedback, and immediate clarification

conscientiousness

when an individual exhibits thoughtfulness, organization, and responsibility in the pursuit of goals