Behavioral Sciences I - Emotions

What is a temporary, generally involuntary state or experience that causes physiological, cognitive and behavioral changes? a. Mood b. Emotion c. Thought d. Trauma

Emotion

What part of the brain do psychopaths have abnormally small and malfunctioning versions of, and some violent criminals have been shown to have tumors in this part of the brain? a. Prefrontal Cortex b. Amygdala c. Hippocampus d. Parietal Lobe

Amygdala

What neurotransmitter mediates functions of the parasympathetic nervous system through its release (or increase in concentration in the system)? a. Acetylcholine b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. Epinephrine

Acetylcholine (it is part of slowing things down like heart rate)

What type of behavior (often taking a drug, but not always) involves the sufferer feeling compelled to perform said behavior, often impeding daily functioning? This often results when drug use is used as a coping mechanism for stress. a. Depression b. Addiction c. Anhedonia d. Anxiety

Addiction

What is the exterior portion of the adrenal gland that releases hormones as a part of the stress response including aldosterone and cortisol? a. Adrenal Cortex b. Adrenal Medulla c. Outer-Adrenal Gland d. Exterior Adrenal

Adrenal Cortex

What is the endocrine gland located on top of the kidney that releases epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine? a. Adrenal Cortex b. Adrenal Medulla c. Adrenal Gland d. Gallbladder

Adrenal Gland

What is the interior portion of the adrenal gland that is activated by the sympathetic nervous system and releases catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine)? a. Adrenal Cortex b. Adrenal Medulla c. Mid-Adrenal Gland d. Adrenal Catecholamine

Adrenal Medulla

Which of the following are the 3 stages of our body's response to stress according to General Adaptation Syndrome? I. Resistance II. Alarm III. Exhaustion IV. Denial V. Panic

Alarm (II), Resistance (I), and Exhaustion (III)

Match the stages of general adaptation syndrome to their correct descriptions, and put them in order from first to last. 1. This initial reaction to stress that prepares the body for a fight or flight response Heart rate and cortisol levels are elevated/ 2. After a prolonged period of stress, the body depletes itself coping resources and enters this period of fatigue and decreased stress tolerance. 3. The period of time spent actively coping with a stressor. Stress hormones including cortisol remain in high levels, and breathing rate and blood pressure are elevated. a. Exhaustion b. Alarm Phase c. Resistance Phase

Alarm Phase - The initial reaction to stress that prepares the body for a fight or flight response. Heart rate and cortisol levels are elevated. Resistance Phase - The period of time spent actively coping with a stressor. Stress hormones including cortisol remain in high levels, and breathing rate and blood pressure are elevated. Exhaustion - After a prolonged period of stress, the body depletes itself coping resources and enters this period of fatigue and decreased stress tolerance.

What steroid hormone synthesized and released by the adrenal cortex helps control blood pressure by affecting the retention of sodium and water? a. Norepinephrine b. Cortisol c. Aldosterone d. Epinephrine

Aldosterone

What sort of stressor would pollution be categorized as? a. Catastrophe Stressor b. Daily Hassle Stressor c. Ambient Stressor d. Significant Life Change Stressor

Ambient Stressors (Anything that negatively impacts the population as a whole, such as pollution, noise, or overcrowding.)

The (ventral or dorsal) prefrontal cortex is associated with attention and cognition, while the (ventral or dorsal) prefrontal cortex connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion.

Dorsal; Ventral

What model suggests that any of the emotions you may feel are expressed on a spectrum and as a combination of valence (good or bad) and arousal (excited or not excited)? Also, there are 4 categories (elated enthusiastic, relaxed, sluggish sad, and fearful angry). Match these with their descriptors: high arousal and unpleasant, low arousal and unpleasant, pleasant and low arousal, pleasant and high arousal. a. Facial Feedback Model b. 2-Dimentional Model c. Emotional Model d. Model of Feelings

2-Dimentional Model elated enthusiastic: pleasant and high arousal relaxed: pleasant and low arousal sluggish sad: low arousal and unpleasant fearful angry: high arousal and unpleasant

Which part of the limbic system is largely responsible for processing emotions (especially anger/violence and fear/anxiety)? a. Hypothalamus b. Amygdala c. Thalamus d. Hippocampus

Amygdala (When stimulated, it triggers anger/violence and fear/anxiety. When it is not stimulated, it results in a mellowing of emotions)

Which of the following are parts of the Limbic System? I. Amygdala II. Hippocampus III. Prefrontal Cortex IV. Hypothalamus V. Thalamus

Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Thalamus

Ted was in a car accident. His friends notice that he is eating a lot and also is very impulsive in his spending and general actions since the accident. What part of Ted's limbic system was possibly damaged, and what disorder might he have? a. Thalamus, PTSD b. Amygdala, Kluver-Bucy Syndrome c. Hypothalamus, Depression d. Hippocampus, ADHD

Amygdala, Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (Kluver-Bucy Syndrome - A rare disorder caused by bilateral damage to the amygdala that causes hyperorality (put things in your mouth a lot), hypersexuality, and inappropriate behavior that can be attributed to disinhibition (ignore social conventions, act impulsively).)

Quinn is unable to feel pleasure even during events that are considered to be happy like a birthday party. What might Quinn be suffering from? a. Anxiety b. Depression c. Learned Helplessness d. Anhedonia

Anhedonia (The inability to feel pleasure, and is a classic symptom of depression)

What portion of the frontal cortex is affected in depression and stops responding to serotonin, causing an increase in the perception of stressors? a. Hippocampus b. Amygdala c. Anterior Cingulate d. Thalamus

Anterior Cingulate

What is excessive fear or worrying that can be an effect of chronic stress due to over-activation of the amygdala? a. Depression b. Addiction c. Anhedonia d. Anxiety

Anxiety

Stella goes to a funeral and recognizes this as a sad event which is why she feels sad. What is her evaluation of the funeral that leads to her emotions called? a. Stress b. Appraisal c. Opinion d. Reaction

Appraisal (An evaluation of an event that determines the emotional and/or behavioral response.)

Match the following descriptions with their correct terms. 1. Choices between two negative options. 2. The need to choose between two desirable options. 3. Only one choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements. a. Approach-Approach Conflict b. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict c. Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Approach-Approach Conflict refers to the need to choose between two desirable options. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts are choices between two negative options. Approach-Avoidance Conflicts deal with only on choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements.

Which theory of emotion would agree with the statement that Jill would feel joy at the same time surprised if her friends threw her a surprise party? a. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions b. Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion c. Lazarus Theory of Emotion d. James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion (The idea that experiencing an event simultaneously and directly causes both the physiological response and emotion.) (Event -> physiological response + emotion)

What sort of stressor would a hurricane be categorized as? a. Catastrophe Stressor b. Daily Hassle Stressor c. Ambient Stressor d. Significant Life Change Stressor

Catastrophe Stressor (An event that is threatening to nearly all people in a community, such as a natural disaster or war.)

What is the class of hormones produced by the adrenal gland that includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine? a. Catecholamines b. Adrenal Hormones c. Adrenal Gland Hormones d. Glucocorticoids

Catecholamines

What is the difference between coping with stress versus managing stress?

Coping with stress is the act of putting conscious effort in to reducing personal problems or conflicts or minimizing their effects. Success in this is related to the amount of perceived control the person feels they have over the situation, optimism, and social support. Managing Stress involves methods for mitigating the effects of stress, including exercise, meditation, faith, and cognitive flexibility.

What type of vascular disease occurs when there is plaque buildup in the coronary artery which results in the heart not getting the nutrients it requires, which can cause a heart attack? a. Hypotension b. Hypertension c. Vascular Disease d. Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary Artery Disease

What glucocorticoid hormone is released by the adrenal cortex that helps control glucose metabolism and regulates the immune system as part of the stress response? a. Norepinephrine b. Cortisol c. Aldosterone d. Epinephrine

Cortisol

What sort of stressor would traffic be categorized as? a. Catastrophe Stressor b. Daily Hassle Stressor c. Ambient Stressor d. Significant Life Change Stressor

Daily Hassle Stressor (Events that happen on a day to day basis that are appraised as irritable or generally negative, such as traffic, loud neighbors, bickering with a spouse, etc.)

Sean has been stressed a lot recently. He is now always sad, and he has no interest in pole vaulting anymore. What might Sean be suffering from? a. Anxiety b. Depression c. Learned Helplessness d. Anhedonia

Depression (A mood disorder characterized by a prolonged period of intense sadness and a loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities. This can be an effect of chronic stress.)

What type of memory is unconscious (implicit), and it is the storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event? a. Hurtful Memory b. PTSD Memory c. Emotional Memory d. Feeling Memory

Emotional Memory (Note, the conscious (explicit) memory is the memory of experiencing the actual emotion. Ex: rememberin that you were happy at your high school graduation or that you were sad when you lost a loved one. Explicit memory of the emotion produces a conscious memory of the experience, and implicit memory determines the expression of past emotions.)

Which nervous system helps to regulate gastrointestinal functioning, and it is the brain-gut connection that explains how stress causes digestive problems? a. Autonomic Nervous system b. Sympathetic Nervous System c. Enteric Nervous System d. Central Nervous System

Enteric Nervous System (brain in the gut)

What is the neurotransmitter that is involved in the sympathetic nervous system and the "fight or flight" response? a. GABA b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. Epinephrine

Epinephrine (aka Adrenaline)

What sort of stress is Molly feeling when she buys her first home? a. Exhaustive Stress b. Eustress c. Financial Stress d. Overwhelming Stress

Eustress (moderate or normal psychological stress interpreted as being beneficial for the experiencer) Ex: graduating from college, achieving a high score on the MCAT, getting married, buying a house, etc.

T or F: The Sympathetic Nervous System is the division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the "rest and digest" response. The Parasympathetic Nervous System is the division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the "fight or flight" response.

FALSE. SNS = "fight or flight" PNS = "rest and digest"

T or F: Fear, anger, and sexual arousal deliver different biological signals.

FALSE. Fear, anger, and sexual arousal often deliver some of the same biological signals.

T or F: Extroverts are typically better at interpreting people's feelings, while introverts are often better at expressing them.

FALSE. Introverts are typically better at interpreting people's feelings, while extroverts are often better at expressing them.

T or F: People suffering from PTSD experience lower rates of digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and infectious diseases.

FALSE. People suffering from PTSD experience higher rates of digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and infectious diseases.

T or F: The somatic nervous system innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and glands and controls involuntary movement, consists of a 2-neuron pathway that connects the CNS to the target tissue and uses acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine to pass down signals.

FALSE. The AUTONOMIC nervous system innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and glands and controls involuntary movement, consists of a 2-neuron pathway that connects the CNS to the target tissue and uses acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine to pass down signals. (The somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles and controls voluntary movement, contains motor neurons that connect the CNS to the skeletal tissue via a single neuron and use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter to pass signals down.)

T or F: The Somatic division of the nervous system controls unconscious body functions, such as digestion, heart rate, and breathing.

FALSE. The Autonomic division of the nervous system controls unconscious body functions, such as digestion, heart rate, and breathing.

T or F: The left hemisphere is more active when discerning facial expression than the right.

FALSE. The RIGHT hemisphere is more active when discerning facial expressions than the left.

T or F: The same chemical is unable to cause different responses based on the type of receptors that an effector has for receiving that chemical.

FALSE. The same chemical CAN CAUSE different responses based on the type of receptors that an effector has for receiving that chemical. Ex: In the case of norepinephrine, its effector is smooth muscle (the muscle that controls all of your involuntary functions of hollow organs, like the stomach and bladder, and also your blood vessels). On the smooth muscles cells controlling some blood vessels, there are receptors called alpha receptors. When norepinephrine, or epinephrine, bind to those receptors, they make those smooth muscle cells contract, thereby restricting blood flow. But, on smooth muscles cells that control other blood vessels, there are lots of beta receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine, and when they are activated, they make the muscles relax, letting more blood flow through. So, it makes sense that the smooth muscle around your blood vessels, which feed your skeletal muscles are covered in beta receptors because you want those blood vessels to relax and provide plenty of oxygen to the muscles in your arms and legs. The blood vessels leading to the stomach and intestines have lots of alpha receptors, which reduce blood flow to those areas.

What is a comprehensive, anatomically based system for describing all visually discernible facial movement? It breaks down facial expressions into individual components of muscle movement (called Action Units). a. Facial Action Coding System b. Expression Reading c. Facial Emotion Recognition d. Systematic Facial Coding

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

What hypothesis states that our facial expressions can regulate our emotions? a. Facial Feedback Hypothesis b. Facial-Emotion Complex c. Emotional Effector Hypothesis

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

What hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose, and it is released during the fight or flight response (among other times)? a. Glucagon b. Cortisol c. Aldosterone d. Oxytocin

Glucagon

What class of steroid hormones is often released in response to stress? (Ex: Cortisol) a. Catecholamines b. Adrenal Hormones c. Adrenal Gland Hormones d. Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids (most receptors are in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex)

Universal emotions are states or feelings that are experienced by all people and have cross-culturally consistent facial expressions. What emotions are considered universal? There are 6.

Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Disgust, Anger, and Surprise

What is the complete block of a coronary artery that cuts off a part of the heart's supply of oxygen? a. Heart Attack b. Hypertension c. Vascular Disease d. Coronary Artery Disease

Heart Attack

Fill in the blanks with either the word "high" or "low." Bigger, more complex feelings, like love and hatred take the "________-road" where sensory stimulus travels through the eyes (if from reading) to the thalamus to the brain's cortex where it gets analyzed by means of your cognitive process which then goes to the limbic system (drives emotion and motivation). Other emotions like simple likes, aversions, and fears, do not have to involve actual thinking and take the "________-road" where the cortex is bypassed and will zip right from the ear or the eye to the amygdala in the limbic system (knee-jerk reaction that allows us to react quickly, often in the face of potential danger). The slower "_______-road" cortex rout allows thinking about feeling, while the quick "_______-road" shortcut allows instant emotional reactions.

High, low, high, low

If this part of the limbic system were damaged, you would be unable to form new memories, but you could recall old memories. What part of the limbic system is damaged in this case? a. Hypothalamus b. Amygdala c. Thalamus d. Hippocampus

Hippocampus (The part of the limbic system responsible for creating new long-term memories (from short term memories), and can be considered the center of the limbic system. (Damage to this system means you can't form new memories but your old memories are still working))

What test gives a numerical value to the amount of stress that could be caused by 43 different significant life changes? This is used as an attempt to estimate the risk of stress-related illnesses. a. Stress Test b. Homes and Rahe Stress Scale c. Primary Stress Scale d. Stress Reaction Test

Homes and Rahe Stress Scale

Norepinephrine can act as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone depending on how it is being used. If it is being secreted by a gland into the blood stream for widespread distribution it is a (hormone or neurotransmitter). If it is being released from a neuron and travelling across a synapse, we refer to it as a messenger chemical (no matter what it is). Thus it is a (hormone or neurotransmitter).

Hormone; Neurotransmitter

__________ is perpetually high blood pressure that is often caused by long-term stress-related elevations in blood pressure that increase muscle mass around blood vessels, which increase rigidity and in turn, increase blood pressure further and indefinitely. a. Hypotension b. Hypertension c. Vascular Disease d. Coronary Artery Disease

Hypertension

If this part of the limbic system were damaged, the autonomic nervous system would not be regulated because there would be no control over hormone release. What part of the limbic system would be damaged if this were happened? a. Hypothalamus b. Amygdala c. Thalamus d. Hippocampus

Hypothalamus (The part of the limbic system located below the thalamus that regulates the autonomic nervous system (fight or flight vs rest and digest) by controlling the release of hormones (through controlling the endocrine system). (hypo = below))

Which division of the immune system is non-specific and defends against pathogens using barriers, inflammation, and phagocytes? This system can be upregulated with stress and potentially attack the body, or it can be repressed with chronic stress and fail to protect the body. a. Autoimmune System b. Sympathetic System c. Autonomic System d. Innate Immune System

Innate Immune System

Which theory of emotion would support the statement that if you are sad it is because you are crying? a. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions b. Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion c. Lazarus Theory of Emotion d. James-Lange Theory of Emotion

James-Lange Theory of Emotion (The idea that the physiological response to an event precedes the experience of emotion, and it is the interpretation of this physiological response that causes the emotion to be felt.) (Event -> Physiologic Response -> Interpretation of Physiologic Response -> Emotion)

What are the 10 emotions present from infancy on according to American research psychologist Carroll Izard?

Joy Surprise Sadness Anger Disgust Contempt Shame Fear Guilt Interest/Excitement (some suggest that pride and love should be added to this list)

Which theory of emotion says that John's outlook that petting dogs is fun leads to him enjoying petting dogs and smiling? a. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions b. Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion c. Lazarus Theory of Emotion d. James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Lazarus Theory of Emotion (The idea that the appraisal (essentially like already having a label for weather an event is good or bad) of the event causes both the emotion and physiological response simultaneously.) (Event -> appraise (label/outlook) -> emotion + physiological response)

Jeremiah stops trying to find coping mechanisms to combat stress because none of the ones he has tried have works. What is Jeremiah succumbing to? a. Learned Helplessness b. Giving Up c. Depression d. Anhedonia

Learned Helplessness (A lost ablity to identify and pursue coping mechanisms due to repeated inability to successfully cope with stressors.

The _______ hemisphere is the side of the brain that shows more activity in sociable, enthusiastic people, and is activated during positive emotions. The _______ hemisphere is the side of the brain that shows more activity for negative emotions, and is more active in isolative people. *Blank options: right, left*

Left Right

What is the network in the brain that is situated on top of the brain stem and is heavily involved in the processing of emotions, behavior, and long-term memory? a. Limbic System b. Somatic Nervous System c. Autonomic Nervous System d. Parasympathetic System

Limbic System

Which organ gets less blood flow when someone is stressed, and causes extra fat and cholesterol to end up circulating in your blood, which can settle around the heart? a. Gallbladder b. Liver c. Esophagus d. Spleen

Liver (job includes removing the fat and cholesterol from your blood)

Which catecholamine transmitter plays a large role in the sympathetic nervous system and is produced in part of the brain and in the adrenal medulla? a. Norepinephrine b. Cortisol c. Aldosterone d. Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

If the preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine and the signal goes to the adrenal glands, then __________ and ___________ get released (as hormones in this case). If these action potentials go down your spinal cord and preganglionic neuronal axons to ganglia, then ___________ is released and stimulates the postganglionic neurons which carry the action potential to the effector organs. (one answer per blank) a. Acetylcholine b. Norepinephrine c. Epinephrine d. Oxytocin

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Acetylcholine

What allows you to focus your attention without either freaking out or getting all mellow and sleepy? a. Optimal Arousal b. Energy c. Focused Attention d. Arousal

Optimal Arousal

What hormone contributes to social bonding, pair bonding, and childbirth? a. Norepinephrine b. Cortisol c. Aldosterone d. Oxytocin

Oxytocin

Which theory of emotion would say that Stanly feels joy because he identified the reason for him smiling to be because he was holding a bunny? a. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions b. Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion c. Lazarus Theory of Emotion d. James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion (Two-Factor Theory of Emotion) (The idea that both the physiological response and the cognitive label of the physiological response precede the experience of an emotion. The physiological response is directly caused by the event.) (Event -> Physiological Response -> identify the reason for the physiological response to the event -> emotion)

Fill in the blank with either increases or decreases (unless noted otherwise): In the parasympathetic nervous system, pupils __(dilate or constrict)__, salvation _______, respiratory rate ________, heart rate __________, glucose release ________, adrenaline ____________, and digestion ___________.

Parasympathetic - Pupils Constrict: you do not need as much light being brought in because you are not in a situation where you need to run or act quickly - Increase Salvation: saliva helps break down certain carbohydrates and helps lubricate the bolus of food that you eat that later gets digested - Decrease Respiratory Rate (or baseline): you do not need the extra oxygenation - Decrease Heart Rate (or normal): - Increase Glucose Storage: you are extracting nutrients from your food and getting glucose from this - Decrease Adrenaline: not in detrimental state so you don't need to have the adrenalin coursing through your veins - Increase Digestion: this is the time when you are not in imminent danger and you are able to spend your time digesting the food that you took in so you can extract the nutrients and get the energy from it so your body can function properly and so you will have plenty of stored energy (which will help when you need to escape something like a predator)

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions: 1. Mental assessments that help to make sense of and evaluate a feeling or state. 2. Variations in the production of neurotransmitters, autonomic nervous system activity and brain activity due to the experience of a certain feeling or state. 3. Actions that can be both consciously and unconsciously caused by a change in state or feeling (e.g. smiling). a. Physiological Reactions to Emotion b. Cognitive Reactions to Emotion c. Behavioral Reactions to Emotions

Physiological Reactions to Emotion - Variations in the production of neurotransmitters, autonomic nervous system activity and brain activity due to the experience of a certain feeling or state. Cognitive Reactions to Emotion - Mental assessments that help to make sense of and evaluate a feeling or state. Behavioral Reactions to Emotions - Actions that can be both consciously and unconsciously caused by a change in state or feeling (e.g. smiling).

Which of the following encompass the 4 different response systems of emotions? I. Physiology II. Expression III. Objective Feelings IV. Thought/Appraisal V. Subjective Feelings

Physiology, Expression, Subjective Feelings, and Thought/Appraisal (We must perceive an event as somehow important in order to experience emotion; whether harmful (upset: insult to angry, loss to sad, threat to afraid) or beneficial (happy) to well-being)

This neuron has its cell body located in the PNS and uses a long axon to connect to the effector organ. The synapse between this cell of this neuron and the cell of the organ will use either epinephrine (adrenaline) or norepinephrine (noradrenaline). What is the name of the neuron described? (referring to the sympathetic nervous system) a. Postsynaptic neuron b. Postganglionic neuron c. Presynaptic neuron d. Preganglionic neuron

Postganglionic neuron

Phineas Gage is a famous patient that became rude and uninhibited after and iron rod destroyed the majority of what part of his brain? a. Left Hemisphere b. Right Hemisphere c. Prefrontal Cortex d. Thalamus

Prefrontal Cortex

Reiny has trouble focusing and tends to be fairly unorganized. What part of her brain might be damaged? a. Left Hemisphere b. Right Hemisphere c. Prefrontal Cortex d. Thalamus

Prefrontal Cortex (The part of the brain responsible for attention, planning and decision making. It can atrophy with chronic stress.)

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the ____________ neuron begins either in the spinal cord or in the brain. It then carries the electrical signal via a long axon to the synapse. Here it uses acetylcholine to transmit the signal to the ____________ cell, which carries the signal to the second synapse, where acetylcholine is used once again. a. Preganglionic; postganglionic b. Presynaptic; postsynaptic c. Postganglionic; Preganglionic d. Postsynaptic; presynaptic

Preganglionic ; postganglionic

In the sympathetic nervous system, this neuron is a cell body that originates in the spinal cord and its axon extends out from the front side of the spine into the PNS. The axon will travel a short distance to synapse with the second neuron using acetyl choline. What are the names of the first and second neurons? (note that these are part of the signal pathway for the sympathetic nervous system) a. Preganglionic neuron; postganglionic neuron b. Presynaptic neuron; postsynaptic neuron c. Postganglionic neuron; Preganglionic neuron d. Postsynaptic neuron; presynaptic neuron

Preganglionic neuron; postganglionic neuron

What is the initial evaluation of an event to either be threatening or nonthreatening called? a. Primary Appraisal of Stress b. Secondary Appraisal of Stress c. Appraisal d. Stress Evaluation

Primary Appraisal of Stress

What is the evaluation of a person's ability to cope with a situation that has been deemed threatening? This is when the person examines the harm that has already been experienced, the existing threat, and the probability that the threat can be overcome. a. Primary Appraisal of Stress b. Secondary Appraisal of Stress c. Appraisal d. Stress Evaluation

Secondary Appraisal of Stress

What sort of stressor would a divorce be considered? a. Catastrophe Stressor b. Daily Hassle Stressor c. Ambient Stressor d. Significant Life Change Stressor

Significant Life Change Stressor (An event that impacts a person in a drastic way, such as marriage, moving, job loss, having a child, or losing a loved one.)

What system measures stress levels using "life change units"? a. Social Readjustment Rating Scale b. Stress Test c. Social Stress Exam d. Life Change Scale

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Gabby and Lauren are hanging out. Gabby is angry, which ends up making Lauren feel angry as well. What is this phenomenon called? a. Influence b. Mirroring c. Spillover Effect d. Contagious Emotions

Spillover Effect

What is the physiological response to a threatening event or the perception of pressure? a. Emotions b. Panic c. Stress d. Hide

Stress

A rabbit handles the stressful situation of being chased by a dog by running away. What is the action of running away in this situation referred to as? a. Stressor b. Primary Reaction c. Stress Reactions d. Appraisal

Stress Reaction (The way in which a person copes with a threatening event or circumstance.)

Justin is stressed because has an exam in 6 hours and is just now starting to study. What is the exam in this situation for Justin? a. Stressor b. Stress Reaction c. Threat d. Challenge

Stressor (an event capable of cause physiological arousal)

Fill in the blank with either increases or decreases (unless noted otherwise): In the sympathetic nervous system, pupils __(dilate or constrict)__, salvation _______, respiratory rate ________, heart rate __________, glucose release ________, adrenaline ____________, and digestion ___________.

Sympathetic -Pupils Dilate: want to be able to see everything during a fight or flight response (like being chased by a wild animal) -Decrease Salvation: ex is when you do a public speaking presentation and you get a dry mouth - Increase Respiratory Rate: so body has better oxygenation - Increase Heart Rate: so body has better oxygentaiton; so more blood can flow easier throughout your body - Increase Glucose Release: gives you more energy for fight or flight response - Increase Adrenaline: gives you a real boost of energy which is needed in a situation involving fight or flight - Decrease Digestion: digestion takes up a lot of energy and in a fight or flight situation you want to divert all of your energy twards vital resources in areas of your body that can help you escape

T or F: Activation of the sympathetic nervous system increases sweating.

TRUE

T or F: Our voice is regulated by the autonomic nervous system which is something that we do not control. Thus, it is harder to hide our emotions in our voice, and it is easier to hide our emotions with facial expressions.

TRUE

T or F: Pessimism and depression are close relatives to stress based on their effects on the body and have even been linked to heart disease.

TRUE

T or F: Physiological responses to non-immediate stresses are largely the same as when you are fighting for survival.

TRUE

T or F: We often overestimate the duration of our bad moods and underestimate our capacity to adapt and bounce back from traumas.

TRUE

T or F: Acetylcholine typically mediates the body's fight or flight response.

TRUE.

T or F: The sympathetic nervous system works by both stimulating and inhibiting the same systems in your body at the same time.

TRUE. Ex: You are running out of a burning house. The norepinephrine your system releases causes and increase of blood flow in some parts of your body (like your leg muscles) while restricting blood flow in other places where it is not urgently needed (like your guts).

T or F: A compound can be considered either a neurotransmitter or a hormone depending on where it happens to be operating in your body.

TRUE. The very same substance can have different effects, actually, sometimes totally opposite effects depending on where it is received in your body.

What response to stress revolves around creating and using social support? For example, when studying for Biochemistry exams, Ellis, Kayla, and Athena, would all study together late into the night in the library. They were miserable, but at least they were miserable together. a. Fight or flight b. Rest and Digest c. Misery Loves Company d. Tend and Befriend

Tend and Befriend

If this part of the limbic system malfunctioned, sensory information would be compromised. Which part of the limbic system is damaged in this situation? (Extra Credit: What sense would not be affected by this system malfunctioning?) a. Hypothalamus b. Amygdala c. Thalamus d. Hippocampus

Thalamus EC: Smell because it bypasses the thalamus and has its own private relay station

The parasympathetic system contains the _________________, which innervates the heart, stomach, lungs, liver, small and large intestines, among other things. a. Autonomic Nerve b. Sensory Nerve c. Vagus Cranial Nerve d. Motor Nerve

Vagus Cranial Nerve

What condition affects blood vessels and is caused by high blood pressure damaging the vessels, resulting in plaque buildup and the narrowing of the vessels? a. Hypotension b. Hypertension c. Vascular Disease d. Coronary Artery Disease

Vascular Disease

The _________ prefrontal cortex is thought to play a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses stemming from the amygdala. a. Ventral b. Dorsal c. Medial d. Ventromedial

Ventromedial

Fill in the blank with either increases or decreases. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "rest-and-digest" activities. This means it _________ blood flow to the digestive organs and the excretory system while it _________ blood flow to skeletal tissue.

increases; decreases

Fill in the blank with either increasing or decreasing. The overall effect of the sympathetic nervous system is __________ blood flow to the cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle while _________ the activity of the gastrointestinal system.

increasing, decreasing

It is ALWAYS _________ that is released from postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic fiber release __________ in this system. (two different answers) a. Norepinephrine b. Acetylcholine c. Epinephrine d. Glucagon

norepinephrine; Acetylcholine (ACh)