BIO 002 Midterm Question Bank
During hydrolysis a water molecule is expelled as the bond is formed. a water molecule is consumed. a bond is broken. a bond is formed. None of these.
a water molecule is consumed. a bond is broken.
What forms the monomeric building blocks, or subunits, for larger organic molecules, including the most common constituents of almost all cells? Monosaccharides Amino Acids Nucleotides Fatty Acids
Monosaccharides Amino Acids Nucleotides Fatty Acids
(Q029) Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules __________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells. generate contractile forces are intermediate in thickness can rapidly reorganize are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells
can rapidly reorganize
Which of the following chemical groups do all amino acids have in common? None of these answers methyl group aromatic ring group carboxyl group hydrocarbon tail
carboxyl group
There is incredible diversity in size, shape, environment, and behavior in living systems. There are approximately between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit? cell protein DNA None of these answers organelle molecule
cell
(Q028) Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton? cell motility vesicle transport membrane support cell division
cell division
Select the answer that best fits the blank. The __ bind to newly synthesized or partially folded chains and helping them to fold along the most energetically favorable pathway. chaperone proteins hydrophobic amino acids hydrophilic amino acids positive charge
chaperone proteins
Select all that apply. Which of the following components make up an antibody? light chains heavy chains antigen binding site disulfide bonds
light chains heavy chains antigen binding site disulfide bonds
(Q039) Cells require one particular monosaccharide as a starting material to synthesize nucleotide building blocks. Which of the monosaccharides below fills this important role? glucose fructose ribulose ribose
ribose
(Q021) Nucleosomes are formed when DNA wraps __________ times around the histone octamer in a __________ coil. 2.0; right-handed 2.5; left-handed 1.7; left-handed 1.3; right-handed
1.7; left-handed
(Q009) The first task you are assigned in your summer laboratory job is to prepare a concentrated NaOH stock solution. The molecular weight of NaOH is 40. How many grams of solid NaOH will you need to weigh out to obtain a 500 mL solution that has a concentration of 10 M? 800 g 200 g 400 g 160 g
200 g
Interphase chromosomes are about __________ times less compact than mitotic chromosomes, but still are about __________ times more compact than a DNA molecule in its extended form. 20; 500 10; 100 500; 20 20; 20
20; 500
(Q044) Because there are four different monomer building blocks that can be used to assemble RNA polymers, the number of possible sequence combinations that can be created for an RNA molecule made of 100 nucleotides is 100^4. 4^100. 4 ? 100. 100/4.
4^100.
Select all that apply. Eukaryotic cells have several ways to adjust the local structure of their chromatin rapidly through chromatin-remodeling complexes. Protein using covalent modifications such as ___change the position of the DNA wrapped around nucleosomes. [more than one answer is applicable] ATP hydrolysis acetylation/acylation phosphorylation /dephosphorylation methylation/demethylation
ATP hydrolysis acetylation/acylation phosphorylation /dephosphorylation methylation/demethylation
These organisms may be found in extreme environments such as in the hot acid of volcanic springs. Fungus Archea None of these. Bacteria Eukaryotes
Archea
Which amino acids have side chains that are positively charged? Arginine Lysine Histidine Aspartic Acid
Arginine Lysine Histidine
The smallest particle of an element that still retains its distinctive chemical properties is an _____. Electron Atom Nucleus Proton
Atom
The smallest particle of an element that still retains its distinctive chemical properties is an _____. Proton Nucleus Electron Atom
Atom
Why do sugars tend to be highly water soluble? Because of their large numbers of hydroxyl groups Because they have only a few hydroxyl groups Because of their large numbers of sulfhydryl groups Because of their large numbers of methyl groups Because of their small molecular weights
Because of their large numbers of hydroxyl groups
This organelle is thought to have evolved from aerobic bacteria that took to living inside the anaerobic ancestors to today's eukaryotic cells. Golgi Apparatus Lysosome None of these. Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus
Mitochondria
The end carrying the amino group is called the amino terminus, or __ and the end carrying the free carboxyl group is the carboxyl terminus, or __. N-terminus, C-terminus C-terminus, N-terminus A-terminus, N-terminus A-terminus, C-terminus
N-terminus, C-terminus
A polypeptide always has an amino _____ group at one end—its N-terminus—and a carboxyl _____ group at its other end—its C-terminus NH2, COOH COOH, NH2 NH2, NH2 OH-, NH2
NH2, COOH
A polypeptide always has an amino _____ group at one end—its N-terminus—and a carboxyl _____ group at its other end—its C-terminus NH2, COOH NH2, NH2 OH-, NH2 COOH, NH2
NH2, COOH
What are the method(s) for isolating or separating proteins? Choose all that apply. [Think about lab, if you are/have taken it!] Electrophoresis Chromatography Isoelectric focusing X-ray crystallography Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Electrophoresis Chromatography Isoelectric focusing
The measure of a system's disorder is called the ______ of the system, and the greater the disorder, the greater the entropy Entropy Catabolism Anabolism Metabolism
Entropy
Which of the following monomer building blocks is necessary to assemble selectively permeable boundaries around and inside cells? None of the above Nucleotides Fatty acids Sugars Amino acids
Fatty acids
The noble gasses are the most stable and unreactive atoms which have ___ Full outer shell Only covalent bonds Equal number of protons and electrons Full inner shell Equal number of neutron and electrons
Full outer shell
A ____ is often defined as a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein or RNA molecule. The total genetic information carried by all the chromosomes in a cell or organism constitutes its _____. Gene, Genome Genome, Gene Gene, Chromosome No answer text provided.
Gene, Genome
How are cells able to emerge from the ER with an evenly scrambled set of phospholipids? Golgi apparatus and flippases Peroxisomes Cytosol Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus and flippases
The organelle shown in the figure is the ___________ and one of its main functions is to ___________. endoplasmic reticulum; make proteins for secretion Golgi apparatus; make proteins for secretion Golgi apparatus; package and modify proteins for secretion None of these answers endoplasmic reticulum; package and modify proteins for secretion
Golgi apparatus; package and modify proteins for secretion
(Q036) Several experiments were required to demonstrate how traits are inherited. Which scientist or team of scientists first demonstrated that cells contain some component that can be transferred to a new population of cells and permanently cause changes in the new cells? Griffith Watson and Crick Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Hershey and Chase
Griffith
Pick the types of covalent bonds. (all that apply) Di-sulfide Non-polar Sulfide Polar
Non-polar Polar
Select all that apply. Which of the following is not an activated form of the carrier? [REDOX Reactions section] ATP NADH FADH2 Acetyl CoA None of the above
None of the above
Which terms are equal? In a Venn diagram they would be fully overlapping! None of these. Prokaryotes Archaea Bacteria Eukarya
None of these
Covalent bonds in macromolecules are primarily important for, [think through what you know for sure!] None of these answers Breaking apart monomers. Enzyme-substrate binding. Interactions with other macromolecules. Forming the three-dimensional folded conformation.
None of these answers
With respect to MR. GREy +, what does the y represent? None of these answers The domain of life The year of discovery Evolutionary forces The kingdom of classification
None of these answers
In the early stages of a bacterial infection, the carbohydrate on the surface of white blood cells called neutrophils is recognized by a _________ on the cells lining the blood vessels at the site of infection; this recognition causes the neutrophils to adhere to the blood vessel wall and then migrate from the bloodstream into the infected tissue, where they help destroy the invading bacteria Lectin Myosin Actin Fluorescently labeled proteins None of the above
Lectin
Which of the following organelles has a single membrane? Nucleus None of the above Chloroplast Lysosome Mitochondria
Lysosome
Most ___________ are made from single subunits, or building blocks, called __________. monomers, macromolecules monomers, molecules Macromolecules, monomers molecules, monomers
Macromolecules, monomers
With respect to MR. GREy +, what does the plus sign represent? Mutation and DNA None of these answers Metabolism and DNA Membrane and DNA Made of Cell(s) and DNA
Made of Cell(s) and DNA
Generally, you would use the unit of _____ to measure a typical plant or animal cell? Micrometers Meters Nanometers Millimeters
Micrometers
Genome size does not precisely determine gene number, as illustrated in the table. What is a plausible explanation as to why A. thaliana, a plant, has a similarly sized genome as the fruit fly, but twice the number of protein-coding genes? Flies are more complex organisms with neural behaviors. Plants have fewer genes that were duplicated during evolution. Flies are motile and must need more genes for movement. Plants have more repeated noncoding DNA sequences. None of these.
None of these.
What do Prokaryotic cells lack? Ribosomes Cell Wall Cell Membrane Flagella Nucleus
Nucleus
The term ______ can be defined as the addition of oxygen atoms to a molecule and _____ involves the addition of electrons to an atom. Oxidation, Reduction Oxidation, Respiration Reduction, Oxidation Respiration, Oxidation
Oxidation, Reduction
In fatty acids, the phospholipid bilayer is composed of? One hydrophobic fatty acid tails joined to a hydrophilic head Two hydrophobic fatty acid tails joined to a hydrophobic head Two hydrophobic fatty acid tails joined to a hydrophilic head
Two hydrophobic fatty acid tails joined to a hydrophobic head
During hydrolysis, [select all that apply] a water molecule is expelled as the bond is formed. None of these. a bond is broken. a water molecule is consumed. a bond is formed.
a bond is broken. a water molecule is consumed.
Hydrogen bonds can form between which of the following? a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and an oxygen atom of another the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another the one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms of one water molecule none of these answers
a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and an oxygen atom of another
(Q012) Prokaryotic cells do not possess a nucleus. replication machinery. ribosomes. membrane bilayers.
a nucleus.
How do changes in histone modifications lead to changes in chromatin structure? They directly lead to changes in the positions of the core histones. They change the affinity between the histone octamer and the DNA. They help recruit other proteins to the chromatin. They cause the histone N-terminal tails to become hyperextended. None of the above
They help recruit other proteins to the chromatin.
What part of the chromatin fiber does the remodeling complex directly attach to? Select all that apply. [recall the demonstration!] attaches to histone octamer attaches to the RNA attaches to the lipid backbone attaches to the DNA wrapped around histone octamer None of the above
attaches to histone octamer attaches to the DNA wrapped around histone octamer
(Q016) The nucleus, an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, confines the __________, keeping them separated from other components of the cell. lysosomes chromosomes peroxisomes ribosomes
chromosomes
Which of the following BEST describes the the functional characteristics of the lysosome? transport of material to the Golgi apparatus sorting of transport vesicles the storage of excess macromolecules clean-up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules storage of genetic material
clean-up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules
Select all that apply. Which of the following statements are true? [multiple apply] competitive inhibitors block enzyme activity by competing directly with the substrate for the enzyme's attention competitive inhibitors do not change the Vmax of a reaction competitive inhibitors increase the Vmax of a reaction competitive inhibitors decrease the Vmax of a reaction
competitive inhibitors block enzyme activity by competing directly with the substrate for the enzyme's attention competitive inhibitors do not change the Vmax of a reaction
Which of the following covalent bonds would be considered nonpolar? covalent bond between O and H (O-H) covalent bond between H and H (H-H) None of the above covalent bond between Cl and H (Cl-H) covalent bond between N and H (N-H)
covalent bond between H and H (H-H)
Which of the following covalent bonds would be considered nonpolar? covalent bond between O and O (O=O) covalent bond between O and H (O-H) covalent bond between N and H (N-H) none of the these answers
covalent bond between O and O (O=O)
Protein structures have several different levels of organization. The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence. The secondary and tertiary structures are more complicated. Consider the definitions below and select the one that best fits the term "protein domain." a small cluster of α helices and β sheets the tertiary structure of a substrate-binding pocket a complex of more than one polypeptide chain a protein segment that folds independently
a protein segment that folds independently
A proton in water is ______________ by a base. repelled None of these answers neutralized accepted donated
accepted
All of the biological molecules listed below contain high-energy phosphate bonds. Which one is the key driver of most phosphorylation reactions and the transfer of metabolic energy? [think what the P means in this case] glucose-P creatine-P acetyl-P adenosine-P3 None of the above
adenosine-P3
(Q026) The process of generating monoclonal antibodies is labor-intensive and expensive. An alternative is to use polyclonal antibodies. A subpopulation of purified polyclonal antibodies that recognize a particular antigen can be isolated by chromatography. Which type of chromatography is used for this purpose? affinity ion-exchange gel-filtration all of these answers are correct
affinity
(Q027) Methylation and acetylation are common changes made to histone H3, and the specific combination of these changes is sometimes referred to as the "histone code." Which of the following patterns will probably lead to gene silencing? lysine 9 methylation lysine 4 methylation and lysine 9 acetylation lysine 14 acetylation lysine 9 acetylation and lysine 14 acetylation
lysine 9 methylation
The endothelial cells found closest to the site of an infection, express proteins called lectins. Each lectin binds to a particular __________ that is presented on the surface of a target cell. aminophospholipid oligosaccharide polysaccharide sphingolipid
oligosaccharide
All of the carbohydrate on the glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids is located on the __ of the plasma membrane, where it forms a sugar coating called the __ outside, glycocalyx inside, glycocalyx outside, glycoprotein inside, glycoprotein
outside, glycocalyx
The noble gasses are the most stable and unreactive atoms which have ___ equal number of protons and electrons full outer shell full inner shell equal number of neutron and electrons only covalent bonds
full outer shell
Yeast is a ______ cell. Select all that apply, animal Prokaryotic fungi plant eukaryotic
fungi eukaryotic
(Q040) Which of the following methods would be the most suitable to assess whether your protein exists as a monomer or in a complex? gel-filtration chromatography gel electrophoresis western blot analysis ion-exchange chromatography
gel-filtration chromatography
The complete set of information in an organism's DNA is called its genetic code. coding sequence. gene. genome.
genome.
(Q025) Eukaryotic cells are able to trigger the release of material from secretory vesicles to the extracellular space using a process called exocytosis. An example of materials commonly released this way is hormones. nucleic acids. sugars. cytosolic proteins.
hormones.
(Q042) Both DNA and RNA are synthesized by covalently linking a nucleoside triphosphate to the previous nucleotide, constantly adding to a growing chain. In the case of DNA, the new strand becomes part of a stable helix. The two strands are complementary in sequence and antiparallel in directionality. What is the principal force that holds these two strands together? ionic interactions hydrogen bonds covalent bonds van der Waals interactions
hydrogen bonds
(Q014) Some proteins have alpha-helices, some have beta-sheets, and still others have a combination of both. What makes it possible for proteins to have these common structural elements? specific amino acid sequences side-chain interactions the hydrophobic-core interactions hydrogen bonds along the protein backbone
hydrogen bonds along the protein backbone
Many motor proteins generate directional movement by using the ___ of a tightly bound ATP molecule to drive an orderly series of conformational changes hydrolysis phosphorylation methylation acetylation
hydrolysis
The pH of an aqueous solution is an indication of the concentration of available protons. However, you should not expect to find lone protons in solution; rather, the proton is added to a water molecule to form a(n) __ ion. hydronium chloride hydroxide ammonium
hydronium
(Q002) The central dogma provides a framework for thinking about how genetic information is copied and used to produce structural and catalytic components of the cell. From the choices below, select the order of biochemical processes that best correlates with the tenets of the central dogma. replication, transcription, translation replication, translation, transcription translation, transcription, replication translation, replication, transcription
replication, transcription, translation
(Q021) Carbon atoms can form double bonds with other carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms, and oxygen atoms. Double bonds can have important consequences for biological molecules because they are __________ compared to single covalent bonds. long rigid with respect to rotation weak unstable
rigid with respect to rotation
Why is saccharomyces cerevisiae, the same microorganism that is used for brewing beer and baking bread, so advantageous for studying basic mechanisms in eukaryotic cells? saccharomyces cerevisiae is more closely related to plants and reproduces slowly saccharomyces cerevisiae does not have proteins that have organism-specific functions saccharomyces cerevisiae is closely related to plants as it is to animals and reproduces rapidly None of the above saccharomyces cerevisiae has proteins that have organism-specific functions
saccharomyces cerevisiae is closely related to plants as it is to animals and reproduces rapidly
(Q006) Select the option that BEST finishes the following statement: Evolution is a process that can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection. that results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years. by which all present-day cells arose from 4-5 different ancestral cells. that requires hundreds of thousands of years.
that can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection.
Which of the following characteristics are observed in prokaryotes? the ability to divide rapidly a cell wall endoplasmic reticulum a highly structured cytoplasm
the ability to divide rapidly a cell wall
Which of the following characteristics are observed in prokaryotes? a highly structured cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum the ability to divide rapidly a cell wall
the ability to divide rapidly a cell wall
(Q018) Which of the following factors DO NOT influence the length of a covalent bond? the tendency of atoms to fill the outer electron shells the attractive forces between negatively charged electrons and positively charged nuclei the repulsive forces between the positively charged nuclei the minimization of repulsive forces between the two nuclei by the cloud of shared electrons
the tendency of atoms to fill the outer electron shells
(Q013) An ionic bond between two atoms is formed as a result of the sharing of electrons. loss of electrons from both atoms. loss of a proton from one atom. transfer of electrons from one atom to the other.
transfer of electrons from one atom to the other.
Materials are transported from one organelle to another by ... smooth endoplasmic reticulum. rough endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus transport vesicles. None of the above
transport vesicles.
Which of the following phospholipid precursors is the most hydrophobic? triacylglycerol diacylglycerol phosphate glycerol choline
triacylglycerol
(Q022) Which of the following globular proteins is used to form filaments as an intermediate step to assembly into hollow tubes? tubulin actin keratin collagen
tubulin
The inner most shell of an atom can hold __ electrons 6 8 4 2
2
How many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine? How many hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine? 2 H bonds, 3 H bonds 3 H bonds, 3 H bonds 3 H bonds, 2 H bonds 1 H bonds, 2 H bonds
2 H bonds, 3 H bonds
How many electrons in the atom's outer shell below? Oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon. 6, 5, 1, and 4. 5, 4, 6, and 1. 2, 3, 1, and 4. 3, 4, 2, and 1.
6, 5, 1, and 4.
What occurs if a cell reproduces by replicating its DNA and then dividing in two, passing a copy of the genetic instructions encoded in its DNA to each of its daughter cells incorrectly? Transformation A mutation. Conformation. Evolution.
A mutation.
Which of the following is NOT part of the cell theory principle? All living things are made up of cells All cells are derived from existing cells Cells are the fundamental basic unit that makes up an organism All cells contain a nucleus
All cells contain a nucleus
Describe the function of microtubules. Microtubules help distribute chromosomes in a dividing cell Microtubules are involved in processes requiring motor movement All of the above Microtubules provide structure for the cell
All of the above
Membrane proteins, like membrane lipids, can move laterally by exchanging positions with other membrane components. Which type of membrane protein is expected to be the least mobile? Anchors Channels Receptors Enzymes
Anchors
These organisms may be found in extreme environments such as in the hot acid of volcanic springs. Bacteria None of the above Eukaryotes Archea Fungus
Archea
What is the fundamental unit of living matter? Viruses RNA Organelle Cells Bacteria
Cells
Select organelle(s) is/are thought to have evolved from aerobic bacteria that took to living inside the anaerobic ancestors to today's eukaryotic cells. Select all that apply. Nucleus Lysosome Golgi Aparatus Chloroplast Mitochondria
Chloroplast Mitochondria
using a __________ microscope, a beam is focused onto a single point at a specific depth in the specimen, and a pinhole aperture in the detector allows only fluorescence emitted from this same point to be included in the image. Scanning the beam across the specimen generates a sharp image of the plane of focus—an optical section. Confocal Scanning Electron Bright Field
Confocal
Choose the bonds that are listed from strongest to weakest. Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen None of the above Hydrogen, Covalent, Ionic Hydrogen, Ionic, Covalent Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen
Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen
What forms the monomeric building blocks, or subunits, for larger organic molecules, including the most common constituents of almost all cells? Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleotides Monosaccharides
Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleotides Monosaccharides
A cell's _____, is the entire sequence of nucleotides in an organism's DNA and provides a genetic program that instructs the cell how to behave. Mitochondria Nucleus Genes Genome
Genome
Most eukaryotic cells only express 20-30% of the genes they possess. The formation of heterochromatin maintains the other genes in a transcriptionally silent (unexpressed) state. Which histone modification is associated with the formation of the most common type of heterochromatin? H3 lysine 4 methylation H3 lysine 9 methylation H3 lysine 14 methylation H3 lysine 27 methylation
H3 lysine 9 methylation
What packs the DNA into a repeating array of DNA-protein particles called nucleosomes, which further fold up into even more compact chromatin structures Histones Chromatin Enzymes Heterochromatin
Histones
Select all that apply. Which of the following is true regarding endocytosis? Is a form of active transport It helps expel waste out of the cell It helps intake bulk materials into the cell Does not require energy
Is a form of active transport, it helps intake bulk materials into the cell
Why is carbon-12 a stable isotope? It has a half-life of 12 years It has 12 electrons distributed equally across 2 electron shells It has the same number of protons and neutrons It has 8 electrons and 4 protons. It undergoes radioactive decay
It has the same number of protons and neutrons
Which of the following statements is true? When lipids and water are mixed, it is the water molecules that isolate themselves into droplets. Lipids are nonpolar and will not dissolve in water. Polar substances are able to pass through a plasma membrane more readily than nonpolar substances. All portions of a phospholipid molecule found in a membrane are classified as nonpolar.
Lipids are nonpolar and will not dissolve in water.
Which of these, located in eukaryotic cells are enclosed by two membranes? Nucleus and Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus and Mitochondria
Which of the membrane lipids does contain a fatty acid tail? [Draw this out in your mind!] Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylserine A glycolipid Cholesterol
Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylserine A glycolipid
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) involves uniformly labeling components of the cell membrane—its lipids or, more often, its proteins—with some sort of fluorescent marker then bleaching it and analyzing recovery can be used to study? Protein mobility Actin filaments Protein degradation Protein structure None of the above
Protein mobility
(Q010) DNA is an information storage molecule, whose sequences serve as a template to make lipids. RNA. polypeptides. carbohydrates.
RNA.
Acids are characterized as being strong or weak, depending on how Readily they give up their protons to water Readily they give up their neutrons to water Readily they give up their electrons to water None of the above Readily they give up their carbon to water
Readily they give up their protons to water
This type of microscope scatters electrons off the surface of a sample. Transmission electron microscope Scanning electron microscope Light microscope Fluorescent microscope Compound microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Covalent bond formed between two atoms is a result of the Sharing of electrons Loss of electrons from both atoms Loss of electrons from one atom Transfer of electrons from one atom to the other Sharing of protons
Sharing of electrons
Why is silicon not suitable for making covalent bonds stable and strong enough to form the basis of living organisms, even though it is just below carbon on the periodic table? Silicon is too small for its nucleus to attract the valence electrons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together sufficiently. Silicon is too small for its nucleus to attract the protons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together. Silicon is too large for its nucleus to attract the valence electrons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together sufficiently. Silicon is too large for its nucleus to attract the protons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together.
Silicon is too large for its nucleus to attract the valence electrons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together sufficiently.
Which of the following is true about the transportation of substances across the lipid region of the cell membrane? Small nonpolar molecules can freely dissolve across the lipid region of the cell membrane. Uncharged molecules like H2O cannot dissolve across the lipid region of the cell membrane. Monosaccharides can freely dissolve across the lipid region of the cell membrane. All of the above
Small nonpolar molecules can freely dissolve across the lipid region of the cell membrane.
Match the small organic building blocks to the larger organic molecules. Sugars Fatty Acids Amino acids Nucleotides
Sugars - Polysaccharides Fatty Acids - Membrane lipids Amino acids - Proteins Nucleotides - Nucleic Acids
The Cdc2 gene identified from the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was found to play a part in multiple events in the cell division cycle. What would likely happen to the S. pombe if a mutation inactivated the Cdc2 gene? The mutation would cause S. pombe to uncontrollably divide The mutation would have no effect on S. pombe The S. pombe would become infectious and cause mutations in other yeast populations The S. pombe would be unable to divide properly
The S. pombe would be unable to divide properly
For an enzyme that follows Michaelis-Menton kinetics, Km is equal to The [s] at one-half Vmax The v at one-half Vmax The [s] at one-half v The v at one-tenth Vmax Two times the Vmax
The [s] at one-half Vmax
The Cdc2 gene identified from the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was found to play a part in multiple events in the cell division cycle. In the event that a gene was inactivated by a mutation, what would happen if the defective cells were provided with a normal copy of the gene? Adding the normal copy of the gene would have no effect None of the above The cells would regain their function to reproduce A second mutation would occur on the defective gene
The cells would regain their function to reproduce
What would happen if an anaerobic organism was exposed to oxygen? Nothing The organism would die The organism would grow faster The organism would use the oxygen to oxidize food molecules
The organism would die
To study how proteins fold, scientists must be able to purify the protein of interest, use solvents to denature the folded protein, and observe the process of refolding at successive time points. What is the effect of the solvents used in the denaturation process? The solvents break all noncovalent interactions. The solvents break all covalent interactions. The solvents break some of the noncovalent interactions, resulting in a misfolded protein. The solvents create a new protein conformation.
The solvents break all noncovalent interactions.
Select all that apply & think it through. Which statement is true of hydrophobic molecules? They are generally uncharged. They form few or no hydrogen bonds. They are typically hydrocarbons. None of these answers They mix well with water.
They are generally uncharged. They form few or no hydrogen bonds. They are typically hydrocarbons.
Materials are moved from one organelle to another by this cell component. cytosol. None of these answers Golgi apparatus. endoplasmic reticulum. Transport vesicles.
Transport vesicles.
Hydrophobic molecules, by contrast, are insoluble in water because all or almost all of their atoms are uncharged and nonpolar; they, therefore, cannot form favorable interactions with water molecules. True False
True
Two identical, folded polypeptide chains form a symmetrical complex of two protein subunits called a _____ that is held together by interactions between two identical binding sites dimer trimer domain tetramer None of the above
dimer
Proteins called__, each of which accelerates, or ___, just one of the many possible kinds of reactions that a particular molecule might undergo enzymes, catalyze enzyme, catabolize enzyme, anabolize All of the above
enzymes, catalyze
Which of the following is true for the unsaturated tails of lipids in a membrane? are hydrophilic. are unstable and tend to break apart. have kinks in them and lessen the interaction between adjacent fat molecules. will break whenever exposed to phosphate ions. all of the above
have kinks in them and lessen the interaction between adjacent fat molecules.
For the activated carriers widely used in metabolism NADH, NADPH, FADH2. What is the the group with high-energy linkage? hydrogen and electrons phosphate acetyl group carboxyl group glucose methyl group
hydrogen and electrons
(Q043) Each nucleotide in DNA and RNA has an aromatic base. What is the principal force that keeps the bases in a polymer from interacting with water? hydrophobic interactions hydrogen bonds covalent bonds van der Waals interactions
hydrophobic interactions
The ___ histone, called histone H1, pulls adjacent nucleosomes together into a regular repeating array and changes the path the DNA takes as it exits the nucleosome core, allowing it to form a more condensed chromatin fiber. compact joining linker adhesin
linker
For the activated carrier ATP what is the the group with high-energy linkage? phosphate carboxyl group methyl group acetyl group glucose hydrogen and electrons
phosphate
A transmembrane polypeptide chain usually crosses the lipid bilayer as an α-helix γ-helix β-helix δ-helix
α-helix
Which of the following is synthesized when a phosphate group is removed from ATP? ATP ADP CTP AMP GDP
ADP
Which statement is true about mutations? Mutations always result in a neutral change Mutations always result in a change for the worse A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction. A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for survival than their parents. Mutations always result in a change for the better
A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for survival than their parents.
Another way of altering chromatin structure relies on the reversible chemical modification of the histones using covalent interactions. The tails of all four of the core histones are particularly subject to these covalent modifications. Which groups can be added to and removed from the tails by enzymes that reside in the nucleus? (Select all that apply) Acetyl groups Phosphate groups Methyl groups Adenine bases
Acetyl groups Phosphate groups Methyl groups
During photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is captured and transiently stored as chemical-bond energy in specialized molecules called? Activated carriers Metabolism O2 Sugars
Activated carriers
Select all that apply. Which of the following organisms can chloroplast be found in? Fungi Animals Algae Plants
Algae Plants
Which is part of the cell theory? Mitochondria are thought to have originated when an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed by a larger pre-eukaryotic cell. All living cells are formed by the growth and division of existing cells a vast number of different polypeptide chains could be made from 20 different amino acids. The coded genetic information hard-wired into DNA is transcribed into individual transportable cassettes, composed of messenger RNA (mRNA); each mRNA cassette contains the program for synthesis of a particular protein.
All living cells are formed by the growth and division of existing cells
Describe the function of microtubules. Microtubules help distribute chromosomes in a dividing cell Microtubules provide structure for the cell Microtubules are involved in processes requiring motor movement All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following are things to consider while selecting which model organism to use. Cost Easy to maintain and grow Generation time All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following makes up the backbone DNA nucleotide? Sugars Alternating sugars and nitrogenous bases Alternating phosphate and sugar groups Nitrogenous bases Phosphate groups
Alternating phosphate and sugar groups
(Q009) Oxidation is a favorable process in an aerobic environment, which is the reason cells are able to derive energy from the oxidation of macromolecules. Once carbon has been oxidized to __________, its most stable form, it can only cycle back into the organic portion of the carbon cycle through __________. CO2; photosynthesis. CH3; combustion. CO2; respiration. CO; reduction.
CO2; photosynthesis.
(Q036) Consider the apical location of a particular protein expressed in epithelial cells, illustrated in part A of Figure 11-36. When a molecule that chelates [binds] calcium is added to the cell culture medium, you observe a redistribution of that protein around the entire cell, shown in part B of Figure 11-36. Which is most likely to be true about the role of calcium in maintaining an apical distribution of protein A? Calcium is required to maintain the structural integrity of the junctional complex. Calcium is required for the binding of the junctional proteins to the cell cortex. Calcium is a structural component of protein A. Calcium inhibits the intracellular transport of protein A.
Calcium is required to maintain the structural integrity of the junctional complex.
Fill in the blank. The formation of a peptide bond is formed between the __ and the __ and ___ is formed as a byproduct. Oxygen atom of the Carboxyl group, Hydrogen of the amino group, energy Carbon atom of the Carboxyl group, Nitrogen of the amino group, water Hydrogen atom of the Carboxyl group, Nitrogen of the amino group, energy Hydrogen atom of the Carboxyl group, Nitrogen of the amino group, water
Carbon atom of the Carboxyl group, Nitrogen of the amino group, water
Membrane phospholipids are motile as we know. What contributes to the stiffening of cell membranes? Cholesterol Lateral diffusion Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails
Cholesterol
(Q034) In the 1940s, proteins were thought to be the more likely molecules to house genetic information. What was the primary reason that DNA was not originally believed to be the genetic material? DNA has a high density of negative charges. Nucleotides were known to be a source of chemical energy for the cell. Both protein and nucleic acids were found to be components of chromosomes. DNA was found to contain only four different chemical building blocks.
DNA was found to contain only four different chemical building blocks.
Select all that apply. Which of the following is true about covalent bonds? Double bonds are longer and stronger than single bonds Double bonds are shorter and stronger than single bonds Polar covalent bonds equally share electrons Polar covalent bonds unequally share electrons
Double bonds are shorter and stronger than single bonds Polar covalent bonds unequally share electrons
Select all that apply. Which of the following is true about covalent bonds? Polar covalent bonds equally share electrons Double bonds are shorter and stronger than single bonds Polar covalent bonds unequally share electrons Double bonds are longer and stronger than single bonds
Double bonds are shorter and stronger than single bonds Polar covalent bonds unequally share electrons
Strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), lose their protons ____. Acetic acid, on the other hand, is a weak acid because it holds on to its proton _____ when dissolved in water. Easily, tightly Tightly, Easily
Easily, tightly
The process where living species become gradually modified and adapted to their environment is called Generation Procreation Assimilation Evolution
Evolution
Select all that apply. Which of the following is true regarding endocytosis? Is a form of active transport It helps intake bulk materials into the cell Does not require energy It helps expel waste out of the cell
Is a form of active transport It helps intake bulk materials into the cell
Why is carbon-12 a stable isotope? It has a half-life of 12 years It undergoes radioactive decay It has the same number of protons and neutrons It has 12 electrons distributed equally across 2 electron shells It has 8 electrons and 4 protons.
It has the same number of protons and neutrons
When looking at a slide (or in general), what separates the interior of the cell from its external environment? Nucleus Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
Protein phosphorylation involves the enzyme-catalyzed transfer of the terminal phosphate group of ATP to the hydroxyl group on a serine, threonine, or tyrosine side chain of the protein. This reaction is catalyzed by? Protein Kinase Protein Phosphatase Sugars Enzymes
Protein Kinase
(Q032) Which mechanism best describes the process by which neutrophils are recruited by endothelial cells? Proteins are tethered to the cell cortex. Proteins are tethered to the extracellular matrix. Proteins interact with the proteins on the surface of another cell. Protein movement is limited by the presence of a diffusion barrier.
Proteins interact with the proteins on the surface of another cell.
With respect to MR. GREy +, what do the Rs represent? None of these answers React and Recoil Reproduce and Respond React and Respond Reproduce and React
Reproduce and Respond
Match the scientist to the achievement. Robert Hooke Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Louis Pasteur
Robert Hooke - First to observe cells in a piece of cork through a magnifying lens in 1665. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - One of the first to observe living cells. Louis Pasteur - Demonstrated that organisms are generated only from existing organisms.
(Q042) It is possible to follow the movement of a single molecule or a small group of molecules. This requires the use of antibodies linked to small particles of gold, which appear as dark spots when tracked through video microscopy. What is this method called? What does the abbreviation stand for? SDS SPT GFP FRAP
SPT
Why is silicon not suitable for making covalent bonds stable and strong enough to form the basis of living organisms, even though it is just below carbon on the periodic table? Silicon is too small for its nucleus to attract the valence electrons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together sufficiently. Silicon is too large for its nucleus to attract the protons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together. Silicon is too small for its nucleus to attract the protons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together. Silicon is too large for its nucleus to attract the valence electrons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together sufficiently.
Silicon is too large for its nucleus to attract the valence electrons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together sufficiently.
While using a light microscope, you are having trouble visualizing the internal structure of the cell. The structure of the cell are small and transparent. What method would be best for increasing visibility of the cell structure? Stain the cells with dye Zoom in using a higher objective Use a different microscope None of the above
Stain the cells with dye
In light microscopy, certain parts of a sample can be given different colors for better visualization through a process called Sectioning Embedding Fixing Staining Diluting
Staining
Which of these statements is true? Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a pH lower than 7. Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a pH higher than 7. Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a pH higher than 7. Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a pH lower than 7. None of these answers
Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a pH lower than 7.
Which of these statements is true? Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a pH lower than 7. Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a pH higher than 7. Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a pH higher than 7. None of these answers Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a pH lower than 7.
Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a pH lower than 7.
Which are the four major families of small organic molecules in cells? Salts, bases, nucleic acids, and amino acids Sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids Sugars, fatty bases, nuclear tides, and amino acids nucleotides, fatty acids, proteins, and amino acids None of the above
Sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids
What kind of noncovalent interaction is shown by interactions between two molecules that are so close together that they can experience weak attractive forces bonding them together? Van der Waals forces Hydrophobic interactions Ionic bonds Covalent bonds H bonds
Van der Waals forces
Why are viruses not considered to be living? Viruses do not contain DNA Viruses do not contain membrane bound organelles Viruses do not contain RNA Viruses do not contain a permeable membrane Viruses do not reproduce themselves
Viruses do not reproduce themselves
What would happen if chromosomes did not have telomeres? Without telomeres, every cell division would mean that some amount of important genetic information would be clipped off and lost Without telomeres, every cell would continuously divide without regulation Without telomeres, every cell would replicate twice as slowly All of the above
Without telomeres, every cell division would mean that some amount of important genetic information would be clipped off and lost
How does mass spectrometry help identify proteins? by determining precise masses of peptides derived from the protein by determining precise size of peptides derived from the protein None of the above by determining precise location of amino acids derived from the protein by determining the precise genetic sequence that translates into amino acid sequence of the protein
by determining precise masses of peptides derived from the protein
Figure 3-20 is an energy diagram for the reaction X→Y. Which equation below provides the correct calculation for the amount of free-energy change when X is converted to Y? c - a b - c a - c Y - a
c - a
Which of the following chemical groups do all amino acids have in common? methyl group aromatic ring group None of these answers hydrocarbon tail carboxyl group
carboxyl group
(Q004) The energy used by the cell to generate specific biological molecules and highly ordered structures is stored in the form of Brownian motion. heat. light waves. chemical bonds.
chemical bonds.
What is responsible for the green pigment in chloroplasts? outer membrane staining chlorophyll rhodopsin fluorescence
chlorophyll
Which of the following membrane lipids does not contain a fatty acid tail? cholesterol phosphatidylcholine glycolipid phosphatidylserine galactocerebroside
cholesterol
You are studying a biochemical pathway that requires ATP as an energy source. To your dismay, the reactions soon stop, partly because the ATP is rapidly used up and partly because an excess of ADP builds up and inhibits the enzymes involved. You are about to give up when the following table from a biochemistry textbook catches your eye. a vast excess of ATP glucose 6-phosphate and enzyme D creatine phosphate and enzyme A pyrophosphate
creatine phosphate and enzyme A
Photosynthesis takes place in two stages: Which of the following are true? energy from sunlight is captured and transiently stored as chemical-bond energy in specialized molecules called activated carriers All of the oxygen (O2) in the air we breathe is generated by the splitting of water molecules during this first stage of photosynthesis. In the second stage, the activated carriers are used to help drive a carbon fixation process, in which sugars are manufactured from carbon dioxide gas (CO2) None of the above
energy from sunlight is captured and transiently stored as chemical-bond energy in specialized molecules called activated carriers All of the oxygen (O2) in the air we breathe is generated by the splitting of water molecules during this first stage of photosynthesis. In the second stage, the activated carriers are used to help drive a carbon fixation process, in which sugars are manufactured from carbon dioxide gas (CO2)
Enzymes can encourage a reaction in several ways. Choose all that apply. enzyme binds to two substrate molecules and orients them precisely to encourage a reaction to occur between them binding of substrate to enzyme rearranges electrons in the substrate, creating partial negative and positive charges that favor a reaction enzyme strains the bound substrate molecule, forcing it toward a transition state to favor a reaction enzyme relaxes the bound substrate molecule, inhibiting from reaching a transition state to favor a reaction All of the above enzyme binds to two substrate molecules and disorients them to discourage a reaction to occur between them None of the above
enzyme binds to two substrate molecules and orients them precisely to encourage a reaction to occur between them binding of substrate to enzyme rearranges electrons in the substrate, creating partial negative and positive charges that favor a reaction enzyme strains the bound substrate molecule, forcing it toward a transition state to favor a reaction
(Q005) Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring that are altered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of change and selection over the course of many generations is the basis of mutation. evolution. heredity. reproduction.
evolution.
(Q006) Carbon 14 is an unstable isotope of carbon that decays very slowly. Compared to the common, stable carbon 12 isotope, carbon 14 has two additional electrons. neutrons. protons. ions.
neutrons.
Which of the following type of membrane protein would not be considered an integral membrane protein? protein associated proteins via non-covalent linkage transmembrane proteins monolayer associated proteins via covalent linkage lipid linked proteins via covalent linkage none of these answers
protein associated proteins via non-covalent linkage
(Q037) The phosphorylation of a protein is typically associated with a change in activity, the assembly of a protein complex, or the triggering of a downstream signaling cascade. The addition of ubiquitin, a small polypeptide, is another type of covalent modification that can affect the protein function. Ubiquitylation often results in membrane association. protein degradation. protein secretion. nuclear translocation.
protein degradation.
All of the following can be viewed with a light microscope EXCEPT cell protons cell wall nucleus cytoplasm plasma membrane
protons
Acids are characterized as being strong or weak, depending on how readily they give up their neutrons to water readily they give up their carbon to water readily they give up their protons to water readily they give up their electrons to water None of the above
readily they give up their protons to water
Why is saccharomyces cerevisiae, the same microorganism that is used for brewing beer and baking bread, so advantageous for studying basic mechanisms in eukaryotic cells? saccharomyces cerevisiae is more closely related to plants and reproduces slowly saccharomyces cerevisiae does not have proteins that have organism-specific functions saccharomyces cerevisiae is closely related to plants as it is to animals and reproduces rapidly saccharomyces cerevisiae has proteins that have organism-specific functions None of the above
saccharomyces cerevisiae is closely related to plants as it is to animals and reproduces rapidly
Which of the following, saturated or unsaturated fats, would pack together more tightly? saturated unsaturated
saturated
Covalent bond formed between two atoms is a result of the sharing of electrons transfer of electrons from one atom to the other loss of electrons from both atoms sharing of protons loss of electrons from one atom
sharing of electrons
(Q022) Photosynthesis enables plants to capture the energy from sunlight. In this essential process, plants incorporate the carbon from CO2 into high-energy __________ molecules, which the plant cell mitochondria use to produce ATP. fat sugar protein fiber
sugar
Think about this one! You can work it out! Which type of covalent bond allows for rotation about the bond axis? double bond hydrogen bond None of these answers single bond triple bond
single bond
Which of the following chemical groups is NOT used to construct a DNA molecule? five-carbon sugar phosphate nitrogen-containing base six-carbon sugar None of the above
six-carbon sugar
(Q020) Membrane curvature is influenced by the differential lipid composition of the two membrane monolayers. Which factor do you think has the largest impact on the curvature of biological membranes? amount of cholesterol charge of the lipid head group length of the hydrocarbon tails size of the lipid head group
size of the lipid head group
Each type of chromatin structure is established and maintained by different sets of histone tail modifications that attract distinct sets of non-histone proteins. For instance heterochromatin-specific modifications allow heterochromatin toform and to spread with the help of heterochromatin-specific proteins (non-histone proteins). What is the purpose of the barrier DNA sequence in this context? stops the proliferation of heterochromatin structure induces the spread of heterochromatin structure signals for the propagation of heterochromatin into regions of euchromatin inactivates the propagation of euchromatin region None of the above
stops the proliferation of heterochromatin structure
Where are hydrophobic interactions most likely to occur? in contact with water molecules the core of a water-soluble protein between two ions on the surface of a water-soluble protein between two charged molecules
the core of a water-soluble protein between two ions
Which of the following is not a base found in DNA? adenine (A) cytosine (C) guanine (G) thymine (T) uracil (U)
uracil (U)
The process of sorting human chromosome pairs by size and morphology is called karyotyping. A modern method employed for karyotyping is called chromosome painting. How are individual chromosomes "painted"? with a laser using fluorescent antibodies using fluorescent DNA molecules using green fluorescent protein with a light
using fluorescent DNA molecules
(Q025) Although the chromatin structure of interphase and mitotic chromosomes is very compact, DNA-binding proteins and protein complexes must be able to gain access to the DNA molecule. Chromatin-remodeling complexes provide this access by recruiting other enzymes. modifying the N-terminal tails of core histones. using the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move nucleosomes. denaturing the DNA by interfering with hydrogen-bonding between base pairs.
using the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move nucleosomes.
What kind of noncovalent interaction is shown by interactions between two molecules that are so close together that they can experience weak attractive forces bonding them together? hydrophobic interactions covalent bonds van der Waals forces H bonds ionic bonds
van der Waals forces
