BI 315 TopHat 2018

Of the 3 mechanisms for eliciting hormone release, which one would you guess is the least likely to contribute to homeostasis? A Plasma signal regulation B Neural control C Tropic hormone regulation

B Neural control

What is the Result to each premis Premise 1 interfere with SNARE/Synaptotagamin interaction 2 Increase the amount of Ca++ that enters the axon terminal 3 Inhibit kinesin 4 Inhibit enzymes that digest NT in the cleft 5 NT receptor agonist 6 NT receptor antagonist

1) Block NT release 2) Increase NT release 3) Decrease the amount of NT available for release at the axon terminal 4) Increase the amount of times the NT will bind to its receptor 5) Enhance post-synaptic cell response 6) Block post-synaptic cell response

What is the direction of flow of its ion? Assume all are active or open. Premise 1 Ligand gated sodium channel 2 Voltage Gated Potassium Channel 3 Voltage Gated Sodium Channel 4 Na+/K+ ATPase 5 Leaky Potassium Channel

1) Into the cell 2) Out of the cell 3) Into the cell 4) Both in and out of the cell 5) Out of the cell

What are the five steps of a negative feedback loop? (in order)

1) Stimulus 2)Sensor 3) Integration Center 4) Effector 5) Response

Is bone calcium (the amount of calcium in our bones) homeostatically regulated? A Yes B No

B No

Which of the following could be expected following long-term stress (select all that apply) Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A high blood pressure B decrease in bone mass C stunted growth in children D Immune system repression E increase in muscle mass F low circulating blood sugar levels

A, B, C, D

Starbucks and Pavement Coffeehouse both serve iced chai lattes. The straws at Starbucks are 7mm wide, the straws at pavement are 5mm wide. If Dr. Co buys an 8 oz chai at both locations, which chai will she finish first? (assume all other factors are equal). A Starbucks chai B Pavement chai C She will finish them both at the same rate

A

Sarin is a chemical that is currently banned in the production of weapons for its danger to civilian life. It is estimated to be 26x more deadly than cyanide. When ingested or inhaled, it causes the accumulation of acetylcholine in the NMJ. What is it's most probable mechanism? A Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor B Acetylcholinesterase up-regulator C Prevents Ca2+ channels from opening on the presynaptic motor neuron D Causes diffusion of Ach out of the NMJ.

A Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

What initial force brings a substrate to an enzyme? A Brownian motion B Covalent bonding C Ionic bonding D Osmosis

A Brownian motion

You are involved in a non-fatal but serious car crash. Just moments after the impact, as you begin to realize the extent of the danger and damage, which hormone is likely to be at a higher circulating level in your bloodstream? A Epinephrine B Cortisol C They would be in equally high concentrations D Neither would be at a high concentration

A Epinephrine

The bacteria Clostridium botulinum secrete a toxin (botulinum toxin) that is an enzyme. It destroys SNARE proteins at neuromuscular junctions (synapses between excitatory motor neurons and muscle cells). What would be the result of botulinum toxin? A Flaccid paralysis (muscles that cannot contract) B Spastic paralysis (muscles that contract and then cannot relax) C Cognitive deficiencies (difficulty thinking or processing) D Memory loss

A Flaccid paralysis (muscles that cannot contract)

A common ion found in the body is Na+. Being a charged molecule, do you expect that Na+ is hydrophobic or hydrophilic? A Hydrophilic B Hydrophobic

A Hydrophilic

In which of the following scenarios would the firing of an action potential be less likely to happen? A If we added anions to the inside of the neuron B If we added cations to the inside of the neuron C Neither, no changes to the likelihood of an AP happening

A If we added anions to the inside of the neuron If we add negative charge to the inside (i.e. hyperpolarzing the cell) it would take more graded potentials to reach threshold and therefore an AP would be less likely to happen

What overall effect on circulating blood nutrient levels will stress have? A Increase in blood nutrient levels B Decrease in blood nutrient levels C No change to nutrient levels

A Increase in blood nutrient levels

You are involved in a non-fatal but serious car crash. Just moments after the impact, while you are still seated in the drivers seat but you begin to realize the extent of the danger and damage, what is likely to be true of your heart rate? A It will be higher than your resting heart rate B It will be lower than your resting heart rate C It will be approximately the same as your resting heart rate because you are still seated

A It will be higher than your resting heart rate

You have a heavy weight on your leg. The weight is so heavy, that it pushes on your arteries reducing their diameter by half. What happens to blood flow to the feet? A Less blood flow B More blood flow C No change to blood flow

A Less blood flow

Which of the following is NOT true of cardiac muscle? A Long, multinucleated cells B Cells are often branched or forked C Composed of thick and thin filaments (actin and myosin) D Coordinated contraction by electrical impulse

A Long, multinucleated cells

As blood exits the left ventricle is it's average round trip a longer or shorter distance than blood leaving the right ventricle? A Longer round trip distance B Shorter round trip distance C Equal round trip distance

A Longer round trip distance

An enzyme will spend more time bound to which substrate A One that has a high affinity for the enzyme B One that has a low affinity for the enzyme C The enzyme will not necessarily bind either substrate longer than another

A One that has a high affinity for the enzyme

In a man in his 50's, testosterone production begins to decline. At first, there is no noticeable change in secondary sex characteristics. Which of the following are plausible explanations for this observation? A Testosterone receptors upregulate B Testosterone receptors downregulate C Most men take an exogenous testosterone receptor antagonist D For most of the lifespan, an excess of testosterone is produced, and homeostasis is finally reached in a man's "golden years"

A Testosterone receptors upregulate

A VSD, or Ventricular septal defect, sees a hole in the heart between the left and right ventricles. Looking at the blood in the aorta, which of the following would you expect to be true? A The blood in the aorta has a lower oxygen content than blood in the aorta of a healthy heart B The blood in the aorta has a higher oxygen content than blood in the aorta of a healthy heart C There is no difference when examining the blood in the aorta between the VSD and healthy heart

A The blood in the aorta has a lower oxygen content than blood in the aorta of a healthy heart

Lets say a mutation caused a neuron to produce an abnormally large amount of potassium leak channels that are constitutively open. Assume the rest of the channels for all other ions are unaffected in terms of function or number. What will happen to the neuron? A The neuron will become more difficult to excite, or unexciteable due to a negative shift in RMP. B The neuron will become easier to excite, or excite spontaneously, due to a positive shift in RMP. C Not enough information to answer the question .

A The neuron will become more difficult to excite, or unexciteable due to a negative shift in RMP.

Do you think blood pressure is homeostatically regulated? A Yes B No

A Yes

Estrogen and Testosterone are cholesterol (lipid)-based hormones. Do you think these hormones are will be able to diffuse through the membrane? A Yes B No

A Yes

Is there a role for estrogens in the male body? A Yes B No

A Yes

You've been stabbed and have lost a liter of blood. If no homeostatic mechanisms take affect, what will happen to MAP? A decrease B increase C stay the same

A decrease

Which of these factors is inversely proportional to flux? A resistance B gradient C charge D current

A resistance

What triggers voltage-gated K+ channels to open? A The membrane depolarizing to -55mV B The membrane being at -70mV C The membrane reaching +30mV D None of the above

A The membrane depolarizing to -55mV

Cases of severe head trauma can often lead to a patient becoming "brain dead," where most neural activity is ceased. In fact, the longer one stays in a brain dead state, the more the brain will atrophy. Yet these patients are able to sustain themselves with a heart beat, breathing, and other primitive metabolic functions. How can their heart beat remain if they are brain dead? There are 2 correct answers. Identify them both. Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A The brain stem (medulla oblongata) which handles many of the primitive functions including the strength and rhythmicity of the heart beat is still in tact. B The heart acts as its own pace maker through spontaneous depolarization of the SA/AV nodes. C The contractile cells in the heart have gap junctions which allow for spontaneous depolarization and synchronous contraction. D Voltage gated calcium channels along autorhythmic cells are not under the control of the brain. The opening of these calcium channels allows for the initial depolarization in spontaneous depolarization.

A and B

Pain reception can be inhibited... (select all that apply) Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A centrally- in the brain or spinal cord B through lateral inhibition by nearby touch or thermoreceptors C None-pain receptors are non-adaptive and unable to be inhibited

A and B

What is the role of extracellular Ca++ in ventricular muscle cell contraction? (select ALL that apply) Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A Aid in force of contraction B Hold cell in a depolarized state while Na+ channels reset C Provide initial depolarization D Repolarize cell after depolarization

A and B

Which of these could explain the shortened latent period of cardiac muscle cells compared to skeletal muscle cells? (select any correct answer) A More Ca2+ is able to enter the cell faster in cardiac cells B The depolarization wave is passed from one cell to another C There are more actin filaments in cardiac muscle cells D There are more neuromuscular junctions per cardiac muscle cell E Cardiac muscle has smaller motor units

A and B

Which of these factors plays a role in establishing the resting membrane potential? (select all that apply) Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A Na+/K+ pump B K+ leak channels C voltage-gated Na+ channels D chemically-gated Na+ channels E Na+ channels with inactivation gates

A and B

In certain scenarios, some babies need to be removed from the mother long before they are due. Depending on how far in advanced the baby is delivered, their lungs may be underdeveloped. Cortisol has a positive effect on lung development, and can help the baby develop the lungs substantially before being delivered. What might doctors do in order to facilitate this development with minimal damage to the baby itself? Choose BEST answers (2) *Hint, at this point, the baby is still in gestation. So whatever the mother gets, the baby gets too! Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A Giving the mother a shot of adrenal glucocorticoid such as ACTH B Giving the mother a shot of insulin C Giving the mother a shot of a cortisol-mimicking steroid such as prednisone D Giving the mother a drug that stimulates the release of growth hormone

A and C

Rigor mortis is the rapid onset of muscle contraction after death. Depending on the activity level at the time of death, RM can set in within 2-6 hours and last 8-12 hrs. Choose the causes of RM. A Breakdown of the SR releasing calcium throughout the muscle fiber B Breakdown of the plasma membrane of the myocyte which will allow extracellular calcium into the muscle fiber. C ATP synthesis comes to a stop and is no longer able to release Myosin from Actin D Oxygen no longer gets to the cell which causes an unsafe decline in pH (becomes more acidic). The acidity will partially denature the troponin-tropomyosin complex which allows Myosin to bind to Actin after death.

A and C

What is the cause of the steepest incline in Left Ventricular pressure seen during isovolumetric ventricular contraction? Select all that apply. Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A There is no blood flow into or out of the ventricle during this period because all the valves are closed. B The ventricle is the strongest chamber of the heart. C There is no blood flow into or out of the ventricle meaning that the ventricle is contracting on a fixed volume of blood which will drive pressure up. D The atria is squeezing more blood into the ventricle during this period.

A and C

Giraffe calves can walk by themselves just 1 hour after being born. For an adult female giraffe, we would expect their stress hormone profile to include (select all that apply) Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A cortisol B oxytocin C testosterone D epinephrine

A and D

If the VG sodium channels along the muscle fiber were dysfunctional and were impermeable to sodium, what would happen to the electrochemical activity at the end plate when Ach is released? A No effect on the end plate. B End plate will not depolarize C End plate will hyperpolarize D End plate will depolarize.

A and D

Which of these is involved in cell signaling between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons? Select all that apply. Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A Vesicular transport of neurotransmitters that are released into the synaptic cleft. B An AP being sent directly from one neuron to another. C An electrical current being sent directly from one neuron to another D Endocytosis by the post-synaptic neuron of neurotransmitters that are received by the pre-synaptic neuron E Diffusion of the neurotransmitters into the postsynaptic neuron. F Neurotransmitters' binding to appropriate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

A and F

A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that occurs somewhere in the lungs. This blood clot can either limit or completely block blood flow in the vessel that it is in. Let's say there is a pulmonary embolism that is partially blocking the left pulmonary artery. Where might we see a decrease in blood flow IMMEDIATELY after the embolism blocks? A Left ventricle B Right ventricle C Left Pulmonary Vein D Aorta E Right Atria

A, C, D

Of the major tissue types, which one will we discuss in a dedicated lecture or lectures first in the course (hint: examine the syllabus) A Epithelial B Connective C Muscle D Nervous

A, C, D

You're embarking on a diet fad called a "water cleanse" in which you are to drink 4 gallons of water in a day. You are also expected to monitor your heart rate. In the first half of the day you haven't made much of a dent in your water requirement, so during your lunch hour you try to catch up by drinking 1.5 gallons of water quickly. First, imagine what changes may occur to your blood. Next, predict what may occur to your heart rate. A Heart rate will increase B Heart rate will decrease C No change to heart rate

B Heart rate will decrease

A cell is placed in a concentrated saline (NaCl) solution. What would we call this solution? A Hypotonic B Hypertonic C Isotonic

B Hypertonic

You have 2 hoses, hose 1 is shorter than hose 2. You turn on the faucet to both and the water is starting at the same pressure. Which hose will have water exiting at a greater pressure? A 1 B 2

B 2

Hormones released from the anterior pituitary... A Are released by neurons that originate in the hypothalamus B Are released in response to tropic hormones from the hypothalamus C Are released in response to changing levels of nutrients in the blood

B Are released in response to tropic hormones from the hypothalamus

You are involved in a non-fatal but serious car crash. Days after the crash your life is beginning to return to normal, but you have so many issues with insurance, doctors and car mechanics to deal with. In addition, you don't have a ride to school because your car has been totaled and you are having trouble keeping up with your classes. Which hormone is likely to be in a greater concentration in your bloodstream? A Epinephrine B Cortisol C They would be in equally high concentrations D Neither would be at a high concentration

B Cortisol

If we narrowed the aorta right after the pulmonary semi-lunar valve, what happens to ejection fraction? A Increase B Decreases C Stays the same

B Decreases

True or False: Calcium is involved in the graded potential of cardiac muscle cells? A True B False

B False

True or false - The entire axon depolarizes at the same time A True B False

B False

Given what you know about diameter and resistance, what happens during vasoconstriction? A Flow through the vessel increases B Flow through the vessel decreases C No change to flow through the vessel

B Flow through the vessel decreases

Given what you know about diameter and resistance, what happens during vasoconstriction? (this is a new vocab word, vasoconstriction is a process that narrows the diameter of an arteriole/blood vessel). A Flow through the vessel increases B Flow through the vessel decreases C No change to flow through the vessel

B Flow through the vessel decreases

Choose the correct statements about graded potentials (GP). Select all that apply. A GPs always cause a depolarization large enough to elicit an action potential. B GPs can depolarize the neuron to move above from RMP but not enough to reach threshold and elicit an action potential. C GPs can summate and elicit an action potential if the sum of the graded potentials depolarizes the neuron to threshold. D Some graded potentials can be hyperpolarizating

B GPs can depolarize the neuron to move above from RMP but not enough to reach threshold and elicit an action potential. C GPs can summate and elicit an action potential if the sum of the graded potentials depolarizes the neuron to threshold. D Some graded potentials can be hyperpolarizating

According to Fick's Law, increasing which of the following would result in a decrease in diffusion rate? A Surface area B Membrane thickness C Concentration gradient D Membrane permeability

B Membrane thickness

The core of the cell membrane is made up of non-polar fatty acid tails. As such, do you expect Na+ to readily diffuse through the membrane? A Yes, simple diffusion B No, another mechanism will be necessary

B No, another mechanism will be necessary

An ion flows through a channel, down its concentration gradient. Does the cell need to expend energy in this case? A Yes, energy required B No, energy is not required C Maybe, it depends on the ion

B No, energy is not required

Could this statement be true? (Note: not IS it true, but COULD it be true?) In advance of the outsized requirements for estrogen during pregnancy, the ovaries can make and store large amounts of estrogen and release it when needed. A Yes, this is plausible B Nope, this is not possilbe

B Nope, this is not possilbe

In a cell with high intracellular concentrations of solute, and a lower extracellular concentration of solute opens it's channel in which direction will the solute diffuse? A Into the cell from the extracellular fluid B Out of the cell from the intracellular fluid C No net diffusion in either direction

B Out of the cell from the intracellular fluid

You're examining an area of the body that has large receptive fields. You would expect A Excellent touch acuity B Poor touch acuity

B Poor touch acuity

A neuron that is known to adapt quickly will A Send signals constantly until the stimulus changes B Send signals for a short time regardless of duration of stimulus

B Send signals for a short time regardless of duration of stimulus

The bacteria Clostridium tetani secrete a toxin (tetanus toxin) that is an enzyme. It destroys SNARE proteins at axo-axonal synapses between inhibitory neurons and motor neurons (the neurons that cause muscle contraction). What would be the result of tetanus toxin? A Flaccid paralysis (muscles that cannot contract) B Spastic paralysis (muscles that contract and then cannot relax) C Cognitive deficiencies (difficulty thinking or processing) D Memory loss

B Spastic paralysis (muscles that contract and then cannot relax)

If we blocked K+ channels so that they could not open the neuron would be A Hyperpolarized and would not reach threshold B Stuck depolarized after beginning of action potential C Unable to reach threshold after a graded potential

B Stuck depolarized after beginning of action potential

A hypothetical enzyme is responsible for breaking down acetaldehyde (a byproduct of metabolization of alcohol). The active site is on the outside of the protein. The scaffolding holding the active site towards the surface suffers a mutation, changing a hydrophilic Tyrosine to hydrophobic Tryptophan. What will happen to the protein? Fun fact - a mutation in the actual enzyme responsible for breakdown of acetaldehyde (alcohol dehydrogenase) is what results in the "Asian Flush" reaction. A The active site will lose its function due to a change in affinity for its ligand. B The active site is still functional, however will be inaccessible to the ligand due to a change in tertiary structure. C The enzyme will have no change in functionality. D The mutation will cause spontaneous denaturation.

B The active site is still functional, however will be inaccessible to the ligand due to a change in tertiary structure.

Left Ventricular Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is a condition that sees the abnormally large growth and thickening of the heart muscle in the left ventricle. It should be noted that LV hypertrophy is NOT a condition exclusive to the elderly, hypertensive, and overweight. This condition is also seen in athletes, and has caused the deaths of several notable athletes, many of whom simply went into cardiac arrest mid-game and died on the field. It is further exacerbated by rigorous, cardio-demanding workout at the time of cardiac arrest. Common knowledge dictates that exercise facilitates heart strength, which should be a good thing. In general, this is true. However, extremely high levels of cardiac demanding exercise can result in this condition. Why is LV hypertrophic cardiomyopathy dangerous? A The LV increases in size, and therefore also increases in strength. The force of cardiac ejection during systole can damage the blood vessels such as the aorta, and cause it to rupture. B The volume of blood the ventricle can hold is inversely proportional to its size, as a thickening of the muscle will infringe on the inner space of the chamber. As the LV grows larger, the inner compartment because smaller and the muscle itself becomes more rigid. Less blood can be held in the chamber thereby decreasing cardiac output even in the event of increased HR. C The LV can eventually grow so large than the pericardium (membranous encasing around the heart) can rupture. D The LV eventually grows so large that it inhibits the sarcomere to stretch, which inhibits the heart from beating at full strength, and cardiac output is decreased.

B The volume of blood the ventricle can hold is inversely proportional to its size, as a thickening of the muscle will infringe on the inner space of the chamber. As the LV grows larger, the inner compartment because smaller and the muscle itself becomes more rigid. Less blood can be held in the chamber thereby decreasing cardiac output even in the event of increased HR.

You have a hose spigot that splits the water coming from the pipe equally in two. There are two hoses attached, one is 15 ft long and the other is 35 feet long. Water traveling in which tube will encounter more resistance to flow? A The water traveling in the 15ft long tube will encounter more resistance B The water traveling in the 35ft long tube will encounter more resistance C The water traveling in each tube will encounter the same amount of resistance

B The water traveling in the 35ft long tube will encounter more resistance

One of your patients came in with shortness of breath and a very mucus sounding cough. You diagnose him with pneumonia, which causes a build up of fluid in the lungs. Below is a picture of an alveolus, which is the mode of gas exchange in the body. If the alveolus was partially filled, what happens to the rate of the diffusion? Assume the gasses are only O2 and CO2. A There is no change in the rate of diffusion of either of these gasses. O2 and CO2 are both small and able to diffuse across cell membranes and lipid-based mucus. B There is decrease in the rate of diffusion. While O2 and CO2 can diffuse through the alveolus epithelium and the mucus, the distance of diffusion is increased. C There is a decrease in the rate of diffusion. The presence of mucus clogs the pores and gaps between the cells in the alveoli, thereby slowing diffusion. D There is no change in rate of diffusion. While the mucus increases the distance of diffusion, it also decreases the area in the alveolus, thereby increasing the concentration of the gasses being exchanged. Increase in concentration gradient and increase in diffusion distance cancel out.

B There is decrease in the rate of diffusion. While O2 and CO2 can diffuse through the alveolus epithelium and the mucus, the distance of diffusion is increased

You have a patient who has a decrease in plasma protein concentration in the blood. Which of the following symptoms are consistent with this patient? A Hypertension B Tissue swelling C Increase in metabolism/weight loss D Sudden, random muscle contractions (twitches)

B Tissue swelling

You've discovered a new signaling molecule. Upon molecular examination you realize that 80% of the molecule is lipophilic. Additionally the molecule is quite small. Your next set of experiments will be to try to find the receptor for this hormone. Which of the following is the best experimental approach? A To purify cell membranes and look among the proteins embedded within to find the receptor B To purify the proteins found inside the cell to find the receptor

B To purify the proteins found inside the cell to find the receptor

T-Snare proteins are SNARE proteins that are attached to the plasma membrane. What would happen to the neuron if there was a mutation causing T Snare proteins to be dysfunctional? A Vesicular transport of NTs from the soma to the synaptic terminal will be compromised. B Vesicular binding/merging with the plasma membrane will be compromised. C T-Snare proteins are structural and the PM of the neuron will be damaged. D No effect on the neuron.

B Vesicular binding/merging with the plasma membrane will be compromised.

Would an increase in blood pressure have any effect on the rate at which plasma escapes to the tissues and becomes interstitial fluid? A Yes, an increase in blood pressure will slow the rate of this fluid movement B Yes, an increase in blood pressure will quicken the rate of this fluid movement C No, an increase in blood pressure will have no effect on the rate of this fluid movement

B Yes, an increase in blood pressure will quicken the rate of this fluid movement

We know the difference between intra/extracellular calcium in skeletal muscle. Does extracellular calcium play a role in cardiac muscle contraction? If so, how? A No. The cardiac muscle, in terms of sarcomere orientation, is the same as that of skeletal muscle. It relies solely on calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to contract. B Yes. The cardiac muscle contains the SA/AV nodes which have autorhythmic, spontaneously depolarizing cells which rely on extracellular calcium for depolarization. C No. The cardiac muscle contains the SA/AV nodes which have autorhythmic, contractile, spontaneously depolarizing cells which rely on intracellular calcium for depolarization. D Yes. The contractile cardiac myocytes do not have the sarcoplasmic reticulum, meaning the only way for them to get calcium is from the extracellular environment.

B Yes. The cardiac muscle contains the SA/AV nodes which have autorhythmic, spontaneously depolarizing cells which rely on extracellular calcium for depolarization.

In which type of cell does Ca++ play a role in depolarization (select all that apply) Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A Skeletal muscle cell B Ventricular cardiac muscle cell C Cardiac nodal cell D Neuron

B and C

To which molecules does ATP bind to in a muscle cell? (Select all that apply) A Actin B Myosin C Ca++ pumps D Troponin E Tropomyosin

B and C

Which of these are mechanisms for hormone clearance? A None, hormones are not typically cleared B The liver and kidneys C The target tissue breaks them down D The endocrine gland breaks the hormone down after it circulates through the body on time

B and C

Chordae Tendineae are the tough, fibrous, strands of connective tissue that help to stabilize valves and ensure their "one way" directionality. Sometimes, if trauma is experienced in the chest such as that of a car accident, the chordae tendineae can be disconnected. What might you expect from an AV valve that has been disconnected from the chordae tendineae? There are 2 correct answers. Identify them both. Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A The valve won't open B The valve can open in both directions C There won't be a net effect on the valve because the pressure gradients in the Atria and Ventricle will cancel out D Ventricular Regurgitation (when blood flows backwards from the ventricle to the atria)

B and D

Choose the components of the neuron that are constitutively open. Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A Ligand Gated Sodium Channels B Leaky Potassium Channels C Leaky Sodium Channels D Voltage Gated Sodium Channels E Voltage Gated Potassium Channels F Na+/K+ ATPase

B, C, F

What are favorable characteristics for a molecule that wants to passively diffuse across the cell membrane? Assume no specialized channels exist for this molecule. Select all that apply! Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A Polar side groups B Non polar side groups C Small in size D Large in size E Lipophobic F Lipophilic

B, C, F

During the absolute refractory period, Potassium channels are... A: Open B: Closed C: Open for a portion of the Absolute refractory period and Closed for a portion of the absolute refractory period

C: Open for a portion of the Absolute refractory period and Closed for a portion of the absolute refractory period

Which of the following is most likely to be a penetrating solute? A An ion B A protein C A small, non-polar molecule D It is impossible to tell from the information given

C A small, non-polar molecule

You are a good citizen who just donated blood. As you leave the blood donation center, what do you expect? A An increase in EDV compared to EDV before you donated B An increase in SV compared to SV before you donated C An increase in HR compared to HR before you donated D None of these changes would occur

C An increase in HR compared to HR before you donated

In which type of cell does Ca++ play the biggest role in initial depolarization? A Skeletal muscle cell B Ventricular cardiac muscle cell C Cardiac nodal cell D Neuron

C Cardiac nodal cell

You are involved in a non-fatal but serious car crash. Days after the crash your life is beginning to return to normal, but you have so many issues with insurance, doctors and car mechanics to deal with. In addition, you don't have a ride to school because your car has been totaled and you are having trouble keeping up with your classes. What is likely true of your heart rate (assume you are seated on the couch)? A It will be higher than your resting heart rate B It will be lower than your resting heart rate C It will be approximately the same as your resting heart rate because you are still seated

C It will be approximately the same as your resting heart rate because you are still seated

You've got two beverages in your hands, one is a chocolate milkshake, the other is orange juice. You're drinking them with a prototype invented straw that can measure the amount of friction within the straw lumen. In which straw/drink will there be more friction measured? A Same amount of friction in both B Orange juice will have more friction C Milkshake will have more friction

C Milkshake will have more friction

What is the difference between the measures of Osmolarity and Tonicity? A Osmolarity takes into account only penetrating solutes, while Tonicity refers to only non penetrating solutes. B Tonicity refers to penetrating solutes, while Osmolarity refers to non penetrating solutes. C Osmolarity accounts for total solute concentrations, whereas Tonicity accounts for only non penetrating solutes. D There's no difference between them.

C Osmolarity accounts for total solute concentrations, whereas Tonicity accounts for only non penetrating solutes.

Choose the net direction of flow of the sodium ion at RMP and then during an Action Potential. A Into the cell due to leaky sodium channels. Out of the cell due to voltage gated sodium channels. B Out of the cell due to Na+/K+ ATPase. Out of the cell due to voltage gated sodium channels. C Out of the cell due to Na+/K+ ATPase. Into the cell due to voltage gated sodium channels. D No net flow during RMP. Into the cell due to voltage gated sodium channels.

C Out of the cell due to Na+/K+ ATPase. Into the cell due to voltage gated sodium channels.

The average RMP of a neuron is -70mV. Which of the following statements is most accurate about RMP? A RMP is closest to the Equilibrium potential for Sodium because its permeability constant is more than 2x that of potassium due to leaky channels. B RMP is closest to the Equilibrium potential for Sodium because its voltage gated channels are open for longer than potassium's voltage gated channels. C RMP is closest to the Equilibrium potential for Potassium because its permeability constant more than 2x that of sodium's due to leaky channels. D RMP is closest to the Equilibrium potential for Sodium because its voltage gated channels are slow to open, meaning that more potassium ions can move when the channel is open.

C RMP is closest to the Equilibrium potential for Potassium because its permeability constant more than 2x that of sodium's due to leaky channels.

A cell is placed in a solution that is hyperosmotic AND isotonic. What will happen to the cell? A Crenate (Shrivel) B Lyse (Burst) C Remain the same

C Remain the same

What happens to synaptic transmission (ST) when extracellular calcium levels decrease? A ST will increase. Calcium has an inhibitory effect on vesicular release, and decreasing the levels will cause increased exocytosis. B ST will stay the same. Calcium has no effect on synaptic transmission. C ST will decrease. Calcium promotes vesicular release, and decreasing calcium levels will decrease exocytosis. D ST will decrease. Calcium promotes electrical signal transport.

C ST will decrease. Calcium promotes vesicular release, and decreasing calcium levels will decrease exocytosis.

Why would treating a hyperparathyroidism patient with iodine sequestration help their condition? A Iodine depletion physically damages or inactivates hormone making thyroid cells. B Iodine normally increases thyroid cell responsiveness to TSH. Sequestering it will dull TSH's effects on the thyroid. C Thyroid hormone is made from iodine and sequestering it will cause decreases in T3 and T4 D Iodine normally increases the responsiveness to T3 and T4, and sequestering it will dull T3 and T4's effects on other parts of the body.

C Thyroid hormone is made from iodine and sequestering it will cause decreases in T3 and T4

What are the chemical properties of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs)? Which of them are needed in the membrane of a cell? A Saturated FAs contain a double bond in the carbon chain whereas unsaturated FAs only have single bonds in their carbon chains. They are both present in the membrane. B Unsaturated fats are more fluid. Saturated FAs are more rigid. Only saturated FAs are found in the membrane as they provide a rigid structure for the cell. C Unsaturated FAs contain a double bond in the carbon chain, whereas saturated FAs only have single bonds in their carbon chain. Both saturated and unsaturated FAs are found in the membrane.

C Unsaturated FAs contain a double bond in the carbon chain, whereas saturated FAs only have single bonds in their carbon chain. Both saturated and unsaturated FAs are found in the membrane.

When a neuron is myelinated, the flux equation changes. Which part of the flux of the flux equation increases? A flux B gradient C resistance

C resistance

An increase in a trophic hormone may cause an increase in A Systemic pH B Temperature C size of target gland D Carbohydrate synthesis in target gland

C size of target gland

A made up drug called Reflexinull is a drug that eliminates reflexive responses. For example, after taking Reflexinull, you go to your doctors appointment and he hits you in the patella. You feel the tap as usual, but your knee does not kick. (Ignoring the fact that the absence of reflexes would result in probable death) where might Reflexinull work in a reflex pathway? (Select all that apply) Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A The mechanoreceptor on the knee cap. B The afferent neuron C The efferent neuron D The motor neuron E The NMJ between the motor neurons and muscle fibers of the effector.

C, D, E

Let's say a hypothetical diseased neuron has a RMP that is lower (more negative) than that of a healthy counterpart. What can one expect from this neuron? A It will be harder to elicit an AP because a greater change in voltage is required to reach its threshold. B This can be caused by increased sodium permeability C The cause could be decreased sodium permeability D A and C E A and B

D A and C

What kind of receptive field would you expect on your knee cap? Hint - your knee cap is less sensitive compared to other parts of the body. A Small diameter and densely packed. B Large diameter and densely packed C Small diameter and spread out D Large diameter and spread out

D Large diameter and spread out

A pituitary tumor results in an increase in trophic hormone and therefore more hormone being released from the target gland. This is A Primary hyposecretion B Secondary hyposecretion C Primary hypersecretion D Secondary hypersecretion

D Secondary hypersecretion

Neuron D is the post neuron to Neurons A, B, and C. Assuming presynaptic neurons fire an AP at the same amplitude and same time, what will Neuron D do if Neuron A fired an EPSP, Neuron B fired an IPSP, and Neurons C did not fire? A Neuron D is overstimulated and may be damaged B Neuron D will fire an AP C Neuron D will hyperpolarize D Neuron D will Depolarize E Neuron D will probably not reach threshold, no AP will travel along D

E Neuron D will probably not reach threshold, no AP will travel along D

Choose the true statement(s) regarding hormones in general and their relationship to one another (select all that apply) A Hormones often work in supporting pairs where one hormone will elevate the effects of the other. B Hormones often work in opposing pairs where two hormones may have opposite effects. C Hormones can be regulated by positive or negative feedback loops. D Hormones are only regulated by negative feedback loops E Hormone negative feedback loops are often regulated by the quantity of the hormone itself.

Everything besides D

You have a patient who has a decrease in plasma protein concentration in the blood. She has end-stage cancer. Which organ's functions are most likely compromised by the tumors? A Thyroid B Anterior Pituitary C Hypothalamus D Skeletal muscles E Lungs F Liver

F Liver

Read the statements below, and choose the ones which depict a homeostatic manifestation. Select all that apply! A You haven't eaten in 5 hours and you feel hungry. You buy some lunch and eat. B You have been running for 30 minutes and have begun to sweat. Feeling thirsty you drink some water. C Calcium is metabolized and stored in the bones. D You are lifting weights at the gym and in response to the physical exertion your heart rate increases. E You eat a very salty lunch and your blood pressure increases. 30 minutes later you need to urinate.

not C, everything else

How many layers of epithelial cells does a molecule have to diffuse through to get into the blood?

two