BHH 440 Exam 3 Quizzes

Which of the following p-values is most likely associated with an odds ratio and confidence interval of: 3.63 (0.77 - 4.55)? - 0.01 - 0.009 - 0.170 - 0.048

- 0.170 The confidence interval here indicates that the odds ratio is not statistically significant, as the confidence interval contains the value 1.0. Thus, the p-value should be 0.05 or greater.

If the odds of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury (outcome) was exactly the same for males and females (sex) in the clubs at Penn State, what would an odds ratio of ACL by sex of this association be? - 0 - -1.0 - None of these are correct - 1.0

- 1.0

What percent change is indicated by a risk ratio of 4.54? - 454% higher risk - 354% higher risk - 54% higher risk - 3.54% higher risk

- 354% higher risk To calculate percent change when the risk ratio (or odds ratio) is above 1, we subtract 1 from the risk ratio and multiply it by 100%.

How would you interpret the following: Among non-smokers, there was an odds of 0.25 of cardiovascular disease? - Among non-smokers, for every 1 individual living with cardiovascular disease, there are 4 other individuals who do not have cardiovascular disease - Among non-smokers, for every 4 individuals living with cardiovascular disease, there is 1 other individual who does not have cardiovascular disease - 25% of the entire population suffers from cardiovascular disease

- Among non-smokers, for every 1 individual living with cardiovascular disease, there are 4 other individuals who do not have cardiovascular disease

Researchers are interested in studying the association between hydrocortisone (exposure) and atrial fibrillation (heart flutter). They identify people who have atrial fibrillation and match them with population controls who do not have atrial fibrillation. Then they ask them about their hydrocortisone use in the past 60 days to classify them as either current users or never users. This is: - Descriptive; Observational - Descriptive; Experimental - Analytic; Observational - Analytic; Experimental

- Analytic; Observational This is a case-control study design. There is no manipulation by the researcher so it is observational and it is analytic because it is testing a hypothesis to see if there is an association between hydrocortisone use and atrial fibrillation.

Which of the following confidence intervals/p-values would be considered statistically significant? - CI = (0.9-1.1); p-value = 0.05 - CI = (0.3-2.4); p-value= 0.68 - CI= (0.2-14.0); p-value = .99 - CI = (2.5-3.7); p-value= 0.04

- CI = (2.5-3.7); p-value= 0.04

Researchers are exploring the relationship between trans fat in the diet and obesity. They recruit a sample of individuals; about half of them are obese and the other half are a healthy weight. Then they ask participants questions about their diet to ascertain their level of trans fat intake. They find that individuals who are obese are more likely to also consume high levels of trans fats. This is what type of study? - Case-control - Ecological Study - Cross-Sectional Study - Surveillance Study

- Case-control This study involves taking a sample of people, half of whom already have the condition being studied as the outcome. Thus, half of the sample are cases while the other half are controls.

A research group conducts a one-time survey of over 5,000 individuals that includes questions on the number of alcoholic beverages consumed per day and number of cigarettes smoked per day. The group analyzes the data and finds a positive association between the two variables. This is an example of a/an: - Cross-sectional Study - Passive surveillance study - Case series - Ecological study

- Cross-sectional Study The data for this study was collected at one point in time—with individuals. It would not be passive surveillance because there is an active solicitation of data going on. A case series is only a description of a small group of individuals. An ecological study would involve aggregate data, not data on the individual level.

A study of adolescent health finds that there is an association between vaping (exposure) and generalized anxiety (outcome), independent of demographic and other substance use behaviors (confounders). In this example, what is the dependent variable (DV) and what is the independent variable (IV)? - DV=anxiety, IV=other substance use - DV=demographics, IV=anxiety - DV=anxiety, IV=vaping - DV=vaping, IV=anxiety

- DV=anxiety, IV=vaping

A researcher conducts a survey to report the prevalence of HPV in the United States and describe: (a) who is infected by sex and race/ethnicity and (b) if there are any clusters of cases in particular geographic regions (i.e., where they are located). Based on this information alone, this is what type of research? - Descriptive - Analytic

- Descriptive

Researchers are interested in seeing if there is an association between time spent in a tanning bed and melanoma (a cancer). If the odds ratio increases with increasing time of tanning and is statistically significant, this is referred to as a __________ relationship. - coincidental - Bidirectional - Confounding - Dose-reponse

- Dose-response

Results from a case-control study looking at diet and hypertension found that eating 2 servings of vegetables daily (copmared to eating less servings daily) resulted in an odds ratio of 0.65. Assuming statistical significance, which is the best interpretation for this statistic?

- Eating 2 servings of vegetables daily is associated with 65% greater odds of hypertension, as compared to less than 2 servings daily - Eating 2 servings of vegetables daily, as compared to less vegetable consumption, is not associated with hypertension in any way You Answered Eating 2 servings of vegetables daily is associated with 65% times the odds of hypertension, as compared to less than 2 servings daily - ******Eating 2 servings of vegetables daily is associated with .65 times the odds of hypertension, as compared to less than 2 servings daily - Case-control studies cannot yield statistically significant results, so the study itself is flawed

A research group conducts a study to examine the association between unemployment and drug use. They get unemployment numbers from 6 state governments and obtain statistics regarding the number of drug arrests in those same 6 states. They find a positive correlation between unemployment and drug arrests, i.e., as unemployment rates go up so do the number of drug arrests. This is an example of what type of study design? - Case series - Case-control study - Ecological Study - Surveillance study

- Ecological Study

An investigator obtains data on mortality rates due to home accidents in 20 states as well as data indicating the total liquor sales per year in those 20 states. The investigator finds a correlation between deaths due to home accidents and total liquor sales. This is what type of study? - Passive surveillance study - Case study - Ecological study

- Ecological study The investigator in this case is using group data, rather than describing a single case or providing individuals an opportunity to report some health events. Thus, the answer is ecological study.

study on living in different regions of the country and occurrence of schizophrenia - when it comes to schizophrenia risk in the Northeast: OR = 0.88 (0.53 - 1.55). what is correct interpretation? - Living in the Northeast is associated with a statistically significant increased odds of schizo - Living in the Northeast is associated with a statistically significantly decreased odds of schizo - Living in the Northeast is not associated with schizo

- Living in the Northeast is not associated with schizophrenia Remember to check for significance first. The confidence interval indicates that the odds ratio is not statistically significant because the integer 1.0 is found within this interval. Therefore, there is no association between these variables.

A researcher publishes a case series that describes 18 cases of a previously unknown disease. Based on the information in the case series, the author hypothesizes and concludes that the disease is caused by excessive sun exposure. Disregarding any of the potential details of the case series, is the researcher able to make this conclusion? - Yes - No

- No

Based on the data obtained in question #3, the researcher finds a statistically significant positive correlation and concludes that being unemployed makes an individual more likely to be arrested for drug use. Is this an accurate interpretation of the data? - Yes - No

- No

A case-control study looking at breast cancer (outcome) and calcium supplemental use (exposure) found that among women breast cancer, 80/100 did not use calcium supplements and among women without breast cancer 30/100 did not use calcium. What would the equation to calculate the odds ratio be? - OR = (20/90)/(80/110) = .31 - OR = (20/70/(80/30) = .11 - OR = (80/100)/(30/100) = 2.7 - OR = (80/30)/(20/70) = 9.3

- OR = (20/70/(80/30) = .11

A cross-sectional survey on how smoking status is associated with having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Out of 500 individuals surveyed, 200 were past/current smokers. Of these 200 smokers, 40 have COPD, and 160 do not. Out of the 300 individuals who were never smokers, 50 have COPD, and the remaining 250 do not. What is the OR from these results? - OR = 160/40 / 50/250 = 20.0 - OR = 50/250 / 40/160 = 0.80 - OR = 40/200 / 50/300 = 1.20 - OR = 40/160 / 50/250 = 1.25

- OR = 40/160 / 50/250 = 1.25

Researchers conduct a case-control study to assess the association between consumption of a high fat diet in the past 5 years and colon cancer. Among the 50 people with colon cancer, 30 reported a high fat diet and 20 did not. Among the 100 people without colon cancer, 40 reported a high fat diet and 60 did not. What would be the odds ratio for this case-control study? - OR= (30/40) / (20/60) = 2.25 - OR= (30/50) / (40/100) = 1.50 - OR= (20/50) / (60/100) = 0.67 - OR= (20/30) / (40/100) = 1.67

- OR= (30/40) / (20/60) = 2.25

The cross-sectional survey in question #6 above is an example of what kind of epidemiologic study? -Experimental, analytic - Observational, descriptive - Observational, analytic - Experimental, descriptive

- Observational, analytic

Which of the following can be used to describe case-control studies? - Observational, analytic epidemiology - Experimental, analytic epidemiology - Observational, descriptive epidemiology - Experimental, descriptive epidemiology

- Observational, analytic epidemiology

The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a program set up by the CDC. People who experience adverse events associated with vaccines can call VAERS or go to their website and report their experience if they choose to. This is what type of surveillance? - Active - Passive

- Passive In active surveillance, researchers actively solicit information from individuals in the population. In passive surveillance they provide people with a way to report information if they so desire.

Neck cancer is a rare (<10% of the total population). If a case-control study were conducted and an odds ratio obtained, which relative measure of association would it most likely be estimating? - Prevalence difference - Risk ratio - Hazard ratio - Risk difference

- Risk ratio

A telephone survey is conducted by a local organization to gather information about physical activity of members within a household. What type of data is collected? - Measured data - Medical record data - Self-reported data - Actual data

- Self-reported data

What is the advantage of a case-crossover design compared to a case-control study? - Doesn't rely on memory recall of exposure - None of these are correct - There is not the same concern about time-invariant confounding variables - The research has the choice of whether they want to have th case period before or after the control period

- There is not the same concern about time-invariant confounding variables

association between the using of a new type of nicotine replacement therapy and having a car crash right after. You plan to identify people who have been in car crashes and use them as both the case and controls, albeit at different time periods. The 3-hours before their crash will be the ______ period, and the same 3-hour period 7 days earlier will be the ______period. Select the best answer below. - case; control - exposure; exposure - exposure; outcome - control; case

- case; control

Which of the following statements is true regarding case-control and cross-sectional studies? A. In a case-control study design, the direction of inquiry is oriented to the past but for cross-sectional studies it is oriented to the present B. Both cross-sectional and case-crossover studies can ensure temporal ordering between exposure and outcome C. For both, there are 4 possible groupings for study participants based on a binary exposure and a binary outcome data are collected E. Both A and C

E. Both A and C