Bio 1 exam

What is the structure of chloroplast DNA?

they comprise a single circular molecule with a quadripartite structure that includes two copies of an IR region that separate large and small single-copy (LSC and SSC) regions

Molecules

two or more atoms joined together

What is the basic unit of life?

Cells are considered the basic units of life in part because they come in discrete and easily recognizable packages.

How do cells use ATP?

Cells use ATP for functions such as building molecules and moving materials by active transport.

What step produces most of the CO2 waste?

Cellular respiration and alcohol fermentation

What does cellular respiration do for the cell?

Cellular respiration is used to generate usable ATP energy in order to support many other reactions in the body

Which types of living things carry out cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration occurs in the cells of all living things, both autotrophs and heterotrophs.

What is the function of mitochondria?

cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell

At what stage of photosynthesis is oxygen released?

Non-cyclic photo phosphorylation (from the splitting of water)

scientific theory

Observation, explanation (hypothesis), prediction, test

Chemical bonds

Occur to fill outer energy level

Basic structure for eukaryotic cells

Organelles serve specific functions within eukaryotes, such as energy production, photosynthesis, and membrane construction

Electron

Surround the nucleus and forms chemical bonds (carries a negative charge)

Scientific Method allows:

Testing of multiple hypothesis to eliminate the incorrect ones

At what stage of cellular respiration does oxygen get used?

The TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen

What is energy?

The ability to do work or cause change

How is energy released from ATP molecules?

By hydrolysis. When water cuts a phosphate off. It's "spring loaded". As it pops off it releases energy

Protons

carry a positive charge

Atoms have

protons, neutrons, electrons

What is an exergonic reaction?

reaction that releases energy

nucleic acids

store and transmit genetic information

What kinds of food molecules are converted to acetyl-CoA?

sugars and fats.

What are the two laws of thermodynamics and what do they mean?

the First Law of Thermodynamics states that total energy in a closed system is neither lost nor gained — it is only transformed. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy constantly increases in a closed system

What step of cellular respiration makes the most ATP?

the electron transport system

Atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Parts of a nucleotide

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

What is an endergonic reaction?

A reaction that absorbs energy

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

What is ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.

What are the major types of cells on Earth?

All cells on Earth can be classified as either prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells.

How is the structure of bacterial cells different from eukaryotic and archaea cells?

Archaea and bacterial cells lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures. Therefore, unlike eukaryotes, archaea and bacteria do not have a nucleus separating their genetic material from the rest of the cell.

ionic bond

Atom completely gives up e- to another

covalent bond

Atoms share a pair of electrons

Atoms

Basic unit of matter

How is the overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis similar to the overall reaction for cellular respiration? How are different?

Both are similar reactions that occur in a specific manner. In the process of respiration, oxygen and glucose yield water and carbon dioxide, while carbon dioxide and water yield glucose and oxygen during the process of photosynthesis.

Where in the cells does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplast

What are the components of cell membranes and how do they function?

Composed of a mix of proteins and lipids. Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell while keeping other substances out.

2 types of sugars in nucleotides

Deoxyribose (DNA) and ribose (RNA)

starting reactants and end products for cellular respiration?

During cellular respiration, the reactants—glucose (sugar) and oxygen—combine together to form new products: carbon dioxide molecules and water molecules.

How are they different? prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic organisms may be multicellular or unicellular, but prokaryotes are always unicellular organisms.

Nucalic acids are made

In the nucleus

What is a pigment?

Light-absorbing molecule

What characteristics separate life from the non-living world?

Living things are composed of cells, which use chemical processes (like respiration and excretion) to stay alive. Non-living things are not composed of cells. They do not perform "living" tasks like respiration, excretion, reproduction, etc.

Is oxygen required for glycolysis?

No, glycolysis is an anaerobic process

What is the function of the Golgi?

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell

inductive reasoning

Process of going from a specific observation to a single, general observation

deductive reasoning

Process of making specific predictions based on a single, general explanation

Are all wavelengths of light equally used in photosynthesis?

Red and blue lights the best

Nucleus

Small dense center or atoms

Which types of living things carry out Photosynthesis?

The process is carried out by plants, algae, and some types of bacteria,

What are the four major steps of cellular respiration?

The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

What are the steps of photosynthesis?

The sunlight is absorbed by the chlorophyll in the leaves of the plants. Carbon dioxide enters the plant through structures called the stomata, which are usually found on the underside of the leaves. Water is absorbed through the roots of the plant.

What important functions do lysosomes perform in cells?

They are widely known as terminal catabolic stations that rid cells of waste products and scavenge metabolic building blocks that sustain essential biosynthetic reactions during starvation.

Election orbitals

Volume around an atomic nucleus where electrons most likely to be found

What happens when light is absorbed?

Water is split and electrons are energized

Hydrogen bonds

Weak attraction between polar molecules

What determines whether acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid (=Krebs) cycle or gets converted to stored fat?

When there is enough oxygen available to the cell, pyruvate crosses the mitochondrial membrane and is quickly converted to Acetyl CoA.

What is an active site?

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

Which cells need ATP?

all cells require ATP for their existence and metabolism.

What kinds of cells have mitochondria?

all eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells)

3 parts of amino acid

amino group, carboxyl group, R group

How do diffusion and surface to volume ratio influence cell size?

as the cell gets bigger, its surface-to-volume ratio decreases, making diffusion less efficient

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

by lowering the activation energy

What is the structure of mitochondrial DNA?

circular and double stranded

What is made in rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

creation/ storage of lipids and steroids, while the RER plays a significant role in the synthesis of various proteins. (protein milks ect.)

What is inside lysosomes?

digestive enzymes

What happens to energy transferred in chemical reactions?

energy is released when new bonds form in products

What is activation energy?

energy needed to start a reaction

What are the major pigments in a plant?

four main categories: chlorophylls, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains

How did mitochondria originate?

from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

What are the starting reactants and end products of photosynthesis?

light energy converts carbon dioxide and water (the reactants) into glucose and oxygen (the products).

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

mitochondria

Neutron

no charge

Where is DNA in eukaryotic cells?

nucleus

What is osmosis and how is it different from diffusion?

osmosis is the diffusion of water and has to do with water and diffusion is the process of movement. Diffusion can be air and osmosis is water.

teritary structure

overall 3D shape of a protein

What is the function of chloroplasts?

photosynthesis

What kinds of cells have chloroplasts?

plant cells

What are the two states of energy?

potential and kinetic